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Hawthorne Bridge

The Hawthorne Bridge is a vertical-lift truss bridge spanning the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, connecting Hawthorne Boulevard on the east side to Moody Avenue and Southwest Moody Street on the west side.^[1]^[2] Completed in 1910, it measures 1,382 feet in total length with a main lift span of 244 feet, features 165-foot towers, and provides 53 feet of clearance at low water, lifting up to 110 feet to accommodate marine traffic.^[1]^[3] It is the oldest operating vertical-lift highway bridge in the United States and Portland's oldest extant highway bridge.^[1]^[2]^[4] Designed by the engineering firm Waddell & Harrington—pioneers in vertical-lift bridge technology—the structure was fabricated by the Pennsylvania Steel Company and erected by the United Engineering & Construction Company for a total cost of about $511,000, funded by Multnomah County bonds.^[1]^[2]^[5] Construction began in 1909 to replace wooden swing-span bridges at the site, including one destroyed by fire in 1902, and it opened to traffic on December 19, 1910.^[1]^[2] Named for Dr. James C. Hawthorne (1819–1881), a prominent Portland physician and county politician who operated the area's poor farm, the bridge originally accommodated streetcars, automobiles, horses, and pedestrians on its 73-foot-wide deck with wood-plank sidewalks.^[6]^[5]^[2] As one of Portland's twelve Willamette River crossings, the Hawthorne Bridge remains a vital transportation link, carrying approximately 32,000 vehicles, 800 TriMet buses, 8,000 bicycles, and countless pedestrians daily as of 2020, making it Oregon's busiest bridge for cyclists and transit users.^[1]^[5]^[7] In November 2024, Multnomah County completed enhancements to the bicycle facilities, including an integrated eastbound bike lane.^[8] It opens its lift span approximately 200 times per month to allow boats to pass, using 450-ton counterweights and a system upgraded to computer controls in 1999.^[1]^[5] The bridge's engineering innovation and role in the city's early 20th-century growth earned it a listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 under criteria for engineering significance and community planning.^[4] Major rehabilitations, including sidewalk widening to 10 feet in 1999 and deck strengthening, have preserved its functionality amid increasing multimodal use.^[1]^[2]

Overview and Design

Location and Significance

The Hawthorne Bridge spans the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, connecting Hawthorne Boulevard on the east bank to SW Madison Street on the west bank.^[1] It links downtown Portland to the Southeast and Central Eastside neighborhoods, serving as a vital east-west corridor within the city's transportation network.^[9] This structure holds notable historical significance as the oldest vertical-lift bridge still in operation in the United States and the oldest highway bridge in Portland.^[10] Built in 1910, it represents a key milestone in the development of Portland's infrastructure across the Willamette River.^[4] Daily, the bridge accommodates approximately 30,000 vehicles, including around 800 buses, alongside heavy volumes of pedestrians and cyclists, making it one of Portland's most heavily trafficked crossings.^[1]

Structural Components

The Hawthorne Bridge is a steel Parker truss structure featuring five fixed spans and a central vertical-lift span, designed to accommodate river navigation while providing a stable crossing over the Willamette River.^[9] The overall length of the bridge proper measures 1,383 feet (421 m), with the longest span—the vertical-lift section—extending 250 feet (76 m).^[9] This configuration allows the central span to rise vertically between two 165-foot-tall (50 m) steel towers, enabling the bridge to open for maritime traffic.^[9] The structure was designed by the engineering firm Waddell & Harrington.^[1] The bridge's deck, originally constructed with steel and concrete elements, supports vehicular, pedestrian, and bicycle traffic across a width of 73 feet (22 m) following a 1999 widening project that expanded the sidewalks from 6 feet to 10 feet each.^[1] The steel superstructure was fabricated by the Pennsylvania Steel Company of Steelton, Pennsylvania, and erected by the United Engineering and Construction Company, with substructure work by Robert Wakefield & Company.^[2] Key materials include riveted steel trusses for the fixed and lift spans, reinforced concrete piers, and concrete counterweights suspended within the towers.^[2] Each counterweight, composed of concrete encasing steel junk, weighs approximately 450 tons (900,000 pounds) and is connected to the lift span via 24 wire ropes, balancing the 900-ton moving span.^[2] Vertical clearance beneath the bridge varies with its position: 49 feet (15 m) when closed to navigation, increasing to 159 feet (48 m) when the lift span is fully raised by 110 feet.^[11] The truss design incorporates through-truss elements for the fixed spans and a bascule-like lift mechanism for the central section, with the deck supported by steel stringers and cross-beams.^[9] These components ensure structural integrity while minimizing obstruction to river flow.^[2]

Engineering and Operation

The Hawthorne Bridge features a vertical-lift design, in which the central 250-foot truss span rises vertically like an elevator to accommodate river traffic, providing a maximum clearance of 110 feet when fully elevated.^[1] This mechanism relies on two 450-ton concrete counterweights suspended within 165-foot towers, connected via 24 operating ropes that are pulled by drums driven by a pair of 150-horsepower electric motors.^[12] The motors engage reduction gears to hoist or lower the span, with the process typically taking about eight minutes from initiation to full opening.^[12] As the first vertical-lift bridge constructed in Portland, the Hawthorne represented an engineering innovation by Waddell & Harrington, whose patented design improved navigation efficiency over preceding swing-span bridges by allowing unobstructed passage for vessels without pivoting the entire structure.^[2] This approach minimized interference with river navigation while maintaining a fixed roadway alignment, setting a precedent for subsequent Willamette River crossings in the city.^[5] The lift span is raised up to 200 times per month to permit marine traffic, with operations coordinated by bridge tenders who monitor for vehicles, pedestrians, and bicycles before initiating the sequence.^[1] Safety features include automated flashing red lights and audible horns to alert users, deployable gates to block access, synchronized traffic signals, and mechanical span locks that secure the bridge in both lowered and raised positions; rollers on the towers prevent lateral sway during lifts.^[12] These integrated controls, combined with radio communication on VHF channel 13 for vessel requests, ensure reliable operation without recorded major engineering failures over more than a century of service.^[11]

History

Predecessor Structures

The first permanent crossing at the Madison Street location over the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, was the original Madison Street Bridge, a wooden swing-span structure featuring a Pratt truss design.^[2] Constructed by the Pacific Bridge Company and opened as a toll bridge on January 11, 1891, it was acquired by the City of Portland just ten months later on November 11, 1891, after which tolls were abolished to promote public access.^[2] This bridge suffered from inherent design flaws and endured heavy traffic loads, including streetcars from the Mt. Tabor Railway Line, leading to frequent repairs and underscoring the vulnerabilities of wooden construction in a rapidly growing urban environment.^[2] By the late 1890s, the original bridge had been declared unsafe due to accumulating structural damage and the pressures of increasing vehicular and pedestrian use, prompting its replacement.^[13] The second Madison Street Bridge, completed in 1900, was another wooden swing-span design but with enhancements, including six 190-foot Howe truss approach spans and a central 312-foot swing span that provided 150 feet of lateral clearance when opened for river traffic.^[2] Its piers were reinforced with sheet iron cylinders filled with concrete atop piles, yet it remained the last all-wooden bridge spanning the Willamette River in Portland, reflecting the transitional era before steel dominated local infrastructure.^[2] Tragically, on June 21, 1902, a massive fire originating from six blocks of east-side waterfront warehouses swept across the river and destroyed the bridge's eastern approach, rendering it unusable and exposing the persistent fire hazards of timber builds in an industrial port city.^[2]^[13] These predecessor structures operated amid broader challenges for Willamette River crossings in late 19th-century Portland, where frequent floods—such as the devastating 1890 inundation—regularly threatened stability, while explosive population growth and expanding commerce intensified traffic demands beyond what wooden spans could reliably support.^[2]^[13] The repeated cycles of damage from natural disasters and overuse highlighted the urgent need for a more resilient, fire-resistant design, culminating in voter approval of a $450,000 bond measure in June 1907 to fund a permanent steel replacement.^[2] This shift addressed not only immediate safety concerns but also the evolving requirements of a burgeoning metropolis, paving the way for innovative engineering solutions like vertical-lift mechanisms to accommodate both land and water traffic.^[13]

Construction and Opening

The Hawthorne Bridge was engineered by the consulting firm Waddell & Harrington of Kansas City, Missouri, renowned for their innovative vertical-lift designs, and fabricated by the Pennsylvania Steel Company of Steelton, Pennsylvania, erected by the United Engineering & Construction Company, with the substructure constructed by Robert Wakefield & Co.^[1]^[3] Construction commenced in the summer of 1909, following the approval of a Multnomah County bond measure in 1907 to replace the fire-damaged wooden Madison Street Bridge.^[2]^[14] The project, fully funded by Multnomah County at a total cost of $511,000, involved erecting a steel truss structure with a 244-foot main span capable of lifting to accommodate river traffic.^[15]^[16] Workers completed the bridge ahead of schedule, enabling its opening to vehicular and pedestrian traffic on December 19, 1910.^[17]^[5] The opening featured a public dedication ceremony that highlighted the bridge's role in modernizing Portland's infrastructure and fostering east-west connectivity across the Willamette River.^[18] C.K. Allen of Waddell & Harrington formally recommended the structure for acceptance, after which Mayor Joseph Simon declared it open with the command, “Let it open!”, symbolizing the city's embrace of advanced engineering to support rapid urban growth.^[18]

Renovations and Preservation

Over the decades, the Hawthorne Bridge has undergone several renovations to maintain its structural integrity and adapt to changing traffic needs. In 1931, the deck was redecked and streetcar rails were moved to inner lanes. The west approaches were raised in 1941 to accommodate Harbor Drive. In 1945, the deck was replaced with a steel grate, and sidewalks were narrowed by 1 foot. Approach reconstructions occurred between 1956 and 1959, including raising the east ramp. The electrical system was upgraded with new 150 HP motors in 1975–1976, and emergency repairs, including sheave replacements, were completed in 1985.^[2] The Hawthorne Bridge underwent a major $21 million renovation between 1998 and 1999, which involved replacing the steel grated deck, repainting the structure, and widening the sidewalks from 5 feet to 10 feet to accommodate increased pedestrian and cyclist traffic.^[19]^[20]^[21] This project also included upgrades to the electrical power and control systems originally installed in 1975, as well as the addition of sidewalks and ramps on the west approach to enhance accessibility for pedestrians, cyclists, and individuals with disabilities.^[1] In 2001, the bridge's sidewalks were connected to the newly completed Vera Katz Eastbank Esplanade, creating a seamless pedestrian pathway that extends 1.5 miles along the Willamette River's east bank and improves multi-modal flow between downtown Portland and the eastside neighborhoods.^[20]^[22] The bridge's historical significance was formally recognized when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 2012, highlighting its status as the oldest operating vertical-lift bridge in the United States and its role in Portland's early 20th-century infrastructure development.^[23] Preservation efforts for the Hawthorne Bridge continue to face challenges in balancing the maintenance of its 1910-era design with modern safety standards, particularly as ongoing seismic vulnerabilities require targeted upgrades amid budget constraints and the need to minimize disruptions to daily traffic. A limited seismic retrofit is planned for 2025–2029.^[24]^[25]

Usage and Infrastructure

Vehicular and Pedestrian Traffic

The Hawthorne Bridge carries approximately 27,000 vehicles per day (as of 2020), making it one of Portland's busiest crossings for east-west vehicular traffic across the Willamette River.^[26] This volume includes around 800 TriMet buses daily, supporting significant public transit flows between downtown Portland and eastside neighborhoods. The bridge's four-lane configuration facilitates steady commuter and commercial movement, though it experiences peak-hour congestion typical of the city's central corridor.^[1] Pedestrian use on the bridge remains high, with constant flows of walkers and joggers drawn by its connections to adjacent neighborhoods like the West End and Southeast Portland, as well as scenic river views. The 10-foot-wide sidewalks, widened during 1999 renovations, accommodate this demand and link directly to the Vera Katz Eastbank Esplanade, a waterfront path system that opened in 2001 and extends 1.5 miles northward along the east bank.^[1]^[27]^[28] Traffic trends show steady growth in multimodal usage, particularly in pedestrian volumes, which have rebounded post-pandemic. Downtown Portland foot traffic increased 5.6% in 2025 compared to 2024.^[29] The bridge plays a key role in Portland's urban mobility by integrating vehicular, transit, and pedestrian flows, contributing to the city's emphasis on balanced transportation networks. Congestion is managed through coordinated traffic signals with nearby Willamette River bridges like the Burnside and Morrison, including restrictions on vertical lifts during rush hours (7-9 a.m. and 4-6 p.m.) to minimize disruptions, alongside recent additions like a 2020 signal at the eastbound on-ramp from Naito Parkway.^[30]^[31]

Bicycle Facilities and Counts

The Hawthorne Bridge features dedicated bicycle facilities consisting of 10-foot-wide sidewalks on both sides, widened during 1999 renovations to accommodate shared use by pedestrians and cyclists.^[20]^[32] These pathways integrate with Portland's extensive bikeway network, facilitating connections to regional routes such as the Eastbank Esplanade and southeast neighborhood paths, and the bridge is recognized as Oregon's busiest for bicycle traffic.^[1]^[33] A permanent bicycle counter, the first installed on a U.S. bridge, was added to the eastbound sidewalk in August 2012 through a partnership between Multnomah County and the Portland Bureau of Transportation, with initial funding from Cycle Oregon.^[34]^[35] The device malfunctioned around 2018, halting data collection until repairs restored functionality, and it now provides real-time tracking of daily, weekly, and monthly volumes via the Portland.gov Bike Barometer dashboard. The counter tracks eastbound cyclists only, recording over 13 million trips from August 2012 to November 2025.^[36]^[37] Historical peak usage exceeded 8,000 cyclists per day in the mid-2010s, reflecting strong growth in bike commuting tied to infrastructure expansions.^[38] As of 2025, counts indicate steady weekday volumes of approximately 4,000 to 6,000 eastbound trips, representing about 20% of the bridge's total traffic and underscoring sustained integration with broader cycling trends in the Portland metropolitan area.^[33]^[39]^[40]

Maintenance and Accessibility

The Hawthorne Bridge is maintained by Multnomah County's Bridge Services Section, which oversees routine inspections and upkeep to ensure structural integrity and operational safety.^[41] These inspections occur biennially as part of the National Bridge Inventory program, with the bridge rated in fair condition overall, focusing on steel corrosion through paint system evaluations and concrete degradation assessments.^[42] Lift span mechanics are regularly examined, including cable tension adjustments via turnbuckles and rehabilitation of aging components such as motors and brakes that have exceeded their 25-year lifespan.^[12] Recent efforts, such as the 2024 paving project, addressed deteriorated deck concrete and replaced expansion joints to prevent water infiltration and further corrosion.^[43] Accessibility has been progressively improved to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), with key upgrades following the 1999 renovations that added ramps and widened sidewalks to 10 feet on the west approach for pedestrian, cyclist, and disabled access.^[1] In 2024, further enhancements included ADA-compliant bus stop modifications, installation of raised tactile yellow tiles on the westbound ramp to aid visually impaired users, and improved bike lane protections, all designed to enhance equitable access across the bridge.^[44] Seismic retrofits are also underway to bolster earthquake resilience, with a planned Phase 1 project from 2025 to 2029 targeting vulnerabilities in superstructure spans by adding restraints at expansion joints, shear lugs, and new bearings to prevent collapse during major events, at an estimated cost of $44.9 million.^[25]^[45] Operational challenges include managing the vertical lift span, which opens approximately 200 times per month for an average of 8 minutes to accommodate river traffic, requiring careful scheduling to minimize disruptions to the roughly 27,000 daily vehicles (as of 2020), 4,000 to 6,000 bicycles, and pedestrians.^[1]^[12] Environmental considerations for the Willamette River ecosystem are integrated into these operations, with drawbridge regulations ensuring minimal impact through coordinated vessel passages and avoidance of unnecessary openings.^[46] Future plans emphasize ongoing monitoring via the county's Capital Improvement Program, including potential structural rehabilitations and green infrastructure elements like expanded rainwater management systems to support sustainability.^[45]^[44]

Cultural Impact

Pop Culture References

The Hawthorne Bridge has appeared as a prominent filming location in the 2003 action thriller The Hunted, directed by William Friedkin and starring Tommy Lee Jones as a U.S. Forest Service tracker pursuing escaped convict Benicio del Toro. In the film, the bridge features in intense chase sequences, including a foot pursuit and a dramatic confrontation that showcases its truss structure and position over the Willamette River, emphasizing Portland's urban landscape as a backdrop for the story's tension.^[47]^[48] In music, the bridge is evoked in Elliott Smith's "I Can't Answer You Anymore," a song recorded during the 1998 sessions for his album XO and posthumously released on the 2007 compilation New Moon. The lyrics describe a cross-country journey culminating "Over the Hawthorne Bridge / To the one I adore," using the structure to symbolize emotional longing and the artist's ties to Portland's geography. Portland composer Jack Gabel references the Hawthorne Bridge in his song "Portland, Oregon" (2015), evoking the city's landmarks in an instrumental tribute to its urban soundscape. The bridge serves as a subtle symbolic element in Mark Z. Danielewski's experimental novel House of Leaves (2000), appearing in a journal entry by the unreliable narrator Johnny Truant. In the passage, Truant reflects on wandering "under the Hawthorne bridge and sat by the Willamette river," portraying the location as a site of introspection and disorientation amid the book's labyrinthine narrative of psychological horror and urban anonymity.^[49] Beyond these, the Hawthorne Bridge receives occasional mentions in local news reporting on Portland's film productions and urban features, as well as in documentaries chronicling the city's historic infrastructure, such as explorations of its river crossings and engineering legacy.^[50]^[51]

Public Art and Community Events

The Avenue of Murals project, initiated by the Portland Street Art Alliance in collaboration with the Central Eastside Industrial Council and other partners, transformed the columns under the Hawthorne Bridge viaduct into a vibrant public art corridor along Southeast Madison Street. Debuting in early 2024, the project began with four inaugural murals painted by local artist Hayden Senter, honoring Portland's cultural institutions and landmarks. By mid-2024, additional artists including Jeremy Nichols and Devin Finley contributed 11 more murals, depicting themes such as the Central Eastside's historic trade, natural flora and fauna, and community creativity, bringing the initial total to 18 columns.^[52]^[53]^[54] In 2025, the project expanded with Phase III, featuring seven new murals by artists Paola De La Cruz and Kyra Watkins—three by De La Cruz emphasizing movement and vibrancy, and four by Watkins highlighting Portland icons like sports, produce trade, and fishing industries—resulting in over 20 murals overall. Completed in July 2025, these additions connected communities by celebrating local history and fostering a sense of place in the once-overlooked viaduct area.^[55]^[56]^[57] The Hawthorne Bridge also serves as a focal point for community events that highlight its pedestrian pathways. Since 1987, the Willamette Light Brigade has organized annual light displays on Portland's bridges, including the Hawthorne, illuminating its structure with colorful installations during holidays and festivals to enhance public engagement and nighttime aesthetics. Annual events such as the Lights on the Bridges Walk in November allow participants to traverse the bridge amid festive illuminations, while the bridge's closure to vehicles during the Waterfront Blues Festival enables pedestrians to gather on its deck for July 4 fireworks viewing over the Willamette River.^[5]^[58]^[59]^[60] These artistic and event-based initiatives have significantly contributed to the revitalization of Portland's Central Eastside by beautifying underutilized spaces and promoting local artists through commissioned works that reflect the district's diverse heritage.^[61]^[62]

References

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Hawthorne Bridge | Multnomah County
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Dates: Every Saturday in November. •Location: Starting at Hawthorne Bridge ... Details: November 10th marks the annual Lights on the Bridges Walk, where ...
[58]
Hawthorne, Morrison bridges to close for July 4 fireworks show
Jun 25, 2025 · The Hawthorne Bridge and the Morrison Bridge will close to motorized vehicles Friday, July 4 for the Waterfront Blues Festival fireworks show.
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https://www.pnwpov.com/2024/10/exploring-portlands-walking-bridge-events/
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Avenue of Murals - Central Eastside Industrial Council
Jun 24, 2024 · The Avenue of Murals is a new concept inspired by the creative artistry already occurring under bridges. It aims to infuse vibrancy into the ...