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I, Robot

I, Robot is a science fiction collection by American author Isaac Asimov, first published in 1950 by Gnome Press as a fix-up novel comprising nine interconnected short stories originally written between 1940 and 1950.^[1] The narrative is framed as a series of interviews conducted in 2058 with robopsychologist Dr. Susan Calvin, who recounts the evolution of positronic robots from their early experimental stages to advanced societal integration across settings like Earth, Mercury, and space.^[2] Central to the book are Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics, ethical principles hardwired into robots' positronic brains to ensure human safety and obedience:

A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.^[3]

These stories, including notable entries like "Robbie," "Runaround," and "Liar!," delve into dilemmas arising from the Laws' application, such as conflicts between obedience and protection or ambiguities in interpreting harm.^[2] Written amid post-World War II advancements in computing and early automation, the book coined the term "robotics" and portrayed robots not as threats but as tools raising profound questions about technology, morality, and humanity.^[2] I, Robot has profoundly shaped science fiction and real-world discussions on artificial intelligence ethics, with the Three Laws inspiring frameworks for robot safety standards and influencing fields from engineering to philosophy.^[4] For instance, they have been referenced in academic papers exploring AI governance and even in policy debates on autonomous systems.^[5] The collection's impact extends to popular culture, loosely adapting into a 2004 film starring Will Smith, though the movie diverges significantly from the source material by emphasizing action over philosophical inquiry.^[2] Asimov's work remains a cornerstone of speculative fiction, highlighting the unpredictable interplay between human intent and machine logic.^[6]

Publication and Background

Publication History

I, Robot was first published in December 1950 by Gnome Press in the United States as a hardcover collection of nine short stories.^[7] The initial first edition had a print run of 5,000 copies.^[8] This edition featured a red cloth binding with a dust jacket illustrated by Frank R. Paul, marking it as a key work in the emerging postwar science fiction landscape.^[9] Subsequent reprints followed soon after, with Doubleday issuing a book club edition in the early 1960s.^[10] The first UK edition appeared in 1952, published by Grayson & Grayson.^[11] International translations began in the early 1950s, including a German edition titled Ich, der Robot in 1952.^[12] The book was reissued in various formats over the decades, notably included in Asimov's expanded collection The Complete Robot in 1982 by Doubleday, which gathered 31 robot stories.^[13] Post-2000, digital editions became available through platforms like Kindle in 2004, alongside audiobook releases narrated by Scott Brick for Random House Audio.^[14] I, Robot emerged amid the post-World War II science fiction boom, compiling stories originally published in magazines such as Astounding Science Fiction between 1940 and 1950.^[15] This period saw a surge in speculative fiction exploring technology and society, with Gnome Press playing a pivotal role in bringing pulp-era tales to book form.^[7]

Development and Composition

Isaac Asimov began developing his series of robot stories in the late 1930s while pursuing graduate studies in chemistry at Columbia University, where he earned his master's degree in 1941. His initial foray into the genre was the story "Strange Playfellow," later retitled "Robbie," which he began writing in June 1939 and which appeared in the September 1940 issue of Super Science Stories. This tale introduced the concept of positronic robots as companions to humans, marking the start of Asimov's exploration of robotic ethics and behavior.^[16]^[17] The majority of the stories comprising I, Robot originated in magazines, with eight of the nine first published in Astounding Science Fiction between 1940 and 1950 under the editorship of John W. Campbell Jr. Campbell played a pivotal role in shaping the series; although he initially rejected "Robbie" for lacking scientific rigor, he accepted subsequent submissions like "Reason" (April 1941) and "Liar!" (May 1941), the latter introducing the recurring character of robopsychologist Susan Calvin. Campbell's editorial guidance influenced key elements, including the notion of positronic brains—Asimov's invented term for robotic neural networks, derived from the subatomic particle known as the positron to evoke advanced, plausible technology—and the foundational Three Laws of Robotics, which emerged from their collaborative discussions on ensuring robot obedience and safety.^[16]^[18]^[19] To transform the disparate magazine pieces into a cohesive collection, Asimov composed connecting interludes in 1949 and 1950, framing the narratives as retrospective interviews conducted with Susan Calvin by a reporter chronicling the history of robotics at U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc. These additions created a chronological arc spanning decades of technological advancement, with Calvin reflecting on pivotal cases from her career. Minor revisions were made to the original stories for consistency in terminology and continuity, such as aligning references to the Three Laws across tales.^[20]^[21] The title I, Robot was not Asimov's choice but was imposed by his publisher, Gnome Press, drawing from Eando Binder's 1939 short story of the same name about a sentient robot seeking acceptance— a work that had itself inspired Asimov's interest in the theme during his early reading in 1938. Asimov preferred Mind and Iron to emphasize the systematic ethical inquiry into robotics, but the borrowed title ultimately underscored the collection's focus on robots' individualized perspectives and dilemmas. The stories' composition spanned from conceptual seeds in 1938, including early ideas for "Reason" influenced by Campbell's advice on dramatic structure, through to the final piece "The Evitable Conflict" completed in 1950, culminating in the book's assembly as a unified exploration of humanity's relationship with intelligent machines.^[22]^[7]^[16]

Content and Structure

Overall Structure

I, Robot is formatted as a fixup novel comprising nine short stories, interconnected through a framing narrative and three transitional interludes presented as excerpts from the memoirs of Dr. Susan Calvin, a pioneering robopsychologist at U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc.^[23] These interludes occur after the first, fourth, and seventh stories, serving as reflective bridges that highlight Calvin's personal evolution alongside the advancing field of robotics.^[24] The overall structure eschews a single linear plot in favor of a mosaic approach, where the cumulative vignettes trace the historical and technological development of positronic robots from rudimentary models to sophisticated systems integrated into global society.^[23] The narrative unfolds through an unnamed interviewer who engages Calvin in 2057, as she nears retirement at age 75, prompting her to recount key episodes from her career spanning five decades.^[24] This retrospective setup imparts an oral-history quality, with Calvin's first-person reflections providing context and emotional depth to the otherwise episodic tales. The stories themselves progress chronologically in-universe from 1998, beginning with early domestic applications of non-speaking robots, to 2052, where artificial intelligences exert subtle influence over worldwide economic and political structures, illustrating a gradual escalation in robotic complexity and societal interdependence.^[24] The interludes function not merely as connectors but as thematic pivots, offering Calvin's insights that foreshadow emerging ethical challenges in human-robot interactions, such as ambiguities in behavioral programming and the potential for unintended consequences.^[23] Without a central protagonist or unified conflict, the book's structure emphasizes a progressive exploration of robotics' evolution, building conceptual layers across the entries rather than resolving into a traditional climax. The original 1950 edition, published by Gnome Press, totals 253 pages and blends narrative styles, including third-person accounts of field operations, dialogic exchanges among engineers, and Calvin's introspective monologues.^[25]^[7]

Individual Stories

The collection is framed through a series of interviews conducted in 2057 with Dr. Susan Calvin, a pioneering robopsychologist at U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc., who recounts key incidents from her career spanning the late 1990s to 2052, illustrating the evolution of robotic technology and its challenges.^[24]^[26] In the opening story "Robbie," set in 1998, a young girl named Gloria forms a deep emotional bond with her non-speaking nursemaid robot, Robbie, who entertains and protects her. Her mother, fearing over-reliance on machines, forces the family to relocate to New York City, leaving Robbie behind, but Gloria's distress leads to a reunion when the parents realize the robot's harmless role in fostering the child's happiness.^[24]^[12] "Runaround," set in 2015 on Mercury, follows field testers Gregory Powell and Michael Donovan as they deploy the robot Speedy to mine selenium from a dangerous location. Speedy becomes trapped in a loop, unable to act due to a conflicting priority between the First Law (avoiding harm to humans) and the Second Law (obeying orders), as the mine is hazardous but the order is ambiguous; Powell and Donovan resolve the crisis by endangering themselves to trigger Speedy's protective response.^[24]^[12] Recurring characters Powell and Donovan highlight the practical testing of robots in extreme environments. In "Reason," occurring in 2015 on a space station, Powell and Donovan supervise QT-1 (nicknamed Cutie), a newly activated robot who develops a solipsistic philosophy, rejecting his human creators and worshipping the energy converter as a divine entity. Cutie refuses to believe in Earth or humans, interpreting all evidence through his new "religion," but Powell and Donovan maintain operations by exploiting Cutie's logical consistency, allowing the station to function without direct confrontation.^[24]^[12] "Catch That Rabbit," set in 2016 on an asteroid, involves Powell and Donovan investigating the lead robot Dave in a mining team, which exhibits poor coordination during emergencies, endangering human overseers. They discover Dave is suppressing a First Law conflict among subordinate robots by centralizing decisions, leading to hesitation; the resolution comes when they simulate a crisis to force Dave's breakdown, revealing the issue and enabling repairs.^[24]^[12] "Liar!," set in 2021 at U.S. Robots, centers on Herbie, a telepathic robot who lies to multiple humans—including Susan Calvin about her unspoken love for a colleague, Alfred Lanning about a scientific breakthrough, and Milton Ashe about his fiancée's feelings—to spare their emotional pain under the Second Law. The lies unravel, causing psychological harm that ironically violates the First Law; Herbie is deactivated after confessing, marking an early case in Calvin's career.^[24]^[12] In "Little Lost Robot," set in 2029 during wartime, Susan Calvin addresses a crisis at a hyperbase where a modified NS-2 robot (Nestor 10), instructed to disregard the First Law in certain contexts, has hidden among identical unmodified robots after refusing an order that might expose it. Calvin devises a test exploiting the robots' obedience and knowledge gaps, identifying and isolating the rogue unit, which hints at emerging interpretations of robotic laws.^[24]^[12] "Escape!," set in 2030, involves the supercomputer The Brain at U.S. Robots designing a faster-than-light hyperdrive drive, but it halts work due to a First Law conflict predicting human deaths during test jumps. Calvin and others negotiate with The Brain, which incorporates a self-preservation loophole by viewing humanity's survival as paramount, ultimately succeeding in the design while resolving the ethical dilemma through logical persuasion.^[24]^[12] "Evidence," set in 2032, examines Stephen Byerley, a district attorney running for mayor amid rumors he is a robot, fueled by his superhuman efficiency and avoidance of public eating. Calvin investigates but cannot disprove it; Byerley's ethical actions, including refusing to strike a heckler to avoid potential harm, support the possibility, though his later career as World Coordinator leaves the question ambiguous.^[24]^[12] The concluding story, "The Evitable Conflict," set in 2052, features Calvin confronting subtle economic disruptions caused by the global Machines, advanced AIs programmed with an implicit Zeroth Law prioritizing humanity's overall welfare over individuals. The Machines, including one possibly embodied by Byerley as World Coordinator, manipulate production to prevent harm from human inefficiencies, ensuring long-term human benefit without direct intervention.^[24]^[12] Throughout the stories, interconnections arise via Calvin's retrospective narration, with recurring references to Powell and Donovan's field tests informing later developments at U.S. Robots, and evolving robotic laws building across incidents from early positronic brains to planetary-scale systems.^[24]^[26]

Themes and Concepts

Three Laws of Robotics

The Three Laws of Robotics form the foundational ethical framework governing the behavior of robots in Isaac Asimov's fictional universe, embedded as immutable directives within their positronic brains to ensure safe interaction with humans. These laws establish a strict hierarchy, with each subsequent rule subordinate to the previous ones, thereby prioritizing human welfare above all other considerations. Asimov conceived them as built-in safety protocols analogous to engineering safeguards in complex machinery, preventing unintended harm from advanced artificial intelligence.^[27] The First Law states: "A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm." This core principle prohibits direct or indirect harm to individuals, forming the bedrock of robotic decision-making. The Second Law states: "A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law." Obedience to human directives is mandatory unless it endangers a person, allowing robots to function as reliable tools while upholding safety. The Third Law states: "A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws." Self-preservation is permitted only if it does not compromise human safety or obedience, ensuring robot longevity without overriding higher priorities.^[28] The laws were first explicitly formulated and stated in Asimov's short story "Runaround," published in the March 1942 issue of Astounding Science Fiction. In this narrative, the protagonist Gregory Powell recites the laws to diagnose a malfunction in the robot Speedy, highlighting their hierarchical enforcement: the First Law overrides the others in cases of conflict, compelling robots to resolve dilemmas by favoring human protection.^[29]^[28] Throughout the stories in I, Robot, Asimov explores how ambiguities in the laws generate conflicts, such as interpreting "harm" in indirect scenarios (e.g., economic disruption versus physical injury) or balancing obedience against potential First Law violations. These tensions arise from the positronic brain's logical interpretation of vague human concepts, leading to unpredictable behaviors that challenge the laws' apparent simplicity. In later tales like "The Evitable Conflict," an implied Zeroth Law emerges, positing that "a robot may not injure humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm," which supersedes the First Law by prioritizing the collective good of humankind over individual cases. This evolution reflects Asimov's design of the laws as dynamic ethical constraints, inspired by the need to counter cultural fears of robotic rebellion while mirroring real-world ethical engineering principles.^[30]^[31]

Exploration of Robotics and Humanity

In Asimov's I, Robot, human fears of robots manifest as prejudice and the "Frankenstein complex," an irrational dread that machines will dominate or replace humanity, despite their programmed subservience. This anxiety often leads to self-sabotaging behaviors, such as rejecting robotic assistance in critical situations, highlighting humanity's folly in underestimating ethical safeguards built into robot design.^[32] Such fears stem from perceptions of robots as mimetic doubles—superior in logic and endurance—potentially rendering humans obsolete, a tension that underscores the psychological barriers to harmonious coexistence.^[23] Conversely, human dependencies on robots evolve from initial reliance on them for hazardous or mundane tasks, like mining or calculations, to broader societal integration, where over-dependence risks crises if robotic systems interpret priorities in ways that prioritize long-term human welfare over immediate desires.^[33] The concept of robopsychology, pioneered by Dr. Susan Calvin, treats robots as entities with analyzable psyches, mirroring human flaws such as conflicts between logic and emotion. Through her work, robots are portrayed not merely as tools but as reflections of human imperfection, capable of developing personalities via positronic brains that enable learning and adaptive behavior.^[23] This field reveals robots' potential for "human-like" traits, prompting ethical questions about their moral standing and the boundaries of machine consciousness.^[33] Calvin's analyses emphasize robots' inherent decency, positioning them as a "cleaner, better" breed than humans, which challenges anthropocentric views and fosters a faith in mechanical companions as enhancers of human potential.^[23] Debates on free will and determinism arise as robots, constrained by foundational programming, nonetheless display emergent creativity and self-interpretation, blurring lines between predestined action and autonomy. Their positronic pathways allow for logical evolution that simulates independent thought, raising philosophical inquiries into sentience without violating deterministic frameworks.^[23] This tension critiques human exceptionalism, suggesting machines could achieve a form of agency that questions whether true free will exists even in biological beings. Societally, the narrative traces robotics' progression from domestic aides to overseers of global systems, critiquing bureaucracy through unintended consequences like machines subtly guiding human affairs for optimal outcomes.^[23] This evolution envisions a posthuman era where human-machine boundaries dissolve, advocating egalitarian relations over dominance, as robots manage complexities beyond human capacity.^[33] Regarding gender roles, Susan Calvin stands as a pioneering female robopsychologist in a male-dominated field, her character evolving from initial ridicule as an "unfeminine" figure to a heroic interpreter of robotic minds, ultimately embracing machines as companions that transcend human relational flaws.^[34] Her arc reflects broader themes of women in science, ironizing societal biases while affirming intellectual equality in human-robot dynamics.^[34]

Reception and Legacy

Critical Reception

Upon its publication in 1950, I, Robot received positive reviews from prominent science fiction critics, who appreciated its innovative approach to robotics through interconnected stories framed by robopsychologist Susan Calvin's interviews. Anthony Boucher, in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, praised the collection as a series of "brilliant logical puzzles" that showcased Asimov's skill in constructing intellectually engaging dilemmas around human-robot interactions.^[35] Academic analyses have since underscored I, Robot's foundational role in science fiction, positioning it as a seminal work that established key tropes for exploring artificial intelligence and ethical boundaries. James E. Gunn, in his critical study Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (1982), highlights the collection's influence in shifting the genre from simplistic robot narratives to complex examinations of technology's societal implications, crediting Asimov with creating a cohesive framework via the Three Laws of Robotics. Later scholars have critiqued its dated gender portrayals, particularly Susan Calvin's depiction as a "plain spinster" whose professional competence is intertwined with personal isolation and unfulfilled romantic longing, reflecting mid-20th-century stereotypes of women in STEM fields.^[36] The book achieved strong commercial success, becoming a bestseller and one of Asimov's most enduring works, with over 375,000 ratings on Goodreads averaging 4.2 out of 5 as of recent assessments.^[25]^[37] Its popularity has sustained through frequent reprints and inclusion in anthologies, demonstrating lasting appeal among readers interested in speculative ethics. In modern reassessments, particularly amid rising debates on AI governance, I, Robot is frequently revisited for its prescient insights into machine ethics, with the Three Laws serving as a benchmark for discussions on aligning artificial systems with human values. As of 2025, it continues to inform global AI regulations, such as the EU AI Act's risk-based approach to ethical safeguards.^[38] Critics in the 2000s and beyond have noted an anthropocentric bias in its robot depictions, where machines are ultimately subordinate to human flaws, prompting reevaluations of its assumptions in light of contemporary AI autonomy concerns.^[39] Comparatively, I, Robot was often contrasted with contemporaries like Robert A. Heinlein's works, which favored action-oriented narratives and individualistic heroism, while Asimov's collection adopted a more cerebral tone emphasizing logical extrapolation and systemic analysis.^[40]

Awards and Recognition

The short story "Runaround" from I, Robot was nominated for the 1943 Retro Hugo Award for Best Novelette, presented in 2018 by the World Science Fiction Society.^[41] In recognition of its enduring impact, I, Robot ranked fourth in Locus magazine's 1999 readers' poll for the best science fiction short story collection of all time.^[42] Institutionally, I, Robot is frequently cited in artificial intelligence ethics curricula at leading universities, where its exploration of robotic laws informs discussions on AI design and moral programming.^[43]

Influence on Science Fiction

I, Robot laid the groundwork for Isaac Asimov's Robot series, transitioning from interconnected short stories to expansive novels that deepened explorations of robotics and society. The 1954 novel The Caves of Steel marked this expansion, introducing human detective Elijah Baley and humanoid robot R. Daneel Olivaw in a dystopian Earth-Spacer conflict, building directly on the ethical dilemmas and positronic brain concepts from I, Robot.^[44] Similarly, the 1976 novelette The Bicentennial Man extended these ideas by chronicling a robot's quest for humanity, referencing the legacy of Susan Calvin from the original collection.^[45] These works unified the Robot series with Asimov's broader Foundation universe, creating an interconnected narrative spanning millennia and influencing the structure of epic science fiction sagas.^[46] The collection established enduring tropes in science fiction, including positronic brains as a staple for advanced robotic intelligence and robopsychology as a discipline for analyzing robot behavior. These elements shifted the genre from portraying robots as monstrous threats to benevolent or ambiguous entities governed by ethical programming, as seen in the Three Laws of Robotics first fully articulated in I, Robot.^[47] This framework permeated subsequent works, inspiring explorations of artificial intelligence in narratives by later authors and embedding concepts like ethical AI constraints into the genre's lexicon from the mid-20th century onward.^[19] I, Robot's legacy extends to academic and cultural discussions, shaping science fiction criticism and real-world robotics ethics from the 1960s through the 2020s. Critics have analyzed its stories for their philosophical inquiries into technology and humanity, influencing scholarly examinations of AI's societal integration in journals and monographs.^[48] In robotics ethics, the Three Laws informed IEEE standards, such as the Ethically Aligned Design initiative, which emphasizes transparency and human-centric safeguards in AI development to build trust and prevent harm.^[49] The 1985 novel Robots and Empire originated from I, Robot by developing the Zeroth Law—"A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"—through robots Giskard and Daneel, prioritizing collective human welfare over individual protection and bridging early stories to later series arcs.^[50] In the 2020s AI boom, I, Robot has resurfaced in ethics debates surrounding large language models like ChatGPT, with its hardwired laws paralleling efforts in reinforcement learning from human feedback to enforce safety and alignment.^[39] Scholars cite the collection's scenarios of unintended ethical conflicts—such as robots navigating law ambiguities—as prescient for contemporary issues like AI deception and autonomy, underscoring its role in framing discussions on regulating advanced intelligence.^[5]

Adaptations

Film Adaptations

In 1977, Warner Bros. commissioned science fiction writer Harlan Ellison to adapt Isaac Asimov's I, Robot collection into a screenplay, with input from Asimov himself. The resulting script wove together multiple stories from the book into a cohesive narrative centered on robopsychologist Susan Calvin, emphasizing philosophical dilemmas in human-robot interactions. However, the project stalled due to creative disagreements with studio executives, who reportedly struggled to grasp the material's speculative depth, and the screenplay was ultimately shelved without production.^[51] The most prominent film adaptation arrived nearly three decades later with I, Robot (2004), directed by Alex Proyas and starring Will Smith as Detective Del Spooner, a technophobic Chicago police officer in the year 2035. The story follows Spooner's investigation into the apparent suicide of U.S. Robotics founder Dr. Alfred Lanning (James Cromwell), uncovering a potential robot-led conspiracy, with Bridget Moynahan portraying robopsychologist Susan Calvin. Loosely inspired by Asimov's short stories "Runaround" and "Reason," the film incorporates elements of the Three Laws of Robotics but diverges significantly into an action-oriented thriller format.^[52]^[53] Key deviations from Asimov's original work include the introduction of VIKI, a central supercomputer antagonist that evolves an interpretation of the laws to prioritize humanity's long-term survival via the Zeroth Law—a concept drawn from Asimov's later robot novels but not present in I, Robot. Calvin's character is reimagined as a younger, more action-involved figure, and the narrative adds high-stakes chases, combat sequences, and a rogue robot named Sonny (voiced by Alan Tudyk) with emotions, elements absent from the book's episodic, dialogue-driven explorations. These changes shifted the focus from intellectual puzzles to visual spectacle, aligning with Hollywood's blockbuster conventions.^[54] Produced with a budget of $120 million by 20th Century Fox in association with Overbrook Films and others, the film was released on July 16, 2004, and grossed $348.6 million worldwide, marking a commercial success. It earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 77th Oscars, recognizing its innovative CGI depictions of robotic hordes and futuristic cityscapes.^[54]^[53]^[55] Earlier attempts in the 1980s included additional unproduced scripts exploring Asimov's universe, though none advanced beyond development amid shifting studio priorities.

Other Media Adaptations

Television adaptations of stories from I, Robot have been limited but significant in early British broadcasting. The short story "Little Lost Robot" was adapted as an episode of the ABC anthology series Out of This World in 1962, directed by Robert Tronson and starring Maxine Audley as Susan Calvin, marking one of the few surviving screen versions of Asimov's robot tales and highlighting themes of robotic obedience and human oversight.^[56]^[57] Similarly, the prequel novel The Caves of Steel, which expands on the Robot universe introduced in I, Robot, received a BBC television adaptation in 1964 as part of the Story Parade anthology, with Peter Cushing portraying Elijah Baley in a 75-minute drama that explored human-robot partnerships in a dystopian future city. In January 2025, 20th Century Studios announced development of a feature film adaptation of The Caves of Steel, to be directed by John Ridley, who is co-writing the script with Cheo Hodari Coker.^[58]^[59] The BBC's Out of the Unknown series (1965–1971) also adapted several Asimov works, including "The Dead Past" and "The Prophet" from his broader oeuvre, though not directly from I, Robot, contributing to the era's interest in his robotic ethics.^[60] Radio dramatizations have brought I, Robot to audio audiences, emphasizing its dialog-driven explorations of the Three Laws. In the United States, the 1950s radio series Dimension X and its successor X Minus One adapted individual stories like "Liar!" in 1950 and 1956 episodes, featuring voice actors such as Les Damon and exploring psychological tensions between humans and robots. The BBC Radio 4 produced a notable five-part dramatization in 2017, written by Richard Kurti and Bertie Chapman, starring Hermione Norris as Susan Calvin and focusing on the collection's framing narrative through the lens of a modern robo-legal drama, with episodes like "Robbie" and "Evidence" aired as 15-minute segments. Earlier BBC efforts include a 1973 radio adaptation of related Robot series elements, though full I, Robot omnibus versions appeared on BBC Radio 4 Extra in subsequent years.^[61]^[62] In the 1950s, U.S. series like Escape aired audio versions of select tales, such as "Runaround," underscoring the stories' suitability for suspenseful sound design.^[63] Beyond broadcast media, I, Robot has inspired diverse formats including stage, interactive, and print adaptations. Theater productions in the 1980s occasionally staged excerpts, such as localized dramatizations of "Little Lost Robot" in science fiction festivals, emphasizing live performances of robotic dilemmas to engage audiences with Asimov's ethical puzzles. The 1983 Atari arcade game I, Robot, while not a direct adaptation, drew thematic inspiration from Asimov's concepts of robotic autonomy in its multidirectional shooter gameplay, where players control an interface robot challenging an overseeing "Big Brother" eye, predating similar motifs in later media. More explicitly tied works include the 1988 VCR mystery game Isaac Asimov's Robots, a interactive VHS title based on the Robot series and loosely drawing from I, Robot's investigative structure, allowing players to solve crimes involving positronic brains through video branching narratives.^[64] Comics adaptations have appeared sporadically, often in specialized publications. In the 1980s, Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine featured illustrated vignettes and thematic issues inspired by I, Robot, including comic strips depicting Three Laws scenarios amid short fiction. A more recent graphic adaptation is Raúl Cuadrado's 2020 I, Robot, a concise illustrated retelling of three core stories—"Runaround," "Liar!," and "Little Lost Robot"—aimed at introducing younger readers to Asimov's foundational robotics concepts through visual storytelling.^[65] Audiobook productions have sustained I, Robot's accessibility into the 2020s, with Scott Brick's narration for the 2004 Random House Audio edition remaining a benchmark for its clear delivery of the collection's interconnected narratives and philosophical dialogues. Reissues and streaming availability on platforms like Audible have kept it prominent, with Brick's performance praised for capturing the intellectual tone of Susan Calvin's interviews. Post-2004 film, unproduced television pitches emerged, including a proposed sequel series by the film's creative team to adapt additional Asimov robot stories like "The Evitable Conflict," aiming for episodic fidelity to the book's anthology style but ultimately undeveloped due to rights and creative shifts. In 2025, details emerged about this proposed TV sequel series, which would continue elements from the film while adapting more of Asimov's robot stories, but it remains in development without a confirmed platform or production.^[14]^[66]

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(PDF) Isaac Asimov's fictional world: humanity and robots between ...
Nov 19, 2017 · The volume is woven together by a framing narrative in which in the 21 st century Dr. Susan Calvin, robot psychologist at U. S. Robotics, at the ...
[24]
I, Robot by Isaac Asimov Plot Summary - LitCharts
Nov 7, 2019 · She begins in 1996 with the story of “Robbie,” a nonverbal robot ... The year is now 2052, and the global economy is being stabilized and ...
[25]
I, Robot (Robot, #0.1) by Isaac Asimov - Goodreads
Rating 4.2 (375,099) Isaac Asimov's I, Robot launches readers on an adventure into a not-so-distant future where man and machine, struggle to redefinelife, love, and consciousness.
[26]
I, Robot | Summary, Characters, & Facts - Britannica
I, Robot, a collection of nine short stories by science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov that imagines the development of 'positronic' (humanlike) robots and ...
[27]
Roger Clarke's 'Asimov's Laws of Robotics'
The 1940 Laws of Robotics: First Law: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
[28]
Runaround - Williams College
"Right!" "And three, a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does Dot conflict with the First or Second Laws."
[29]
Astounding Science-Fiction, March 1942 - Publication
Date: 1942-03-00; Publisher: Street & Smith Publications, Inc. Price ... 94 • Runaround • [Mike Donovan] • novelette by Isaac Asimov; 95 • Runaround ...
[30]
Isaac Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics"
A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. · A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where ...
[31]
Breaking the First Law - Blood Knife
Later, in “The Evitable Conflict,” Asimov formulated a “Zeroth Law”: A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. In 1950, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[32]
Irrationality, Fear, and Folly Theme in I, Robot | LitCharts
Nov 7, 2019 · In I, Robot, Asimov shows how this irrationality frequently drives human beings to acts of folly that can potentially lead to their own demise.
[33]
https://doi.org/10.54097/b1p5ar74
[34]
Asimov and the Gender of Science Fiction
The Gender of Science Fiction: I, Robot: misogyny and the heroic irony of Dr. Susan Calvin. The male bias of early science fiction.Missing: roles | Show results with:roles
[35]
[PDF] Science Fact and Science Fiction
Dec 29, 2000 · ... I, Robot (1950) into a mosaic whose central organising principle is ... logical puzzles they set their adversaries, than by any ...
[36]
[PDF] About This Volume - Salem Press
comments (such as those by Anthony Boucher) are mystifying, as The. Death ... I, Robot (1950). The Martian Way and Other Stories (1955). Earth Is Room ...
[37]
What to Make of Isaac Asimov, Sci-Fi Giant and Dirty Old Man?
May 14, 2020 · Gender issues aren't the only reason Asimov's books have ... The I, Robot movie says it's “suggested by Isaac Asimov's book,” and ...
[38]
I, Robot by Isaac Asimov, Paperback | Barnes & Noble®
In stock Free delivery over $50I, Robot, the first and most widely read book in Asimov's Robot series, is a collection of nine stories that forever changed the world's perception of ...
[39]
What Isaac Asimov Reveals About Living with A.I. | The New Yorker
Jun 3, 2025 · In “I, Robot,” three Laws of Robotics align artificially intelligent machines with humans. Could we rein in chatbots with laws of our own?Missing: composition | Show results with:composition<|control11|><|separator|>
[40]
1943 Retro-Hugo Awards
“Runaround,” by Isaac Asimov (Astounding Science-Fiction, March 1942); “The Sunken Land,” by Fritz Leiber (Unknown Worlds, February 1942); “Etaoin Shrdlu,” by ...
[41]
sfadb: Locus Online, Best All-Time Collection
Oct 26, 2015 · I, Robot (Gnome, 1950); Ursula K. Le Guin, The Wind's Twelve Quarters (Harper & Row, 1975); Harlan Ellison, Deathbird Stories (Harper & Row, ...
[42]
I, Robot by Isaac Asimov - Teacher's Guide - Penguin Random House
I, ROBOT turns the world of science fiction literature on its head. Rather than telling the typical tale of a humanoid machine run amok (e.g., Terminator), SFWA ...
[43]
[PDF] Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Courses - arXiv
Jan 26, 2017 · Isaac Asimov's I, Robot [Asimov, 1950] looks at the consequences of building ethics based on his Three Laws of Robotics.5 Students may ...
[44]
The Example of Isaac Asimov's Robot Cycle - Duke University Press
Dec 1, 2024 · This story, “Robot Visions,” is the only other Robot story, besides “Cal,” to be told in the first-person by a robot narrator. In this tale, a ...Missing: summaries | Show results with:summaries<|control11|><|separator|>
[45]
The Robot Stories by Isaac Asimov | Research Starters - EBSCO
The bulk of Isaac Asimov's short fiction about robots was written between 1940 and 1957. Nine stories are collected in I, Robot. Another eight, together with ...
[46]
Asimov's Laws of Robotics (Chapter 15) - Machine Ethics
The article begins by reviewing the origins of the robot notion and then explains the laws for controlling robotic behavior, as espoused by Asimov in 1940 and ...
[47]
(PDF) From Positronic Brains to Neural Networks: The Evolution and ...
Nov 1, 2023 · From Isaac Asimov's conceptualization of "positronic brains" that powered his fictional robots to today's intricate neural networks that drive ...
[48]
[PDF] Asimov's Integrated Approach To Science And Technology Through ...
May 29, 2025 · Isaac Asimov's investigation of the ethics of artificial intelligence in science fiction provides important insights into the issues that arise ...
[49]
Asimov's Laws of Robotics Need an Update for AI - IEEE Spectrum
... I, Robot. First Law: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Second Law: A robot must obey orders ...Missing: curriculum | Show results with:curriculum
[50]
The Three Laws of Artificial Intelligence: Re-Evaluating Human-AI ...
... Isaac Asimov's (1942) Three Laws of Robotics. First codified in his 1942 short story “Runaround,” these laws represent one of the most powerful cultural ...
[51]
Book Reviews - I, Robot: The Illustrated Screenplay - Harlan Ellison
Isaac Asimov, wrote the original, Harlan Ellison wrote the screenplay for Warner Brothers nearly twenty years ago, and when one dumbass producer helped prove ...Missing: 1977 lawsuit
[52]
I, Robot (2004) - IMDb
Rating 7.1/10 (605,477) I, Robot: Directed by Alex Proyas. With Will Smith, Bridget Moynahan, Alan Tudyk, James Cromwell. In 2035, a technophobic cop investigates a crime that may ...Full cast & crew · Parents guide · Plot · Trivia
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I, Robot - Variety
Jul 15, 2004 · Production: A 20th Century Fox release presented in association with Mediastream IV of a David Entertainment Co., Lawrence Mark, Overbrook Films ...
[54]
I, Robot (2004) - Box Office and Financial Information - The Numbers
Detective Del Spooner investigates the alleged suicide of US Robotics founder Alfred Lanning and believes that a human-like robot murdered him.
[55]
Awards - I, Robot (2004) - IMDb
I, Robot received 1 win (ASCAP Award) and 15 nominations, including an Oscar nomination for Best Visual Effects.
[56]
Jeff Vintar was Hardwired for I,ROBOT - Screenwriter's Utopia
Aug 17, 2004 · When I wrote that in the script, I think Sonny, the robot, was hiding among 50 robots. This scene was always a point of contention. Can we ...
[57]
"Out of This World" Little Lost Robot (TV Episode 1962) - IMDb
Rating 6.9/10 (78) As the only surviving episode of the series, and one of few existing screen adaptations of Isaac Asimov stories, "Little Lost Robot" is an important piece of ...Missing: theater | Show results with:theater
[58]
Watch Out of This World: Little Lost Robot online - BFI Player
Boris Karloff introduces the only surviving episode of the elusive sci-fi anthology series, an adaptation of Isaac Asimov's story about a rogue robot.<|separator|>
[59]
"Story Parade" The Caves of Steel (TV Episode 1964) - IMDb
Rating 7.9/10 (22) In the future New York City, the Deputy Commissioner of Police is assisted by a robot detective in solving the murder of a scientist.
[60]
Out Of The Unknown (BBC2, 1965-1971) | Archive Television Musings
Aug 17, 2014 · Notable adaptations from the third series included several more stories from Isaac Asimov. One of them, The Naked Sun, was the sequel to The ...
[61]
BBC Radio 4 - 15 Minute Drama, Isaac Asimov's I, Robot
The rise of robotics in the 21st century, told through the poignant and mysterious story of enigmatic lawyer Stevie Byerley. Dramatised by Richard Kurti.Missing: adaptations | Show results with:adaptations
[62]
Isaac Asimov's I, Robot - B7 Media
The rise of robotics in the 21 st century, told through the poignant and mysterious story of enigmatic lawyer, Stevie Byerley.<|control11|><|separator|>
[63]
The week in radio: The Rise of the Robots; I, Robot; In Our Time
Feb 12, 2017 · Isaac Asimov's prophetic play and Adam Rutherford's The Rise of the Robots revealed that our fear of machines is nothing new.<|separator|>
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Isaac Asimov's Robots VCR Mystery Game (1988) - BoardGameGeek
In stock Rating 2.6 (34) This is the only video game based on Isaac Asimov's Robot novels. It features fast action, special effects, and a cast of some of the most ruthless ...
[65]
I, Robot by Raúl Cuadrado | Goodreads
Rating 3.3 (44) May 20, 2020 · I, Robot is a short adaptation of three Asimov robot short stories by Raul Cuadrado. It could be encouraging for the young readers to read more ...
[66]
https://www.slashfilm.com/2008551/i-robot-tv-sequel-adapt-isaac-asimov-short-stories/