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Orientation

Sexual orientation refers to an individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of sexual, romantic, and emotional attractions primarily directed toward persons of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), both sexes (bisexuality), or neither (asexuality).^[1]^[2] Empirical research indicates that sexual orientation arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic heritability—evidenced by higher concordance rates in identical twins compared to fraternal twins—and prenatal influences such as hormone exposure and neural development differences, rather than volitional choice or solely postnatal environmental conditioning.^[3]^[4]^[1] Prevalence data from large-scale surveys consistently show that over 90% of adults identify as heterosexual, with homosexual orientation in roughly 2-3% and bisexual in 1-2%, though self-reported non-heterosexual identification has risen in recent decades, particularly among younger cohorts and for bisexuality, potentially reflecting greater social acceptance or measurement variability rather than shifts in underlying distributions.^[5]^[6]^[7] Notable aspects include its relative immutability post-adolescence, as supported by longitudinal studies showing low rates of change, and ongoing debates over causal mechanisms, where biological models predominate in peer-reviewed literature despite cultural narratives emphasizing fluidity or social construction, which often lack comparable empirical rigor.^[3]^[8] Controversies persist regarding therapeutic interventions like conversion efforts, deemed ineffective and potentially harmful by consensus in biological research, underscoring orientation's non-malleable nature, while critiques of institutional biases in academia highlight overemphasis on experiential factors at the expense of genomic and endocrinological evidence.^[8]^[9]

Physical and Spatial Orientation

In physics, orientation quantifies the rotational configuration of a rigid body relative to a fixed reference frame, complementing its translational position specified by the center of mass coordinates. This requires three independent parameters, often represented by Euler angles (typically α, β, γ) that describe successive rotations about body-fixed or space-fixed axes, enabling the transformation from body coordinates to inertial ones via rotation matrices.^[10] Such representations are essential for analyzing rotational kinetics, where the inertia tensor depends on the body's orientation, influencing torque and angular momentum conservation.^[11] Alternatives like quaternions avoid singularities in Euler angles (e.g., gimbal lock at 90° pitch) and are used in spacecraft attitude control, as they parameterize the special orthogonal group SO(3) with four components satisfying unit norm.^[12] Gyroscopes exploit the principle of angular momentum conservation to sense and maintain orientation; a spinning rotor resists changes in its axis due to precession under applied torques, with the rate given by τ = Ω × L, where τ is torque, Ω precession angular velocity, and L angular momentum.^[13] Inertial measurement units (IMUs) integrate gyroscope data with accelerometers to track orientation via strapdown algorithms, accumulating errors from drift (e.g., 0.1°/hour for fiber-optic gyros) that necessitate periodic corrections.^[14] In navigation, orientation establishes directional reference for course plotting, primarily via cardinal headings (north at 0°, east 90°, south 180°, west 270°) aligned to true or magnetic north. Magnetic compasses detect Earth's dipolar field (intensity ~0.25–0.65 gauss), with the needle's north pole seeking magnetic north, displaced from geographic north by declination (up to ±25° regionally, varying annually by ~0.1° due to secular changes).^[15] Accurate map orientation requires adjusting for declination by rotating the compass housing or map until the magnetic needle aligns with the orienting arrow, ensuring bearings match grid north.^[16]^[17] Gyrocompasses, employing Foucault pendulums or high-speed rotors, self-align to true north via gravitational torque on the spinning Earth (precession period ~84 minutes at equator), independent of magnetism but sensitive to acceleration (error <0.1° after settling).^[13] Celestial navigation orients via star altitudes, computing azimuth from hour angle and declination using spherical trigonometry, as in the formula cos c = sin δ sin φ + cos δ cos φ cos H, where c is zenith distance, δ declination, φ latitude, H hour angle.^[18] Modern systems like GPS/IMU fusions provide real-time attitude (roll, pitch, yaw) with <0.05° accuracy under dynamic conditions, fusing data via Kalman filters to mitigate sensor noise.^[19]

In Biology and Human Perception

In biology, spatial orientation refers to the processes by which organisms detect and maintain their position, direction, and movement relative to environmental cues such as gravity, light, or magnetic fields. These mechanisms enable behaviors essential for survival, including navigation, predator avoidance, and foraging. Across taxa, orientation integrates multiple sensory inputs, with vertebrates primarily relying on the vestibular system for inertial sensing, while invertebrates often use statocysts or mechanoreceptors.^[20]^[21] The vestibular apparatus, located in the inner ear of vertebrates, comprises semicircular canals and otolith organs, which detect rotational and linear accelerations, respectively. Semicircular canals, arranged in three orthogonal planes, respond to angular head movements via endolymph fluid displacement and hair cell deflection, signaling to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve. Otolith organs—the utricle and saccule—sense linear acceleration and static head tilt through otoconia crystals that shear against hair cells under gravitational or inertial forces. These signals contribute to reflexes for balance and gaze stabilization, such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex.^[22]^[23]^[24] In human perception, orientation emerges from multisensory integration in brain regions like the vestibular nuclei, cerebellum, and parietal cortex, combining vestibular inputs with visual, proprioceptive, and somatosensory data. Visual cues provide egocentric and allocentric references, while proprioceptors in muscles and joints convey limb positions; discrepancies, as in the rubber-hand illusion or post-rotatory nystagmus, can induce disorientation. Thresholds for detecting vestibular stimuli are low—around 0.1–1°/s² for rotation—enabling precise perception, though adaptation occurs with prolonged exposure, as seen in astronauts experiencing spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome.^[22]^[25]^[26] Non-vestibular mechanisms supplement these in biology; for instance, arthropods use compound eyes for panoramic vision and chordotonal organs for vibration detection, while some vertebrates and invertebrates employ magnetoreception via cryptochromes or magnetite for geomagnetic orientation during migration. In humans, such supplemental senses are less dominant, but cutaneous mechanoreceptors aid in postural control on uneven surfaces. Disruptions, like vestibular neuritis, impair orientation, leading to vertigo and falls, underscoring the system's causal role in causal realism of spatial awareness.^[21]^[27]^[28]

Mathematical and Geometric Orientation

In Geometry and Topology

In geometry, orientation describes the relative arrangement of points within a figure, distinguishing between clockwise and counterclockwise orderings relative to a fixed reference. This property is preserved under rigid motions such as rotations and translations, which maintain the sequential order of points, but reversed by reflections or glide reflections, which invert the handedness.^[29]^[30] For instance, in the plane, a triangle with vertices labeled A-B-C in counterclockwise order retains that orientation after rotation but appears clockwise after reflection over a line.^[29] Orientation extends to coordinate systems and vector bases, where a right-handed basis (e.g., standard i, j, k in 3D space with positive scalar triple product) contrasts with left-handed ones, determined by the sign of the determinant of the transformation matrix.^[31] In 3D geometry, the orientation of a plane can be specified by a normal vector pointing consistently outward or inward, enabling distinctions in directed areas or volumes.^[32] In topology, orientation concerns manifolds and their ability to support a global consistent choice of local orientations, formalized via atlases where transition maps between charts have positive Jacobian determinants. A manifold is orientable if such an atlas exists, allowing a coherent assignment of "handedness" across the space; otherwise, it is non-orientable, as local orientations cannot be reconciled globally without reversal along certain loops.^[33]^[34] Examples of orientable surfaces include the sphere, torus, and cylinder, where a normal vector can be chosen consistently without contradiction, reflecting their two-sided nature in embeddings.^[35]^[36] Non-orientable surfaces, such as the Möbius strip or real projective plane, fail this criterion: traversing a loop on a Möbius strip inverts the local orientation, akin to a reflection, precluding a global consistent normal.^[37]^[33] Higher-dimensional manifolds follow analogous principles, with complex and symplectic manifolds always orientable due to their structural properties.^[38]

In Linear Algebra and Vectors

In linear algebra, the orientation of a finite-dimensional real vector space V of dimension n is defined as a selection of one of the two connected components of the punctured top exterior power \Lambda^n(V) \setminus \{0\}, where the positive component consists of decomposable elements corresponding to bases with positive determinant relative to a fixed reference.^[39] Equivalently, an orientation corresponds to partitioning the set of ordered bases into two equivalence classes, where two bases \{v_1, \dots, v_n\} and \{w_1, \dots, w_n\} belong to the same class if the determinant of the change-of-basis matrix from the first to the second is positive; bases in the opposite class have negative determinant.^[40] This distinction captures the intrinsic "handedness" of the space, independent of specific coordinates, and is preserved under continuous deformations but reversed by improper linear transformations.^[41] An oriented basis for V is an ordered basis chosen to lie in the positive equivalence class, often normalized such that the determinant of the matrix formed by its vectors (with respect to the standard basis in \mathbb{R}^n) is +1.^[42] For example, in \mathbb{R}^2, the standard basis (1,0), (0,1) defines a positive orientation, corresponding to counterclockwise traversal, while (1,0), (0,-1) defines the negative orientation, akin to clockwise.^[43] In \mathbb{R}^3, positive orientation aligns with the right-hand rule, where the cross product \mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} points in the direction of the thumb when fingers curl from \mathbf{u} to \mathbf{v}; swapping two basis vectors reverses this handedness.^[44] This concept extends to general n, where orientation ensures consistent signing of volumes via the determinant, which measures signed n-dimensional content under linear maps.^[45] Linear transformations between oriented vector spaces preserve orientation if their determinant is positive and reverse it if negative, reflecting whether the map maintains or flips the handedness of parallelepipeds spanned by basis vectors.^[43] For instance, a shear or rotation in \mathbb{R}^2 with \det > 0 preserves orientation, while a reflection has \det < 0 and reverses it, collapsing positive volumes to negative.^[46] In applications to vectors, orientation distinguishes directed subspaces or frames, such as in robotics for consistent pose representations or in differential geometry for defining tangent space orientations on manifolds.^[39] Unoriented spaces lack this choice, but orientability assumes the existence of a global consistent orientation, absent in cases like the Möbius strip's tangent bundle.^[41]

Psychological and Cognitive Orientation

Goal and Learning Orientations

Achievement goal theory in psychology examines the purposes individuals pursue in achievement-related settings, distinguishing between mastery goals, which emphasize skill development and understanding, and performance goals, which prioritize demonstrating competence relative to others.^[47] Mastery goals, often termed learning orientations, involve intrinsic motivations such as increasing competence or mastering tasks for their own sake, leading individuals to select challenging activities and persist through difficulties.^[48] In contrast, performance goals reflect extrinsic concerns, with approach variants seeking positive evaluations (e.g., outperforming peers) and avoidance variants aiming to evade criticism or failure.^[49] Empirical research consistently links mastery goal orientations to adaptive outcomes, including higher intrinsic motivation, deeper cognitive processing, and sustained effort in learning contexts. For instance, a 2023 meta-analysis of online learning environments found mastery orientations positively correlated with academic engagement and self-regulated learning strategies, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to strong (r ≈ 0.25–0.40).^[50] Performance-approach goals can yield short-term gains in standardized performance metrics, such as higher test scores in competitive settings, but often at the cost of increased anxiety and reduced conceptual understanding compared to mastery-focused approaches.^[51] Performance-avoidance orientations, however, predict maladaptive behaviors like procrastination and disengagement, with longitudinal studies showing negative associations with grade-point averages over time (β ≈ -0.15 to -0.30).^[52] These orientations are not fixed traits but can vary by context, influenced by factors such as classroom goal structures set by educators; environments emphasizing mastery foster corresponding student orientations, enhancing overall achievement.^[53] A 2024 study on elementary students confirmed that teacher practices promoting performance goals correlated with heightened competitive behaviors but lower resilience to setbacks, underscoring the causal role of situational cues in shaping orientations.^[54] While achievement goal theory originated in the 1980s with foundational work by researchers like Carol Ames and John Nicholls, subsequent refinements incorporating approach-avoidance dimensions have strengthened its predictive validity across ages and domains, from K-12 education to professional training.^[55] Critics note potential cultural variations, with Western samples overrepresented in early studies, though cross-cultural validations affirm the core distinctions' robustness.^[56]

Spatial and Temporal Cognition

Spatial cognition refers to the mental processes enabling organisms to represent, navigate, and orient within physical environments, encompassing perception of locations, distances, directions, and object relations. In humans and animals, it relies on allocentric representations—independent of the observer's viewpoint—facilitated by cognitive maps, which integrate landmarks, paths, and routes for flexible navigation beyond simple stimulus-response associations. Empirical studies in rodents demonstrate that hippocampal neurons, known as place cells, selectively activate in specific locations, supporting the formation of these maps; lesions to the hippocampus impair spatial memory and detour navigation in mazes, confirming its causal role in orientation.^[57]^[58] In humans, functional imaging reveals similar hippocampal-entorhinal activity during virtual navigation tasks, where individuals with higher spatial ability exhibit stronger neural signatures of map-like representations, correlating with navigational efficiency.^[59] Temporal cognition involves the subjective estimation, sequencing, and anticipation of durations and events, essential for orienting behavior in time-dependent contexts such as foraging or decision-making under temporal constraints. Core mechanisms include internal clock models, where a pacemaker emits pulses accumulated during an interval, compared against working memory traces via a decision process; this aligns with scalar expectancy theory (SET), which predicts proportional variability in timing judgments following Weber's law. Behavioral experiments using peak-interval procedures show humans and animals produce timing responses that peak near trained durations, with standard deviations scaling linearly with mean duration, validating SET's clock-memory-decision architecture.^[60]^[61] Neuroimaging links temporal processing to basal ganglia and cerebellar circuits for interval timing, distinct from hippocampal involvement in episodic sequencing, though disruptions in Parkinson's disease elongate perceived durations, indicating dopaminergic modulation of the accumulator.^[62] Integration of spatial and temporal cognition underpins oriented action, as navigation often requires estimating travel time alongside routes; for instance, prospective timing adjusts paths based on learned durations between landmarks, with hippocampal theta oscillations coordinating spatio-temporal sequences in rodents during goal-directed tasks. Developmental studies indicate spatial orientation matures earlier via egocentric cues, while temporal awareness emerges later through prefrontal-hippocampal maturation, enabling abstract foresight; deficits in either, as in Alzheimer's disease, manifest as getting lost in familiar spaces or misjudging event timings, underscoring their interdependence for coherent self-location in four-dimensional (space-time) frameworks.^[63]^[64] Empirical evidence from dual-task paradigms shows attentional trade-offs, where spatial demands elongate perceived intervals, suggesting shared cognitive resources rather than fully parallel systems.^[65]

Sexual Orientation

Definitions and Biological Bases

Sexual orientation refers to an individual's relatively enduring pattern of sexual attraction directed predominantly toward persons of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both sexes (bisexuality).^[1]^[3] This definition emphasizes attraction as the core component, distinguishing it from voluntary sexual behavior or self-identification, which may not align perfectly with underlying attractions.^[66] Asexuality represents attraction to neither sex, though it occurs at lower prevalence rates, estimated at 1-2% in population surveys.^[1] Empirical evidence supports biological underpinnings for sexual orientation, arising from interactions among genetic, prenatal hormonal, and neurodevelopmental factors rather than solely postnatal environment or choice.^[67]^[3] Twin studies consistently show higher concordance rates for same-sex orientation in monozygotic twins (20-52% for males, 48% for females) compared to dizygotic twins (0-22% for males, 16% for females), yielding heritability estimates of approximately 30-40%, with stronger genetic influence in males.^[68]^[1] Genome-wide association studies confirm polygenic contributions, identifying variants associated with same-sex behavior that explain 8-25% of variance, without a single determinative "gay gene."^[69] Prenatal hormonal exposure, particularly androgens like testosterone, organizes sexual differentiation in the brain and influences orientation development.^[70] Higher prenatal androgen levels correlate with increased likelihood of gynephilic (female-attracted) orientation in genetic females, as evidenced by congenital adrenal hyperplasia cases where affected women show elevated rates of bisexual or homosexual attraction (up to 30-40% non-heterosexual).^[70] In males, evidence points to reduced androgen sensitivity or maternal immune responses (fraternal birth order effect), where each additional older brother increases odds of homosexuality by 33%, likely via anti-male antibodies affecting fetal brain development.^[8]^[71] Digit ratios (2D:4D), a proxy for prenatal testosterone, are shifted toward opposite-sex patterns in homosexual individuals, supporting early organizational effects.^[72] Neuroanatomical studies reveal structural and functional brain differences aligned with sexual orientation, independent of sexual experience.^[73] Gay men exhibit hypothalamic nuclei (e.g., INAH-3) smaller and more female-typical in volume, with asymmetries in cerebral hemispheres differing from heterosexual men.^[74] Functional connectivity in reward and arousal regions shows patterns in homosexual individuals resembling those of the preferred sex, as seen in PET and fMRI scans during pheromone exposure tasks.^[74] These differences emerge early, consistent with prenatal origins, and persist across diverse samples, though effect sizes are moderate and influenced by genetic covariation.^[73]^[68] Overall, such findings indicate sexual orientation as a stable trait with substantial biological determinism, challenging purely social or experiential explanations.^[3]^[67]

Debates on Etiology and Stability

The etiology of sexual orientation remains debated, with empirical evidence indicating a multifactorial origin involving genetic, prenatal, and environmental influences rather than a single deterministic cause. Twin studies, including classical and molecular designs, estimate heritability of same-sex sexual behavior at 30-50%, suggesting moderate genetic contributions but substantial non-genetic variance, primarily from non-shared environmental factors rather than shared family upbringing.^[75] Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants associated with same-sex behavior, yet these account for only a small fraction of variance, underscoring polygenic influences without a "gay gene" and highlighting the limits of genetic determinism.^[69] Prenatal factors, such as fraternal birth order effects—where each older brother increases the probability of homosexuality in later-born males by about 33%—and potential hormonal exposures, further support biological underpinnings, though these interact with postnatal environments.^[71] Critics of purely genetic models argue that high discordance rates in monozygotic twins (around 50-70% for homosexuality) demonstrate environmental mediation, including non-familial experiences, challenging claims of innateness while affirming partial heritability.^[3] Debates on environmental roles emphasize causal complexity, with evidence rejecting both strict social constructionism and biological essentialism. Large-scale reviews conclude that sexual orientation arises from an interplay of genetic predispositions and unique environmental inputs, such as peer influences or early experiences, rather than parenting or cultural indoctrination alone.^[76] For instance, Australian twin samples show genetic factors explaining 20-50% of variance in male homosexuality but less in females, with the remainder attributable to individual-specific environments, not shared ones like family dynamics.^[77] Proponents of stronger environmental causation point to cross-cultural variations and animal models, yet longitudinal human data indicate these factors modulate rather than originate orientation, as identical twins reared apart still show partial concordance.^[3] Recent epigenetic hypotheses propose mechanisms like fetal adaptations to maternal conditions could bridge genetics and environment, but these remain speculative without direct causal validation.^[78] Regarding stability, longitudinal studies reveal sexual orientation is generally consistent over time for most individuals, particularly in males, though fluidity occurs more frequently in females and during adolescence. In a 10-year adult cohort, over 90% retained their initial identity, with heterosexuality exhibiting the highest stability and bisexuality the lowest, especially among women where shifts between bisexual and lesbian labels were common.^[79] Youth panels tracking self-reported identity from ages 16-22 found 85-98% stability across components like attraction and behavior, but 2-5% reported changes, often from non-heterosexual to heterosexual identities.^[80] Genital arousal patterns, less susceptible to self-report bias, show high stability in men but greater variability in women over years, aligning with behavioral data indicating female sexual responsiveness can be more context-dependent.^[81] Controversies over fluidity versus fixity often stem from measurement discrepancies, with critics noting that self-identified changes may reflect label shifts rather than underlying attractions, while empirical shifts in attractions challenge absolute immutability. A review of multi-wave data estimates 10-25% lifetime fluidity in women versus 5-10% in men, attributed to broader erotic responsiveness rather than instability per se.^[82] Evidence from detransition or orientation-change reports, though contested, includes cases of reduced same-sex attractions post-therapy or life events, suggesting potential malleability in subsets, contrary to narratives of complete unchangeability.^[83] However, aggregate data affirm predominant stability, with changes rarely reversing core patterns and more common in bisexual spectra, informing debates on whether orientation represents a fixed trait or dimension with environmental sensitivity.^[84] The legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States via the Supreme Court's 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision has sparked ongoing political debates regarding its broader societal effects, including potential erosion of traditional marriage norms such as sexual exclusivity and procreation. Critics, drawing on social science data, argue that same-sex unions exhibit higher rates of non-monogamy, with studies indicating that only about 5% of same-sex couples maintain strict monogamy compared to higher fidelity rates in opposite-sex marriages, potentially normalizing infidelity and weakening marital stability overall.^[85] Tensions between protections for sexual orientation and religious freedoms have fueled legal controversies, exemplified by cases where individuals or businesses cite faith-based objections to facilitating same-sex weddings. In Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018), the Supreme Court ruled 7-2 in favor of a baker who refused to create a cake for a same-sex ceremony, citing free exercise of religion over anti-discrimination mandates, highlighting a pattern where courts have occasionally prioritized religious conscience. Similarly, Fulton v. City of Philadelphia (2021) saw a unanimous decision allowing a Catholic foster agency to decline same-sex couples based on doctrinal views of family structure.^[86] Public health disparities associated with male homosexual behavior remain a flashpoint, with gay and bisexual men accounting for approximately 70% of new HIV diagnoses in the U.S. despite comprising about 2-4% of the male population, attributed in part to higher numbers of sexual partners and anal intercourse risks.^[87] Mental health statistics further underscore controversies, as gay and bisexual men show elevated prevalence of depression (up to 2-3 times higher) and suicidal ideation compared to heterosexual men, with debates centering on whether these stem primarily from societal stigma or intrinsic factors like behavioral patterns and relationship instability.^[88]^[89] Social acceptance of homosexuality varies sharply by ideology and region, with Pew surveys revealing that while 80% of Democrats view it as morally acceptable, only 40% of Republicans concur, reflecting partisan divides amplified by media portrayals that often frame opposition as prejudice without addressing empirical concerns like child welfare in same-sex households.^[90] Studies on same-sex parenting outcomes are contested, with some longitudinal data indicating higher emotional and behavioral risks for children raised by same-sex parents, though mainstream academic consensus, influenced by institutional biases favoring affirmative views, frequently dismisses dissenting research as methodologically flawed.^[91]^[92]

Political Orientation

Political orientation refers to an individual's self-positioned ideological stance on matters of governance, resource allocation, and social organization, typically framed along a left-right spectrum where left-leaning views emphasize egalitarian policies, progressive social change, and greater state involvement to address disparities, while right-leaning views stress preservation of established hierarchies, personal accountability, and market-driven individualism with minimal government interference.^[93] ^[94] This continuum, empirically validated through surveys linking it to coherent clusters of attitudes on economic redistribution, cultural norms, and authority structures, organizes political preferences across diverse populations despite cultural variations in its precise connotations.^[95] Multidimensional extensions, such as economic versus social axes, capture additional variance but often reduce to the primary left-right dimension in factor analyses of policy positions.^[96] Measurement relies on self-reported scales, such as 7- or 10-point sliders from "extremely liberal" to "extremely conservative," which predict voting behavior and issue stances with moderate to high reliability (test-retest correlations around 0.6-0.8 over short intervals).^[97] Twin and adoption studies demonstrate heritability estimates for political ideology ranging from 40% to 56%, with genetic influences persisting across measures like social conservatism and economic libertarianism, independent of shared family environments.^[98] ^[99] Environmental factors, including parental socialization and peer networks, account for the remainder, though unique experiences dominate over shared ones after adolescence.^[100] Psychological underpinnings include associations with Big Five personality traits: openness to experience correlates positively with left-wing orientations (r ≈ 0.20-0.30), reflecting tolerance for novelty and ambiguity, whereas conscientiousness correlates positively with right-wing orientations (r ≈ 0.15-0.25), aligning with orderliness and norm adherence.^[101] ^[102] Longitudinal panel data reveal high stability, with correlations between orientations at ages 18 and 50 exceeding 0.70, contradicting assumptions of inevitable rightward aging shifts; instead, early adulthood fixes core beliefs, with minor fluctuations tied to life events like marriage or economic shocks rather than chronological age.^[103] ^[104] Extremists exhibit even greater temporal consistency than moderates, as ideological extremity buffers against persuasion.^[105] In social and organizational settings, political orientation shapes alliance formation, conflict resolution, and institutional loyalty; for instance, homogeneous ideological groups enhance cohesion but may foster echo chambers, while heterogeneity risks polarization, as evidenced by reduced trust across divides in diverse workplaces.^[106] Empirical heritability and stability underscore innate predispositions over purely malleable socialization, challenging narratives of ideology as solely learned, though academia's prevailing left-leaning skew may underemphasize conservative consistency in some interpretive frameworks.^[98]^[107]

Business and Employee Orientation

Employee orientation refers to the initial structured process by which organizations introduce new hires to their roles, the company culture, policies, procedures, and operational environment, typically occurring on or shortly after the first day of employment.^[108] ^[109] This process aims to reduce new employee anxiety, align expectations with job realities, and accelerate integration into the workforce, thereby minimizing early disruptions to productivity.^[110] Distinct from broader onboarding, which encompasses ongoing assimilation over weeks or months, orientation focuses on immediate administrative and informational essentials to establish foundational knowledge.^[111] ^[112] Core components of employee orientation include administrative tasks such as completing paperwork for benefits, tax forms, and compliance requirements; overviews of company history, mission, values, and organizational structure; reviews of key policies on conduct, safety, and ethics; and introductions to immediate team members and supervisors.^[113] ^[114] Job-specific elements often cover tools, workflows, and performance expectations, sometimes delivered via interactive sessions or digital platforms like learning management systems.^[115] In practice, orientations last from a few hours to several days, depending on organizational size and complexity, with larger firms like those in finance or manufacturing emphasizing compliance-heavy modules.^[110] Effective orientation programs demonstrably enhance retention and performance; for instance, organizations with structured onboarding report up to 82% higher employee retention rates compared to those without.^[116] Studies indicate that poor initial integration contributes to 20% of turnover occurring within the first 45 days, while robust programs can reduce overall turnover by fostering early engagement and role clarity.^[117] Additionally, 31% of surveyed employers attribute lower turnover directly to outstanding onboarding experiences, linking them to improved revenue outcomes in 21% of cases through faster productivity ramps.^[118] These outcomes stem from causal mechanisms like reduced uncertainty and social bonding, which empirical HR data correlates with sustained motivation over the first year.^[119] Best practices for conducting employee orientation emphasize preparation and personalization, such as pre-arrival provisioning of equipment and digital access, streamlined paperwork via electronic signatures, and assigning a mentor or buddy for informal guidance.^[120] ^[121] Sharing a clear agenda in advance, incorporating team welcomes like lunches, and outlining 30-60-90 day milestones help sustain momentum beyond the initial session.^[122] Organizations prioritizing these elements, per SHRM guidelines, achieve higher assimilation rates by integrating cultural immersion with practical training, avoiding overload from rote lectures.^[123]

Cultural and Media Representations

In Literature and Film

In literature, orientation functions as an expository mechanism to establish narrative context, grounding readers in the story's temporal, spatial, and interpersonal framework before advancing the plot. This initial phase typically delineates when and where events occur, identifies key characters, and outlines their immediate actions or states, as outlined in structural analyses of scene construction. For instance, in short fiction, Daniel Orozco's "Orientation" (first published in The Seattle Review in 1994) adopts the form of a corporate onboarding monologue, methodically detailing office protocols, employee personal lives, and unspoken rules to satirize bureaucratic alienation and interpersonal voyeurism within modern workplaces.^[124] The story's rigid, list-like progression mirrors real-world induction processes, underscoring how orientation rituals enforce social norms while exposing underlying absurdities, a technique that amplifies thematic critique without overt authorial intrusion.^[125] In film, orientation extends to visual and spatial coherence, where filmmakers deploy techniques to anchor viewers' perceptions of depicted environments and actions, preventing perceptual disruption that could undermine narrative immersion. A foundational principle is the 180-degree rule, which confines camera positions to one side of an imaginary axis between subjects to maintain consistent spatial relations—such as left-right orientations—across shots, thereby preserving intuitive causality in dialogue and movement sequences.^[126] Violations, as in experimental or suspense-driven works like Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960), intentionally induce disorientation to heighten tension, reflecting how controlled spatial cues influence emotional responses; empirical studies confirm that such breaks correlate with heightened viewer uncertainty when not narratively justified.^[127] Establishing shots further orient audiences by wide-angle views of locales, as analyzed in cognitive film theory, where they facilitate mental mapping akin to real-world navigation, with continuity in actor positioning proving most critical for updating spatial representations amid dynamic editing.^[128] These methods, rooted in early 20th-century practices, demonstrate film's reliance on perceptual psychology to simulate oriented cognition, distinct from literature's verbal abstraction.^[129]

In Architecture and Design

In architecture, orientation denotes the directional positioning of a building relative to cardinal points, solar paths, prevailing winds, and site topography to optimize environmental performance, occupant comfort, and resource efficiency.^[130] This principle leverages natural elements such as sunlight for passive heating and daylighting while mitigating overheating through strategic shading and ventilation.^[131] In the Northern Hemisphere, optimal designs typically feature a long axis aligned east-west, maximizing south-facing facades for winter solar gain and minimizing east-west exposures to reduce summer heat loads.^[132] Such configurations can halve heating demands when combined with thermal mass and insulation, as evidenced by simulations showing up to 50% reductions in energy use for heating in temperate climates.^[133] Historically, precise orientation reflected both practical and symbolic intents. The Great Pyramid of Giza, constructed around 2580–2560 BCE, aligns its sides to the cardinal directions with an accuracy of within 0.5 degrees of true north, rising at an angle of 51.87° to facilitate solar and stellar observations integral to Egyptian cosmology.^[134] Similarly, ancient Greek temples from the 6th century BCE onward often favored solar alignments, with a 2009 archaeoastronomical survey of 107 structures revealing that 40 exhibited preferences for sunrise orientations on festival dates, illuminating cult statues during rituals, though lunar and stellar alignments occurred in about 20% of cases.^[135] These practices underscore early causal links between building alignment and climatic adaptation, predating formal engineering by millennia. In contemporary design, orientation informs passive solar strategies and sustainability standards, influencing energy modeling in tools like those from the U.S. Department of Energy.^[136] For instance, south-oriented glazing in residential structures can yield net energy savings of 10-30% annually in U.S. climates by balancing diurnal solar cycles against mechanical systems.^[137] Urban guidelines, such as those in zero-energy building protocols, recommend site-specific adjustments to avoid shading from adjacent structures, prioritizing compass alignment over street frontage where topography permits.^[138] Empirical studies confirm that deviations, like east-west dominance, increase cooling loads by up to 25% in hot-arid regions due to prolonged low-angle solar exposure.^[139] While cultural systems like Chinese feng shui emphasize directional harmony for qi flow—favoring east-facing entries for vitality—these lack the quantifiable thermal metrics of solar geometry, serving more as supplementary aesthetic heuristics in global practice.^[140]

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Mar 4, 2021 · A body can be constrained to rotate about a fixed point of the body but the orientation of this rotation axis about this point is unconstrained.
[11]
5.2: Rigid-Body Rotation - Physics LibreTexts
Sep 15, 2025 · When a rigid object rotates, every part of it (every atom) moves in a circle, covering the same angle in the same amount of time.
[12]
[PDF] Chapter 4 Rigid Body Motion - Rutgers Physics
In this chapter we develop the dynamics of a rigid body, one in which all interparticle distances are fixed by internal forces of constraint. This is,.
[13]
[PDF] 3. The Motion of Rigid Bodies - DAMTP
If the cat were rigid, such motion would be impossible since a change in orientation for a rigid body necessarily requires non-vanishing angular momentum. But ...
[14]
Rigid-bodies - Rapier physics engine
The position of a rigid-body represents its location (translation) in 2D or 3D world-space, as well as its orientation (rotation). Its translational part is ...<|separator|>
[15]
Compass - National Geographic Education
Apr 8, 2025 · A compass is a device that indicates direction. It is one of the most important instruments used for navigation.
[16]
How to Use a Compass: Compass/Map Navigation | REI Expert Advice
Once you've set your declination, map orientation is simple: Place your compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the top of the map ...Missing: principles | Show results with:principles
[17]
Map & Compass: Adjust for declination & orient the map
Jul 16, 2016 · With an adjustable compass, the orienting arrow (“the shed”) can be rotated relative to the bezel by twisting a small screw on the back of the compass.
[18]
[PDF] Navigation Principles
2 – Slide your ruler to the closest meridian, place the crosshair on the line, and read the bearing. Make sure to look at the right direction: 113oT!Missing: orientation | Show results with:orientation
[19]
What is Satellite Orientation in GNSS?
Jun 28, 2024 · Satellite orientation technology refers to the method of determining the orientation or attitude of a carrier by receiving and processing signals from ...
[20]
Sensory mechanisms of animal orientation and navigation
In this chapter, current knowledge on the sensory modalities used by animals for orientation and navigation are reviewed, challenges are outlined, and future ...
[21]
Unraveling the neural basis of spatial orientation in arthropods - PMC
May 17, 2023 · The neural basis underlying spatial orientation in arthropods, in particular insects, has received considerable interest in recent years.
[22]
Physiology, Vestibular System - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The vestibular system is a complex set of structures and neural pathways that serves a wide variety of functions that contribute to our sense of proprioception ...
[23]
Vestibular System: Function & Anatomy - Cleveland Clinic
Jun 19, 2024 · Your vestibular system helps you maintain your sense of balance. It includes structures inside your inner ear called otolith organs and semicircular canals ...Overview · Anatomy · Conditions And Disorders
[24]
The Vestibular System - Noba Project
The vestibular system functions to detect head motion and position relative to gravity and is primarily involved in the fine control of visual gaze, posture, ...Vestibuloocular System · Summary · Vocabulary
[25]
Human vestibular perceptual thresholds — A systematic review of ...
The vestibular system detects head accelerations within 6 degrees of freedom. How well this is accomplished is described by vestibular perceptual thresholds.
[26]
A vestibular sensation: probabilistic approaches to spatial perception
Vestibular information is also critical for spatial orientation (i.e., the perception of how our head and body are positioned relative to the outside world).Bayesian Framework For... · Vestibular Responses In... · Role Of Vestibular Signals...<|separator|>
[27]
Biophysical mechanism of animal magnetoreception, orientation ...
Dec 3, 2024 · We describe a biophysical mechanism for animal magnetoreception, orientation and navigation in the geomagnetic field (GMF), based on the ion forced oscillation ...
[28]
Chapter 10: Vestibular System: Structure and Function
All living organisms monitor their environment and one important aspect of that environment is gravity and the orientation of the body with respect to gravity.
[29]
Definition--Transformations--Orientation - Media4Math
The arrangement of points in a figure (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise). Orientation. This visual resource is ideal for middle school or high school math ...
[30]
What Is Orientation, in Geometry? - Expii
Orientation is how the relative pieces of an object are arranged. Rotation and translation preserve orientation, as objects' pieces stay in the same order.
[31]
What is Orientation in Geometry | Learn ZOE
Orientation in geometry refers to the direction or placement of objects or shapes in space, or their positioning and direction of coordinates.
[32]
Orienting surfaces - Math Insight
We call the side of the surface with the normal vector the positive side of the surface. As an example, consider the sphere of radius R centered at the origin.
[33]
Orientable and Nonorientable Surfaces
A surface is orientable if it's not nonorientable: you can't get reflected by walking around in it. Two surfaces are topologically equivalent if we can deform ...
[34]
[PDF] LECTURE 18: INTEGRATION ON MANIFOLDS 1. Orientations and ...
Orientations and Integration. Before we integrate an n-form on manifold, we need an orientation. Definition 1.1. Let M be a smooth manifold of dimension n. (1) ...
[35]
Surfaces: 3.2 Orientability | OpenLearn - The Open University
In fact, any two-sided surface in space is orientable: thus the disc, cylinder, sphere and n-fold torus, all with or without holes, are orientable surfaces.
[36]
Oriented Surfaces
Note not all surfaces are orientable (e.g. the Möbius band). Examples: 1. The plane z=0 (the xy plane) has two possible orientations, up or down. Every ...
[37]
[PDF] Orientations - Purdue Math
The mathemati- cians' favorite such surface is called a Möbius strip, a surface that has only one side. In Math 324 we will only deal with orientable surfaces.
[38]
[PDF] 2.4 Oriented manifolds
An oriented manifold is a set with a maximal oriented atlas, satisfying the Hausdorff and countability conditions as in definition 2.7. A manifold is called ...
[39]
[PDF] Math 396. Orientations In the theory of manifolds there will be a ...
An orientation of a vector space is a choice of a connected component of ∧d(V) - {0}, called the positive component. There are two orientations.
[40]
[PDF] The Orientation Manifesto (for undergraduates)
Nov 11, 2007 · An orientation of a vector space is represented by an ordered basis of the vector space. We think of an orientation as a twirl, namely the ...Missing: algebra | Show results with:algebra
[41]
[PDF] Lecture 34
That is, an orientation of V is a choice of Λn(V ∗)+. Suppose that V1,V2 are oriented ndimensional vector spaces, and let A : V1 → V2 be a bijective linear map.
[42]
[PDF] Lecture 21
(4.143) Let V be an ndimensional vector space. Then Λn(V ∗) is a 1dimensional vector space. Definition 4.34. An orientation of V is an orientation of Λn(V ∗).
[43]
Determinants and linear transformations - Math Insight
If a is positive, T preserves the orientation; if a is negative, T reverses orientation. We will obtain similar conclusions for higher-dimensional linear ...
[44]
Determinants and linear transformations - Math Insight
If a is positive, T preserves the orientation; if a is negative, T reverses orientation. We will obtain similar conclusions for higher-dimensional linear ...
[45]
[PDF] Linear Algebra (linearalgebra-book)
Jun 17, 2020 · form a negatively oriented basis, and so S is orientation reversing. Therefore, det(S) = −VolS(C2) = −2. Example. Let P : R2 → R2 be ...<|separator|>
[46]
Geometric properties of the determinant - Math Insight
The determinant of a matrix reflects how the linear transformation associated with the matrix can scale or reflect objects.
[47]
Achievement Goal Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Achievement goal theory refers to the framework that considers individuals' purposes for engaging in achievement-relevant behaviors, ...
[48]
Goal Orientation Theory - Educational Psychology
Goal orientations refer to the reasons or purposes for engaging in learning activities and explain individuals' different ways of approaching and responding to ...
[49]
Achievement Goal Orientation and Situational Motivation for a Low ...
Achievement goal orientation theory suggests there are 2 broad thought processes and behaviors used to achieve competence in either assigned or self-directed ...
[50]
Effects of goal orientation on online learning: A meta-analysis of ...
Feb 24, 2023 · This meta-analysis examines the correlation between goal orientation and related variables in online learning
[51]
Do Achievement Goals Differently Orient Students' Academic ...
Nov 24, 2023 · Based on four categories of achievement goal orientations, some studies found that approach goals (mastery and performance) positively predicted ...
[52]
Achievement Goal Orientations and Adolescents' Subjective Well ...
Achievement goal orientations address the question of “why” individuals attempt to accomplish certain achievement outcomes (Elliot, 1997; Pintrich, 2000).Abstract · Introduction · Materials and Methods · Discussion
[53]
Teachers' perceptions of the school goal structure - ScienceDirect.com
Perception of mastery and performance goal structures were negatively, but close to zero correlated. Perception of mastery goal structure was positively related ...
[54]
Teacher performance goal practices and elementary students ...
Researchers have identified two broad student achievement goal orientations, mastery goal orientation and performance goal orientation, with the second goal ...
[55]
[PDF] A Review of Achievement Goal Theory - Sciedu Press
Dec 9, 2024 · Achievement goal orientation theory represents a novel framework for understanding motivation, grounded in goal-setting theory, achievement ...<|separator|>
[56]
Students' goal orientations and their perceived peer relationships
Mar 11, 2023 · The results suggest a statistically significant effect of the students' mastery goal orientation on their later positive perception of peer relationships.
[57]
The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory - PMC
The hippocampus is essential to spatial navigation via a cognitive map, its role derives from the relational organization and flexibility of cognitive maps.
[58]
Multiple mind—Brain systems for spatial orientation - ScienceDirect
The experimental and neuropsychological evidence reviewed suggests that spatial orientation may be supported by a number of functionally distinct cognitive ...
[59]
Human intelligence relates to neural measures of cognitive map ...
Aug 26, 2025 · Empirical and computational works imply a critical role for representational properties of the hippocampal-entorhinal system in reasoning. The ...
[60]
Scalar expectancy theory and peak-interval timing in humans
The properties of the internal clock, temporal memory, and decision processes used to time short durations were investigated. The peak-interval procedure ...
[61]
Time Perception Mechanisms at Central Nervous System - PMC
The perception of time is the sum of stimuli associated with cognitive processes and environmental changes.
[62]
Toward a neurobiology of temporal cognition: advances and ...
The theory includes a spectral timing component posited in the CA3 region of the hippocampus as well as spectrally timed response outputs in the cerebellum.
[63]
Uncovering the Hippocampal Mechanisms Underpinning Spatial ...
Nov 30, 2022 · These short reviews of recent JNeurosci articles, written exclusively by students or postdoctoral fellows, summarize the important findings of the paper.
[64]
Towards a neurodevelopmental cognitive perspective of temporal ...
14 ago 2024 · The present neurodevelopmental perspective claims that our ability to perceive and prospectively process durations and time passing emerge ...
[65]
Temporal cognition: Connecting subjective time to perception ...
29 mar 2014 · In this review, we survey the links between temporalcognition and other psychological processes. Specifically, we describe how subjective ...
[66]
Sexual orientation and gender identity in BJS data collections
Sep 14, 2022 · Sexual orientation has three main components: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, and sexual identity. An individual's sexual identity refers to ...
[67]
The biological basis of sexual orientation: How hormonal, genetic ...
We mainly focused on the biological basis of sexual orientation, including the associated brain regions and the influence of hormones, genetics, and ...
[68]
Genome-Wide Linkage Study Meta-Analysis of Male Sexual ... - NIH
Jun 2, 2021 · Introduction. Male homosexuality runs in families, and twin studies have shown that genetic contributions appear to account for a moderate ...
[69]
Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic ... - Science
Twin studies and other analyses of inheritance of sexual orientation in humans has indicated that same-sex sexual behavior has a genetic component.
[70]
Prenatal influences on human sexual orientation - NIH
Feb 7, 2017 · On the other hand, given that greater prenatal androgen exposure makes females more likely to develop gynephilia, then probably the reason 95% ...
[71]
Exploring Biological Theories of Homosexuality: A Focus on the X ...
Apr 21, 2025 · This article examines two independent theories, the X-linkage theory and the fraternal birth order effect, which suggest that homosexuality is shaped by ...
[72]
Prenatal hormones play a major role in sexual orientation ... - PsyPost
Nov 17, 2023 · But the researchers found no consistent evidence to suggest that hormonal concentrations in adulthood could influence sexual orientation.
[73]
Brain structure changes associated with sexual orientation - Nature
Mar 3, 2021 · This study shows that sexual orientation is reflected in brain structure characteristics and that these differ between the sexes.
[74]
Sexual orientation and its basis in brain structure and function - PNAS
PET and MRI show differences in cerebral asymmetry and functional connectivity between homo- and heterosexual subjects.
[75]
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sexual Orientation
Similarly, twin studies have estimated the variance in sexual orientation due to genetic factors (heritability) as ranging between 30 and 50% (Alanko et al ...
[76]
Biological, genetic, neurological and environmental influences on ...
Sep 23, 2025 · This paper examines the interplay of homosexuality determinants. Biological determinants such as the role of androgen levels, the fraternal ...
[77]
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sexual Orientation and Its ...
PDF | We recruited twins systematically from the Australian Twin Registry and assessed their sexual orientation and 2 related traits: childhood gender.
[78]
Epigenetics and evolution: 'the significant biological puzzle' of ...
Sep 17, 2023 · The epigenetic hypothesis for the widespread occurrence of human homosexuality is based on the possibility of epigenetic inheritance of adjustments to a foetus ...
[79]
Stability and Change in Sexual Orientation Identity Over a 10-Year ...
Aug 6, 2025 · For the sample as a whole, heterosexuality was the most stable identity. For women, bisexuality and homosexuality were equally unstable and ...
[80]
Stability and Change in Self-Reported Sexual Orientation Identity in ...
This study investigated stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity over time in youth. We describe gender- and age-related changes in ...
[81]
Stability and Change in Sexual Orientation and Genital Arousal over ...
Apr 12, 2022 · Longitudinal work suggests that sexual orientation can change over time in men and women. These studies, however, may be susceptible to the bias of self-report.
[82]
The Current State of Sexual Fluidity Research - PMC - NIH
Oct 25, 2022 · This review provides a brief narrative of historical conceptualizations of sexual orientation and fluidity and the current state of research on sexual fluidity.
[83]
[PDF] Evidence Shows Sexual Orientation Can Change:
Mar 25, 2019 · Changes in attractions, behaviors, and personal identity, and a lack of stability or exclusivity, represent evidence that sexual orientation ...
[84]
Stability vs. Fluidity of Sexual Orientation | Archives of Sexual Behavior
Aug 29, 2025 · This study examined the prevalence, stability, and fluidity of sexual orientation as well as the prevalence of gender discontent.
[85]
Ten Arguments From Social Science Against Same-Sex Marriage
One of the biggest threats that same-sex "marriage" poses to marriage is that it would probably undercut the norm of sexual fidelity in marriage. In the first ...
[86]
LGBT rights yield to religious interests at US Supreme Court | Reuters
Jul 3, 2023 · In Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, the court in a 9-0 ruling embraced religious rights over LGBT rights, siding with a Catholic Church- ...
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Fast Facts: HIV and Gay and Bisexual Men - CDC
Oct 7, 2024 · In recent years, estimated HIV infections decreased 10% overall among gay and bisexual men, with considerable declines among Black/African ...
[88]
Prevalence of Mental Disorders, Psychological Distress, and ... - NIH
Results indicate that gay–bisexual men evidenced higher prevalence of depression, panic attacks, and psychological distress than heterosexual men.
[89]
Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and ...
Surveys have documented that lesbians and gay men are disproportionately exposed to prejudice events, including discrimination and violence. For example, in a ...
[90]
The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists - Pew Research Center
Jun 25, 2020 · Despite major changes in LGBT rights around the world, acceptance of homosexuality remains sharply divided by country, region and economic ...
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5. Gender identity, sexual orientation and the 2024 election
Jun 6, 2024 · Voters who support Joe Biden and Donald Trump have wide differences across a broad range of issues related to gender identity and sexual orientation.Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[92]
In Defense of Tradition: Religiosity, Conservatism, and Opposition to ...
As depicted in Figure 1, religiosity indirectly influenced opposition to same-sex marriage through its effect on sexual prejudice. To the extent that ...
[93]
Associations between the dark tetrad and political orientation
Political orientation is an individual's preference for a particular style of government, often conceptualised through the left-right (liberal-conservative) ...
[94]
Worldviews and Values as Bases for Political Orientations
Apr 10, 2023 · We define political orientation as a self-reported summary expression of an individual's system of social, political, and economic beliefs about ...
[95]
Mapping left-right associations: a framework using open-ended ...
Aug 13, 2025 · The study of political ideology is based on several theoretical frameworks, with the left-right dichotomy taking centre stage. Traditionally, ...
[96]
Full article: The ideological morphology of left–centre–right
Jan 20, 2023 · The characterisation of ideas, people, and institutions in terms of a spectrum stretching from 'left' to 'right' via a notional 'centre' is one of the most ...Missing: empirical basis
[97]
Sources of Stability in Social and Economic Ideological Orientations
Jan 13, 2020 · Within adulthood, political attitudes are believed to be more malleable during early adulthood and to show greater stability later when ...
[98]
Genetic Influences on Political Ideologies: Twin Analyses of 19 ...
We find that genetic factors account for a significant amount of the variance in individual differences in ideology across time, location, measures and ...
[99]
Study on twins suggests our political beliefs may be hard-wired
Dec 9, 2013 · They found that somewhat more than half of the difference in self-identified political ideology (56%) is explained by genetic factors. The ...
[100]
On the genetic basis of political orientation - ScienceDirect.com
Twin studies show that political ideology is about 40% heritable. More sophisticated designs also find a substantial genetic influence on ideology.
[101]
Big-Five personality and political orientation: Results from four panel ...
Openness and Conscientiousness were related with political orientation. Agreeableness and Neuroticism as additional Big-Five dimensions were less related.
[102]
The Big Five Personality Traits in the Political Arena | Annual Reviews
Jun 15, 2011 · This research examines how individual-level variations in broad, stable psychological characteristics affect individual-level political outcomes ...
[103]
Contrary to folk wisdom, political beliefs stable over time
Oct 30, 2019 · New research from University of Nebraska–Lincoln political scientists suggests political ideologies and beliefs stay stable over time.
[104]
Do People Really Become More Conservative as They Age?
Consistent with previous research but contrary to folk wisdom, our results indicate that political attitudes are remarkably stable over the long term. In ...<|separator|>
[105]
Political extremism predicts ideological stability over time
Dec 3, 2020 · We specifically find that political extremists' ideological beliefs are more stable over time than those of political moderates. The Study 3 ...
[106]
Social preferences and political attitudes: An online experiment on a ...
This paper investigates in a large and heterogeneous sample the relationship between social preferences and political attitudes.
[107]
Genetic and environmental influences on the stability of political ...
Although studies have shown that political orientations are quite stable over time, it is also clear that some people do change their views (Ansolabehere et al.Missing: lifespan | Show results with:lifespan
[108]
New Employee Orientation - Overview, Elements, Importance
New employee orientation is an assimilation process in which new recruits are introduced to their jobs and work environment.
[109]
Employee Orientation: Key Objectives, Process, and Benefits
Employee orientation is a structured process conducted by organizations to introduce new hires to their job roles, the company culture, and internal policies ...
[110]
Employee Orientation: Definition, Checklist, Benefits, and Best ...
Feb 26, 2025 · It is a comprehensive program designed to introduce new hires to the company culture, policies, procedures, and their roles and responsibilities.
[111]
Employee Orientation vs. Employee Onboarding - Indeed
Nov 4, 2024 · Orientation is a brief, one-time introduction, while onboarding is a longer, ongoing process of integrating new hires into the workplace.<|separator|>
[112]
Onboarding vs. Orientation: A Guide for Employers - Paychex
Apr 12, 2022 · Orientation is a one-time initial welcome, while onboarding is an ongoing process to help new employees adjust to their jobs and the company. ...
[113]
Complete Employee Onboarding Guide - SHRM
Introduce employees to the organization's structure, vision, mission, and values; review employee handbook and major policies; complete paperwork; cover ...New Hire Integration · Onboarding Process · How to Optimize Onboarding
[114]
New Employee Orientation: Comprehensive Guide (Free Checklist)
Apr 23, 2025 · The purpose of orientation is to introduce new employees to the company's core vision and values, allow them to become acquainted with their ...
[115]
New Employee Orientation: 12 Best Practices & Strategies
Jul 19, 2023 · Create and share an agenda · Keep paperwork simple · Use a learning management system (LMS) · Provide employee orientation content · Offer an ...
[116]
24 shocking employee onboarding statistics in 2023 - Oak Engage
Apr 10, 2025 · Great employee onboarding can improve employee retention by 82%. Read these statistics and learn how important it is for your organisation.
[117]
What Scientific Research Says About Employee Onboarding - Preppio
The same study shows 86% of new hires decide how long they will stay within a company in the first six months, and up to 20% of employee turnover happens within ...
[118]
70+ Employee Onboarding Statistics (2024) - Exploding Topics
Sep 12, 2025 · 31% said outstanding onboarding led to lower employee turnover; 21% said outstanding onboarding helped their organization meet revenue goals ...
[119]
(PDF) An Exploration Of Effective Onboarding On Employee ...
Apr 9, 2024 · It was shown that socialization in the workplace is enhanced and employee turnover is reduced when onboarding processes are effective and take ...
[120]
Employee Onboarding Best Practices: The Ultimate Guide
1. Provision employees before they arrive · 2. Get paperwork out of the way · 3. Get the team involved (and aware) · 4. Share important first week information · 5.
[121]
New Employee Orientation: Best Practices & a Free Checklist - AIHR
Organize a team lunch (let the new hire choose if they'd like); Schedule one-on-one meetings with key colleagues; Assign a buddy or mentor for day-to-day ...
[122]
New Employee Onboarding Best Practices | Litmos Blog
Jan 13, 2025 · Best practices for onboarding include: developing a detailed “30, 60, 90 day” plan for new hires, fostering open communication, providing a ...
[123]
New Hire Integration: Start Here When Onboarding a New Employee
Learn how to implement a strategic onboarding process that engages and retains new employees. Discover best practices, tools, and tips for success.
[124]
Orientation, by Daniel Orozco | Fiction Writers Review
Mar 21, 2022 · "Orientation" is a collection of nine remarkable, funny, dark, and innovative stories, full of satire and absurdity, that are smart, stirring, ...
[125]
The Type of Viewpoint and The Theme in A Orientation' Short Story ...
The document analyzes the point of view and theme in the short story "Orientation" by Daniel Orozco. It finds that the story uses a first-person distant point ...
[126]
[PDF] Spatial Coherence in Narrative Film - Gabriel Greenberg
When coherence breaks down within a scene, the sense of space collapses and disorientation takes hold. This may occur even when other aspects of the narrative ...
[127]
Spatial stimuli in films: Uncovering the relationship between ...
The research paper establishes the impact of spatial stimulus on human cognition and emotion by studying environmental events as cues.
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https://brill.com/view/journals/artp/aop/article-10.1163-22134913-bja10068/article-10.1163-22134913-bja10068.xml
[129]
[PDF] Spatial Representation in Cognitive Science and Film - Filmoterapia.pl
A key part of research on spatial representations explains filmmakers' practice of organizing views around the gaze direction of actors. Research exploring the ...
[130]
Passive Solar Homes | Department of Energy
Passive solar design takes advantage of a building's site, climate, and materials to minimize energy use. A well-designed passive solar home first reduces ...
[131]
Orientation - | YourHome
Orientation for passive cooling aims to eliminate solar access with appropriate shading (especially to the east and west), and maximise access to cooling ...
[132]
Designing for Net-Zero: How Architecture Influences Energy Demand
Jul 21, 2022 · For new construction, orienting buildings with the long axis pointed east-west often provides better control of solar energy.
[133]
Location, orientation and layout - Passive Design - BRANZ Level
Mar 27, 2025 · Good orientation, together with thermal mass and the right glazing and insulation, can cut the heating requirements in a house by half or more, ...<|separator|>
[134]
Great Pyramid of Giza | Egypt, Height, Location, Pictures, & Facts
Oct 1, 2025 · The pyramid's sides rise at an angle of 51.87° and are accurately oriented to the four cardinal points of the compass. The Great Pyramid's ...
[135]
The Astronomical Orientation of Ancient Greek Temples - PMC - NIH
Nov 19, 2009 · There is no consensus on whether Greek temples were aligned astronomically, but a survey shows a preference for solar orientations, with 40 of ...
[136]
Zero Energy Building Technologies & Approaches
There are a number of architectural features to consider when designing a zero energy building, including building orientation, fenestration, outdoor surface ...
[137]
Building Orientation for Optimum Energy - InterNACHI®
A passive solar house should be constructed on the south-facing slope of a mountain to avoid the extreme shading created where the low-angled sun is blocked by ...
[138]
[PDF] Energy Conservation Site and Building Design
Properly orienting a building will ensure the building will gain heat in the winter and reduce cooling costs in the summer.
[139]
(PDF) Buildings Orientation and its Impact on the Energy Consumption
Since the building orientation is one of the most important factors affecting energy consumption, this paper addresses the effect of building orientation on the ...
[140]
Building Orientation | Ball State University
As a rule, east- and west-facing building surfaces are primarily influenced by daily conditions, morning light versus afternoon light, solar/thermal load from ...