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Henge

A henge is a prehistoric monument consisting of a circular or oval-shaped enclosure formed by an earthen bank surrounded by an internal ditch, typically constructed during the Neolithic period from around 3000 BC to 2000 BC in Britain and Ireland.^[1] These structures, often featuring one or more causewayed entrances, differ from defensive enclosures due to their inverted bank-and-ditch arrangement, with the bank on the outside.^[2] Fewer than 100 henges survive today, ranging in diameter from about 20 meters to over 100 meters, and some qualify as "superhenges" like Avebury, which spans more than 400 meters.^[1] Henges were built using labor-intensive earth-moving techniques, with ditches hand-dug to depths of up to 14 meters in larger examples, and the excavated material piled to form the surrounding bank.^[3] Many incorporate internal features such as standing stones, timber posts, or circles, suggesting they served ceremonial or ritual purposes rather than practical functions like farming or defense.^[2] Archaeological evidence, including deposits of antler tools, pottery, and human remains in the ditches, indicates they were sites for communal gatherings, possibly linked to astronomical alignments or seasonal rituals, reflecting shifts in Neolithic society toward monumental architecture and social organization.^[1] Notable examples include Stonehenge in Wiltshire, England, a proto-henge with iconic sarsen stones added later in the Bronze Age; Avebury, the largest henge complex enclosing multiple stone circles; and Woodhenge near Stonehenge, identified through aerial photography as a timber-based structure.^[1] In Scotland, the Ring of Brodgar in Orkney exemplifies northern variants, part of a broader landscape of interconnected Neolithic sites.^[3] Recent research views henges not as static monuments but as dynamic spaces, potentially used for "henging"—acts of enclosing or decommissioning sacred areas—to mark cultural transitions.^[3]

Etymology and Terminology

Etymology

The term "henge" originates from Old English hengen or hangen, meaning "to hang" or "to suspend," and was initially used in reference to the overhanging lintels of prehistoric stone structures, evoking the image of stones suspended in the air.^[4] This linguistic root dates back to at least the 10th century in regional dialects, particularly in Yorkshire, where it described hanging rocks or similar features by the 1740s.^[4] In the context of Stonehenge, the prototypical example, the name itself translates to "hanging stones" or "stone gallows," highlighting the suspended appearance of its trilithons.^[5] The archaeological application of "henge" as a generic term for circular monuments emerged as a back-formation from "Stonehenge" in the early 20th century. It was first coined in 1932 by archaeologist Thomas D. Kendrick in his book Archaeology in England and Wales, where he used it broadly to categorize a range of prehistoric circular earthworks and enclosures, beyond just stone-built examples.^[6] This innovation marked a shift from site-specific nomenclature to a classificatory tool in British prehistory, initially encompassing diverse circular monuments without strict typological boundaries. Later scholars, including Aubrey Burl in his 1960s and 1970s works on megalithic sites, refined and popularized the term through detailed surveys, such as in The Stone Circles of the British Isles (1976), emphasizing its application to Neolithic and Bronze Age earthwork complexes.^[7] Early adoption of the term appeared in key British archaeology publications from the 1930s onward, solidifying its place in the discipline. For instance, a 1935 article in the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society described the Arminghall timber monument as part of the "henge class," extending Kendrick's concept to newly excavated sites and fostering its widespread use in academic discourse.^[8] However, before standardization in the mid-20th century, the term faced historical misuse, particularly in early literature where it was loosely applied to non-circular enclosures and other monument types that deviated from the core circular form.^[9] This overextension prompted critiques, such as J.G.D. Clark's 1954 observation that "henge" was being misapplied to sites outside Kendrick's original intent, leading to more precise definitions in subsequent decades.^[9]

Definition and Classification

A henge is a prehistoric earthwork monument consisting of a roughly circular or oval bank surrounding an internal ditch, forming an enclosed flat area typically greater than 20 meters in diameter.^[10] This defining feature distinguishes henges from other Neolithic enclosures, such as causewayed camps, which have external ditches interrupted at intervals.^[1] The term "henge" originated from the name of Stonehenge, the iconic example that prompted archaeologists to identify and categorize similar structures.^[11] Henges are distinguished from related earthworks by the requirement of an internal ditch; features resembling henges but lacking this inverted profile, or those with diameters under 5 meters, are excluded from the category.^[1] Within the broader spectrum of circular monuments, henges contrast with smaller hengiform monuments (usually 5-20 meters across) and vast enclosures exceeding 300 meters, such as superhenges like Avebury.^[11] Archaeologist Richard J. C. Atkinson proposed a foundational classification system for henges in 1951, based primarily on the configuration of entrances through the bank and ditch.^[11] Class I henges feature a single entrance, often aligned with a specific orientation; Class II henges have two entrances positioned directly opposite each other across the enclosure; and Class III henges possess multiple entrances or irregularly placed gaps, sometimes numbering four or more.^[9] This typology, while refined over time, remains a standard framework for identifying and comparing henge variants across Britain.^[11]

Physical Features

Structural Forms

Henges are characterized by a roughly circular or oval enclosure formed by a prominent external bank of earth and an internal ditch, with the excavated ditch material typically used to construct the bank.^[12] This inverted arrangement—ditch inside the bank—distinguishes henges from defensive earthworks, emphasizing ceremonial rather than protective functions.^[1] Some henges feature multiple ditches, such as double ditches at sites like Thornborough Henges or Arminghall.^[12] Entrances consist of deliberate gaps in the bank aligned with causeways spanning the ditch, allowing access to the central open area.^[12] Morphological variations include both near-perfect circles and elongated ovals, with enclosure diameters ranging from about 20 meters to over 400 meters, with many examples between 50 and 200 meters.^[12] While most henges maintain a circular plan, oval forms often correlate with paired entrances, as seen in Class II examples.^[6] Internal features commonly include concentric arrangements of timber or stone posts, circles, or pits; for instance, the Aubrey Holes at Stonehenge comprise a ring of 56 chalk-filled pits, approximately 1 meter deep and wide, likely intended for upright timbers or bluestones based on excavation findings.^[13] Entrance configurations provide a key typological basis, originally classified by Grahame Clark in 1936 into three classes according to number and alignment.^[6] Class I henges feature a single axial entrance, as at Stonehenge (though atypical with internal bank and external ditch), where the northeast gap aligns with the Avenue.^[12] Class II henges have two diametrically opposed entrances, typically on a north-south or east-west axis, exemplified by Avebury's primary northwest-southeast pair integrated with its stone avenues.^[12] Class III henges exhibit more complex setups with multiple or irregularly placed entrances, such as Avebury's additional northeast and southwest causeways, totaling four access points.^[14]^[6] Subdivisions or platforms within henge interiors are uncommon, occurring in only a minority of sites based on geophysical surveys and excavations revealing posthole patterns or raised earthworks.^[9] For example, at Woodhenge, concentric oval timber settings suggest internal zoning, while isolated platforms at sites like Forteviot indicate localized raised areas possibly for ritual deposition.^[12]^[15] Such features, when present, divide the open space into functional zones without fully partitioning the enclosure.^[9]

Construction Techniques

The construction of Neolithic henges required extensive manual labor, involving hundreds of workers organized for large-scale earthworks over months or years.^[16] At major sites like Avebury, this entailed excavating and moving approximately 100,000 tonnes of chalk to form the encircling ditch and bank, a task estimated to demand around 1.5 million man-hours using basic tools such as antler picks for digging, wooden shovels, and woven baskets or hide containers for transporting materials.^[17] Antler picks discovered in the ditches of henges like Stonehenge, Marden, and Avebury (where over 40 were found) provide direct evidence of their use in excavation.^[16] ^[18] Materials for henge banks and ditches were primarily sourced locally to minimize transport efforts, with chalk, clay, and topsoil dug from the immediate vicinity and piled as upcast to form the enclosing earthworks.^[16] In areas like Wiltshire, where many henges are located, the underlying geology supplied abundant chalk, while sarsen stones—silicified sandstone boulders—for structural elements or posts were quarried from nearby deposits such as the Marlborough Downs, up to 25 kilometers away.^[19] Timber posts, when incorporated, came from local oak and other hardwoods felled using stone axes.^[16] Henges were typically built in phases, with ditches excavated in segments rather than continuously around the circuit, as indicated by variations in silting patterns and recutting layers observed in excavations.^[20] This sequential approach allowed banks to be raised immediately adjacent to each dug section, preventing ditch wall collapse and enabling progressive enclosure of the site; at Stonehenge, for instance, the initial earthwork phase around 3000 BC featured such segmented digging before later additions.^[16] To ensure bank stability, builders layered the piled earth with turves—strips of grass and soil—creating a reinforced structure that resisted erosion and slumping, a technique evidenced by stratified deposits in cross-sections of preserved banks at sites like Avebury.^[21] These methods also facilitated deliberate engineering for visual enclosure effects, with the immediate banking enhancing the monument's imposing circular form from within.^[22]

Historical Development

Origins

Henge monuments emerged during the late Neolithic period in Britain, approximately around 3000 BCE, marking a significant development in prehistoric earthwork construction associated with the Grooved Ware cultural tradition.^[23] This pottery style, characterized by its incised linear decorations, first appeared in Orkney around 3200 BCE and became widespread across Britain by 3000 BCE, often found in deposits within henge ditches and associated features, suggesting a ritual or ceremonial context for these sites.^[24] The construction of henges is seen as an evolution within broader Neolithic monumental traditions, reflecting innovations in circular enclosure design that emphasized internal ditches and banks.^[25] The precise precursors to henges remain debated among archaeologists, with proposals linking them to earlier Neolithic forms such as causewayed enclosures or long barrows, though direct derivations are contested. Causewayed enclosures, dating to the early Neolithic around 3700–3000 BCE, featured interrupted ditches and banks and may have served as communal gathering places, potentially influencing the ceremonial function of henges.^[25] Alternatively, affinities with long barrows—elongated earthen mounds used for burials from circa 3800 BCE—suggest henges drew from a wider tradition of mortuary and ritual structures, adapting linear forms into circular ones to symbolize continuity or transformation in Neolithic practices.^[23] These connections highlight henges as part of an indigenous British sequence rather than abrupt innovations, with evidence from pottery and structural similarities supporting gradual development.^[26] Potential starting points for henge construction appear regionally distinct, with early examples in Orkney, such as the Stones of Stenness, and in southern England, particularly Wessex, where sites like those near Stonehenge cluster. In Orkney, Grooved Ware associations at Stenness indicate local elaboration of circular monuments by 3000 BCE, possibly tied to the islands' rich Neolithic settlement patterns. In Wessex, the tradition aligns with dense concentrations of late Neolithic activity, evidenced by pottery and earthwork remains that suggest parallel regional developments rather than a single origin point.^[23] Henges arose amid increasing social complexity in late Neolithic Britain, linked to settled agricultural communities that supported large-scale labor mobilization for monumental projects. This period saw the intensification of farming practices, enabling surplus production that may have facilitated ritual specialization and communal ceremonies at these enclosures.^[23] While primarily a British phenomenon, henge designs show connections to continental European circular enclosures, such as those of the Michelsberg culture in Germany (circa 4000–2800 BCE), which featured similar ditched rings but lacked the internal ditch configuration unique to British henges.^[25] These parallels indicate a shared northwest European ritual tradition, adapted locally to emphasize enclosure and isolation in the British landscape.^[23]

Chronology and Distribution

Henges emerged within the broader context of Neolithic monumental traditions in Britain, with their construction primarily occurring during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age period, roughly spanning 3000 to 2000 BCE.^[27] The initial development of these monuments took place in the 3rd millennium BCE, reflecting a phase of intensified earthwork construction across prehistoric landscapes.^[28] Radiocarbon dating from key sites, such as Durrington Walls in Wiltshire, supports this timeline, placing the monument's primary use around 2500 BCE during the Late Neolithic.^[29] Construction activity peaked around 2500 BCE, coinciding with major ceremonial complexes like those near Stonehenge, before declining by approximately 2000 BCE as cultural practices shifted toward the Bronze Age.^[30] Evidence of reuse extends into later periods at some locations, indicating prolonged significance beyond the main building phase.^[31] In terms of geographic distribution, over 100 henge monuments have been identified across Britain, with the majority concentrated in England. Southern England, particularly the Wessex region including Wiltshire and Dorset, hosts prominent examples such as Avebury, Stonehenge, and Mount Pleasant, forming dense clusters associated with other Neolithic earthworks.^[31] Northern England, especially Yorkshire, features significant groupings like the Thornborough Henges, a linear alignment of three large monuments spaced approximately 500 meters apart.^[32] Fewer examples occur in Scotland and Wales, with at least 88 recorded in Scotland, often smaller in scale and integrated into regional traditions.^[33] Henge monuments are rare outside the British Isles, with no confirmed equivalents in continental Europe during the same period.^[28] Henges were preferentially sited in river valleys and lowlands, exploiting flat or gently undulating terrain for visibility and accessibility while generally avoiding hilltops.^[34] This placement is evident at sites like the Thornborough Henges, which align along the River Ure in North Yorkshire's Vale of Mowbray, and Durrington Walls, positioned near the River Avon in a broad floodplain.^[32] Such environmental choices likely facilitated gatherings and integration with surrounding prehistoric landscapes, though the precise motivations remain tied to contemporary archaeological interpretations.^[30]

Interpretations and Significance

Ritual and Symbolic Uses

Henges served as enclosures for communal ceremonies in prehistoric Britain, where large gatherings likely facilitated shared rituals among dispersed populations. Archaeological evidence from sites like Durrington Walls reveals substantial deposits of animal bones, including pigs and cattle, indicating large-scale feasting events that may have reinforced social bonds and communal identity. These feasts, dated to around 2600–2500 BC, involved the consumption of meat stews prepared in Grooved Ware pottery vessels, with pig remains showing slaughter at approximately nine months of age, aligning with seasonal midwinter celebrations. Such practices suggest henges functioned as venues for collective rites, possibly including processions along avenues leading to the enclosures, as seen at Avebury and Woodhenge. The social significance of henges extended to marking territorial or communal identity, acting as focal points for assemblies that drew people from wide regions. Their monumental scale and visibility in the landscape imply they symbolized group cohesion and authority, serving as enduring markers of shared heritage rather than defensive structures. Excavations at henge ditches have uncovered intentional deposits of artifacts, such as flint tools and pottery, which archaeologists interpret as offerings that underscored communal participation in these gatherings. Symbolically, henges enclosed sacred spaces, potentially designed to contain or channel spiritual energies within their boundaries, as theorized by archaeologists like Gordon Barclay in discussions of Neolithic ritual landscapes. The internal ditches and external banks created liminal zones separating the profane from the sacred, with human remains— including cremations and inhumations—deposited in these features, hinting at ancestor veneration. For instance, at Woodhenge, a child's burial at the center supports interpretations of these sites as places for honoring the dead and mediating between the living and ancestral realms. Associated practices at henges included evidence of fires, evidenced by hearths within enclosures like Durrington Walls, and ritual depositions of Grooved Ware pottery, which is frequently found fragmented in ditches and pits, indicating deliberate breakage as part of ceremonial acts. This pottery style, prevalent in Late Neolithic contexts, points to shared cultural rituals across Britain and Ireland, linking henges to broader traditions of feasting and offering that emphasized communal spirituality.

Astronomical and Landscape Alignments

Many henge monuments in Neolithic Britain demonstrate solar alignments, with entrances or central axes oriented toward key solar events such as solstices or equinoxes. At Stonehenge, the monument's primary axis aligns precisely with the midsummer sunrise, where the Sun rises directly behind the Heel Stone when observed from the center, a feature recognized since the 18th century by antiquarian William Stukeley.^[35] This alignment also extends to the midwinter sunset, with the Sun setting along the avenue's northeast approach between two Station Stones.^[35] Similar orientations appear in other henges, such as Woodhenge and Durrington Walls, where concentric timber structures and earthworks frame solstitial sunrises, suggesting intentional design for solar observation during communal gatherings.^[35] Henges were strategically integrated into their landscapes to emphasize symbolic connections with natural features, often framing panoramic views of rivers, hills, or distant monuments to reinforce environmental and cosmological narratives. Durrington Walls, for example, encircles a dry valley leading to the River Avon just 170 meters from its southeast entrance, positioning the henge to visually link the monument with the river's flow and potentially symbolizing transitions between land and water in ritual contexts.^[36] Stonehenge itself is embedded in a broader sacred geography, with its Phase 1 northeast entrance azimuth of approximately 46°33' mirroring the River Avon's course, creating a deliberate visual corridor that ties the monument to the hydrological landscape and enhances its perceptual role in prehistoric cosmology.^[37] Archaeoastronomical research posits that these alignments indicate henges functioned as rudimentary calendars or observatories for monitoring seasonal cycles, aiding agricultural timing or ceremonial planning, as evidenced by the consistent solstitial orientations across sites like the Ring of Brodgar, which also aligns with equinoxes.^[38] However, such interpretations face critiques for potential confirmation bias, as many proposed alignments may arise fortuitously given the cultural preference for eastward-facing structures in Neolithic Britain, with statistical analyses showing that precise lunar or stellar correlations are often unsupported.^[39] Moreover, not all henges exhibit clear astronomical features—variations in orientation across the monument class, such as at Thornborough where alignments may evoke stellar patterns like Orion's Belt rather than solar events—point to localized adaptations reflecting diverse regional traditions rather than a standardized observational purpose.^[35]

Hengiform Monuments

Hengiform monuments, also referred to as mini-henges, represent a subtype of henge monuments characterized by their diminutive scale and morphological similarities to larger examples. These structures typically measure between 5 and 20 meters in diameter, featuring a circular or near-circular enclosure defined by an external bank and an internal ditch, often with evidence of timber-based internal features such as post-built circles.^[40] Unlike their grander counterparts, hengiform monuments emphasize compact designs that suggest more localized or intimate uses during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age periods.^[41] Notable examples include Wormy Hillock in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, a well-preserved Neolithic site approximately 13.5 meters in diameter with a central area of about 6 meters enclosed by a ditch up to 4.3 meters wide and a bank 4-5 meters wide.^[42] Another key instance is the mini-henge at Forteviot in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, measuring just 8 meters across and situated 12 meters south of a larger henge, highlighting their occasional role as associated features within broader ceremonial complexes.^[41]^[43] These sites, dated to the Neolithic era around 3000-2500 BC, illustrate the widespread distribution of hengiform monuments across mainland Britain, particularly in England and Scotland. Scholars interpret hengiform monuments as likely serving as intimate ritual spaces, possibly for smaller gatherings or individual ceremonies, or as secondary elements complementing major henge sites. Evidence from various locations points to their association with funerary practices, including the presence of cremation burials within or near the enclosures.^[44] For instance, at Forteviot, the mini-henge's proximity to a primary henge suggests it functioned within a networked ritual landscape.^[41] Archaeological investigations have uncovered fewer intact hengiform monuments compared to larger henges, largely attributable to their modest size, which has led to destruction through agriculture or development. However, targeted excavations have revealed key internal features, such as postholes indicating timber circles, as seen at Forteviot where a 12-meter-diameter timber structure encircled the enclosure. Similar posthole patterns and occasional cremation deposits underscore their ritual character, though preservation challenges limit comprehensive understanding.^[41]^[44]

Henge Enclosures

Henge enclosures, often referred to as super-henges or mega-henges, represent the largest variants of henge monuments in prehistoric Britain, typically exceeding 300 meters in diameter and serving as hybrid spaces that combined ritual and settlement functions.^[45] These vast circular earthworks, defined by substantial banks and internal ditches, differ from standard henges by their immense scale, which allowed for the accommodation of large populations during communal events.^[46] A prime example is Durrington Walls, located near Stonehenge in Wiltshire, which measures approximately 500 meters across and dates to around 2500 BC, making it the largest known Neolithic henge in the United Kingdom.^[47] Internally, these enclosures often contain evidence of domestic and ceremonial activity, including clusters of houses, extensive feasting remains, and monumental features. At Durrington Walls, archaeological excavations have uncovered over 38,000 animal bones from pigs and cattle, along with pottery sherds, indicating large-scale barbecues and communal meals that supported gatherings of thousands.^[48] The presence of house structures and the absence of neonatal animal bones suggest seasonal occupations, primarily in winter, tied to the Beaker period's cultural practices around 2500–2000 BC.^[49] In 2020, geophysical surveys revealed a circuit spanning approximately 2 kilometers consisting of 20 massive pits, each with a surface diameter of 20 meters or more and at least 5 meters deep, encircling the henge, interpreted as a ritual boundary that enhanced its role as a sacred complex.^[30] These enclosures functioned as central hubs for major prehistoric gatherings, blending everyday settlement with symbolic rituals and reflecting the organizational capabilities of Late Neolithic societies. Avebury in Wiltshire exemplifies this, with its 420-meter-diameter henge enclosing multiple stone circles and avenues, where the internal space once held timber structures and feasting areas, underscoring its evolution from simpler henge forms into a multifaceted ceremonial center.^[14] Similarly, Mount Pleasant in Dorset, a mid-third millennium BC mega-henge spanning about 380 meters, features an internal fenced enclosure and a concentric timber-stone monument, illustrating how these sites expanded on earlier henge designs to incorporate diverse monumental elements for communal and ritual purposes.^[46]

Modern Examples and Research

Replica and Modern Constructions

In the 20th and 21st centuries, several replicas and restorations of henge monuments have been constructed to preserve cultural heritage, educate the public, and attract tourists, often drawing inspiration from Neolithic circular earthworks like those at Stonehenge. These modern builds typically employ contemporary materials and techniques to ensure longevity while approximating prehistoric forms.^[50] One of the earliest prominent replicas is the Maryhill Stonehenge in Washington, United States, completed in 1918 as a full-scale concrete monument commemorating World War I casualties from Klickitat County. Commissioned by entrepreneur Samuel Hill, it was dedicated to peace and heroism, featuring upright slabs arranged in a circular layout overlooking the Columbia River to evoke the original's scale and alignment. The structure has since become a site for solstice gatherings and educational visits, boosting local tourism.^[51]^[52] Restoration efforts on existing henges have also recreated lost elements using modern methods. The Devil's Quoits henge in Oxfordshire, England—a Neolithic Class II henge with a stone circle—was extensively restored between 2002 and 2008 after damage from gravel extraction and wartime use. Archaeologists re-erected stones using six new conglomerate blocks quarried locally to match originals, alongside two surviving ancient ones, forming a 110-meter diameter enclosure for public appreciation and study. This project balanced authenticity with durability, incorporating concrete foundations to prevent future collapse.^[53]^[54]^[55] Experimental replicas emphasize research into prehistoric construction and environmental impacts. Nesshenge, built in 2009 at Ness Botanic Gardens in England, is a scaled-down timber and earth henge replica designed to test Neolithic building techniques and long-term weathering. Constructed over three days by volunteers using antler picks and wooden tools where possible, it replicates a simple circular bank and ditch but faced challenges from modern site constraints, resulting in a one-third size reduction from full-scale prototypes. After 16 years of exposure as of 2025, the structure shows erosion patterns that inform understandings of ancient monument decay, serving educational purposes through guided tours.^[50]^[56]^[57] These constructions often serve countercultural or commemorative roles, as seen in the Maryhill site's adoption for 20th-century peace rallies and solstice rituals echoing 1960s hippie movements that romanticized ancient sites. However, builders encounter challenges such as regulatory limits on land use and material choices; concrete and steel reinforcements ensure stability against weather but deviate from Neolithic timber or earth, while sourcing authentic stone proves costly and logistically complex.^[51]^[56]

Contemporary Studies and Discoveries

Since the mid-20th century, archaeological research on henges has increasingly relied on non-invasive methodologies to map subsurface features and analyze human remains without extensive excavation. Geophysical surveys, such as fluxgate gradiometry and ground-penetrating radar, have revealed hidden structures at sites like Durrington Walls, identifying large-scale anomalies associated with henge complexes.^[30] LiDAR technology has provided high-resolution topographic data across the Stonehenge landscape, uncovering previously undetected earthworks and field systems linked to Neolithic monumentality.^[58] Ancient DNA analysis of cremated remains from Stonehenge and nearby sites has traced the genetic origins of Neolithic builders to migrant farmer populations from continental Europe, particularly Anatolia via the Mediterranean, highlighting population movements around 4000 BC. Subsequent studies as of 2025 have refined these profiles, confirming diverse ancestries and human-led transport of monument materials like bluestones.^[59] A major 2020 discovery at Durrington Walls, near Stonehenge, involved a 2 km-diameter circuit of at least 20 massive pits, each up to 10 m wide and 5 m deep, dated to the Late Neolithic (c. 2500 BC) through radiocarbon analysis of silts.^[30] These pits, detected via gradiometer survey, form a monumental boundary potentially delineating sacred space around the henge, suggesting coordinated communal labor on a scale rivaling Stonehenge itself.^[30] In the same year, reanalysis of Mount Pleasant henge in Dorset yielded a revised chronology via Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates from antler picks and charcoal, indicating rapid construction in the 26th century cal BC (ca. 2600–2500 BC), possibly in as little as 35–125 years.^[60] This "mega-henge," spanning nine football pitches, exemplifies a late Neolithic building surge in southern England, with implications for understanding resource mobilization in the period. A 2025 study at nearby Flagstones enclosure dated it to ~3200 BC, suggesting earlier circular traditions predating Mount Pleasant.^[61] Contemporary debates continue to reassess henges' origins, with scholars proposing they evolved as regional innovations from earlier British causewayed enclosures rather than direct imports from continental Europe, though shared circular traditions suggest indirect influences from Neolithic networks in France and Germany.^[23] Climate variability has emerged as a factor in henge abandonment, with evidence from pollen records and site distributions indicating that colder, wetter conditions around 2000 BC prompted shifts from upland monuments, as seen in the ritual deposition at timber henge-like structures like Seahenge in response to environmental stress.^[62] Preservation efforts focus on sites like Avebury, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 alongside Stonehenge for its Neolithic significance, where threats from erosion, burrowing animals, and infrastructure like the A303 road are mitigated through legal protections, visitor management, and the ongoing A303 tunnel project as of 2025 to reduce visual and acoustic impacts.^[63] In 2024, geochemical analysis revealed Stonehenge's Altar Stone originated from northeast Scotland, indicating extensive Neolithic transport networks potentially linked to henge-building societies. Additionally, a 2025 discovery of a timber circle in Denmark has been connected to British henge traditions, suggesting wider cultural exchanges.^[64]^[65]

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How was Stonehenge built? | British Museum
Feb 16, 2022 · The sarsens were heavily carved to make horizontal lintels with hollows (mortises) underneath that fitted over protrusions (tenons) on the top ...Missing: henge | Show results with:henge
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Towards a reappraisal of henge monuments: origins, evolution ...
Feb 18, 2014 · Henges may thus best be derived from a broad tradition of neolithicstructures; this may in turn have been part of a more widely distributednorth ...
[26]
(PDF) Refining the Chronology of the Neolithic Settlement at Pool ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Grooved Ware pottery is likely to have originated in Orkney in the 32 nd century BC (Macsween et al. 2015; Richards et al. 2016;Bayliss et ...
[27]
A Review of Henge Monuments in the Light of Recent Research
Aug 6, 2025 · At the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. there became established in Britain the tradition of constructing ceremonial circles of earth, ...
[28]
Rethinking the henge monuments of the British Isles
Abstract: The henge monuments of Britain and Ireland are some of the best, and yet most poorly understood, monuments of Neolithic/Bronze Age Europe. Defined as ...
[29]
[PDF] Monumentality and commemoration at a Late Neolithic henge site in ...
Henges are found throughout much of the British Mainland and Orkney, and are traditionally dated to the Late Neolithic – Early. Bronze Age, c. 3000–2000 bc ( ...
[30]
[PDF] a biographical approach to Scotland's henge monuments. PhD thesis.
Henges are circular earthwork monuments built from the 32nd-17th centuries BC throughout the British Isles. Seen as a discrete monument 'type' since the early ...
[31]
History of Woodhenge | English Heritage
Although we don't know exactly when Woodhenge was built, it is likely to date from the late Neolithic period, around 2500 BC, roughly the same time that these ...Missing: chronology | Show results with:chronology
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A Massive, Late Neolithic Pit Structure associated with Durrington ...
Jun 21, 2020 · A series of massive geophysical anomalies, located south of the Durrington Walls henge monument, were identified during fluxgate gradiometer survey.
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Tempo of a Mega-henge: A New Chronology for Mount Pleasant ...
Aug 20, 2020 · Radiocarbon dating and Bayesian chronological modelling have provided precise new dating for the henge monument of Mount Pleasant in Dorset, excavated in 1970– ...
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Historic England Research Records - Heritage Gateway - Results
The three henges, which are spaced about 500m apart on a north-west to south-east alignment, are carefully sited within a natural bowl formed by the higher land ...
[35]
Ancient Monuments and Ritual: Six of the Best Henges in Scotland
Aug 12, 2021 · At least 88 henges have been identified in Scotland, but it's likely that there are many more waiting to be discovered.
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Neolithic Yorkshire – Thornborough henges
A spectacular air photographic view of the three massive Thornborough henge monuments, each 240m in diameter, with the double pit alignment under excavation.<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] Stonehenge and Ancient Astronomy - The Royal Astronomical Society
Consequently, in Neolithic times the summer solstice Sun rose and set about 1° further north and the winter solstice Sun rose and set about 1° further south ...
[38]
[PDF] Durrington Walls and the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project ...
The henge entirely surrounds a dry valley connecting to the river Avon, which lies just 170 m from the south-east entrance, the bank running around the highest ...
[39]
[PDF] The Sacred Geographies of Stonehenge and its Landscape
First and foremost, however, it allows a view of prehistoric people who are free to move about in their world unfettered by the boundaries of our imposed ideas ...
[40]
[PDF] Ancient Observatories - Timeless Knowledge - Stanford Solar Center
Alignments: On the longest day of the year, the June 21st summer solstice, observers within the monument can see the rising Sun appearing (slightly offset) ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] Stonehenge & Avebury World Heritage Site
fact that astronomical alignments can easily arise fortuitously, since ... henge monuments of Great Britain. In R J C Atkinson, C M Piggott, and N K ...
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Hengiform monument - Oxford Reference
A very small henge‐like structure, sometimes known as a 'mini‐henge', typically less than 15 m across, with a ditch and often some traces of an outer bank.
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4.3.1.2 Ceremonial Monuments
Modelling of the radiocarbon dates associated with Henge 1 has concluded that it was probably constructed 2460–2230 cal BC (95% probability: Hamilton with ...
[44]
Wormy Hillock, henge 690m WNW of Finglenny (SM3278)
Jul 6, 1973 · The henge has a small central area measuring 6.2m by 5.4m in diameter, surrounded by a ditch up to 4.3m wide, and a bank 4-5m wide. An entrance ...
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Funerary and ritual complex, S and SE of Forteviot (SM4232) - Portal
Feb 14, 1979 · This monument is one of a number of henges and mini-henges that are present around Forteviot, several are located to the south and form part of ...
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Hengi-form monument in Fargo Plantation south of The Cursus
... monument, which may have contained a variety of features including pits, post holes, cremation pits and burials. Hengi-form monuments occur throughout ...
[47]
Guide: Classification of Henge Monuments - Brigantes Nation
Jun 5, 2025 · Archaeologists use the word “henge” for later-Neolithic and earliest Bronze-Age earthen rings whose ditch lies inside the bank, ...
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Rise of the Mega-Henges - Current Archaeology
Jan 7, 2021 · ... henge enclosure – a circuit of bank and inner ditch – which forms a rough oval measuring c.370m east–west and c.320m north–south. The scale ...<|separator|>
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Durrington Walls | Neolithic Henge, England, UK - Britannica
Oct 1, 2025 · Durrington Walls is thought to have been a site used for ritual or ceremonial activity from about 2000 to 1600 bce. Durrington Walls is part of ...Missing: radiocarbon | Show results with:radiocarbon<|control11|><|separator|>
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Food and Feasting at Stonehenge - English Heritage
Feasts were a crucial part of life in prehistoric Britain, involving long-distance travel, spectacular ceremonies and vast quantities of food.
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Feeding Stonehenge: Feasting in Late Neolithic Britain
Oct 17, 2025 · During the Late Neolithic, Durrington Walls was the focus of feasting activities that included the slaughter and consumption of a substantial ...
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How Does the Reproduction Neolithic Henge Look 15 Years On?
Apr 3, 2024 · Nesshenge, a Neolithic replica in Ness Botanic Gardens, was meticulously crafted 15 years ago. How has this archaeological experiment, ...
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Stonehenge Memorial | Maryhill Museum of Art
The Stonehenge Memorial is a full-scale replica built as a WWI memorial, dedicated to Klickitat County servicemen, and a monument to heroism and peace.
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Altar stone of Stonehenge replica built to memorialize World War I ...
Jun 14, 2006 · The Maryhill Stonehenge is a full-scale replica, meant to reflect how England's Stonehenge probably appeared just after its construction ...<|separator|>
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The Devil's Quoits - Atlas Obscura
Sep 5, 2021 · The Devil's Quoits was carefully restored between 2002 and 2008, and new conglomerate stones from a quarry in nearby Ducklington were used to ...
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Devil's Quoits, an Impressive Glimpse into Neolithic Britain
Sep 26, 2024 · Luckily, the importance of this circle was recognized in modern times, and extensive restoration works were conducted between 2002 and 2008. The ...
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Devils Quoits [Devil's Quoits] Stone Circle - The Megalithic Portal
The site is believed to be between 4000 and 5000 years old, and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The Quoits were restored between 2002 and 2008, with stones ...
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an Experimental Neolithic Henge with 15 Years of Exposure - EXARC
Aug 22, 2024 · My replica henge represents an ongoing archaeological experiment for serious study. As an earthwork it has been exposed to some of the best and worst of the ...Missing: challenges | Show results with:challenges
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Nesshenge: the Liverpool botanic gardens experimental henge
However, three days is not enough time to allow men to dig ditches and raise earthen banks using prehistoric stone technology - so we had to revert to utilising ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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New light on an ancient landscape: lidar survey in the Stonehenge ...
Mar 10, 2015 · Liaison between the Environment Agency and English Heritage has led to a lidar survey of the Stonehenge landscape, where new sites have been ...Missing: DNA | Show results with:DNA
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https://antiquity.ac.uk/news/2025/large-circular-enclosures-britain-may-have-their-origins-ireland
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Was Seahenge created for a ritual to extend the summer during ...
May 30, 2024 · Was Seahenge created for a ritual to extend the summer during climate change battle? Holme I timber enclosure with central inverted oak stump.<|separator|>
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Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
Stone and earth monuments retain their original design and materials. The timber structures have disappeared but postholes indicate their location. Monuments ...Missing: techniques labor