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Iridectomy

Iridectomy is a surgical procedure in ophthalmology that involves the excision of a portion of the iris, the colored part of the eye, to alleviate blockages in aqueous humor flow or address other iris-related pathologies.^[1] Primarily indicated for angle-closure glaucoma, it creates a bypass to relieve pupillary block and lower intraocular pressure, preventing optic nerve damage.^[2] The procedure can be performed surgically through an incision or via laser, with the latter being the modern standard due to its minimally invasive nature and lower risk profile.^[3] Developed in the 19th century, iridectomy was first described by Albrecht von Graefe in 1857 as a surgical intervention for glaucoma.^[1] Laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), introduced in the 1970s with argon lasers and refined in the 1980s using Nd:YAG lasers, has largely supplanted traditional incisional methods for primary angle-closure conditions.^[1] While primarily used for glaucoma management, iridectomy variants are also employed for other conditions such as iris tumors and cysts. Complications, though rare, may include transient intraocular pressure spikes and iris bleeding. Clinical trials like the EAGLE study (2016) demonstrated LPI's efficacy in angle widening and pressure control but showed clear lens extraction to be superior for primary angle-closure glaucoma with elevated IOP.^[1]

Overview

Definition

Iridectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the excision of a small portion of the iris, the colored muscular structure in the anterior chamber of the eye.^[4] This removal creates an opening in the iris tissue, typically in the peripheral region, to establish a pathway for fluid dynamics within the eye.^[3] The iris functions as a diaphragm that regulates pupil size and modulates the amount of light entering the eye through contraction and dilation of its smooth muscle fibers.^[5] Anatomically, it is a thin, circular structure composed of connective tissue, pigment cells, and two layers of muscle—the sphincter pupillae for constriction and the dilator pupillae for dilation—positioned between the cornea anteriorly and the lens posteriorly.^[6] Iridectomy targets the peripheral iris, the outer third or middle third of this structure, to avoid major vessels and the central pupil while preserving overall iris integrity.^[7] The core mechanism of iridectomy is the creation of a bypass in the iris that allows aqueous humor, the clear fluid produced by the ciliary body, to flow from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, circumventing potential obstructions at the pupil.^[8] In traditional surgical iridectomy, a full-thickness wedge of iris tissue is physically removed to form this opening.^[3] Laser variants, such as peripheral iridotomy, instead ablate a small area of tissue to produce a similar hole without excision, though the fundamental bypass principle remains the same.^[8] This approach is essential in glaucoma management to facilitate proper aqueous humor drainage.^[9]

Purpose and Medical Significance

The primary goal of iridectomy is to relieve pupillary block in angle-closure glaucoma by creating a small opening in the peripheral iris, which allows aqueous humor to flow from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, thereby reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and preventing optic nerve damage.^[8]^[10] This procedure addresses the underlying mechanism where the iris bows forward due to pressure imbalance, obstructing the trabecular meshwork and impeding aqueous outflow.^[9] By restoring normal aqueous flow dynamics, iridectomy equalizes pressure between the eye's chambers without significantly altering the iris's overall pupillary function or light regulation.^[11]^[8] Beyond acute treatment, iridectomy serves as a critical preventive measure for at-risk eyes, particularly in primary angle-closure suspects, where it lowers the incidence of acute attacks from approximately 50% in untreated fellow eyes over five years to much lower rates with intervention.^[10] It has evolved from a palliative surgical approach for managing acute crises to a prophylactic laser-based treatment, dramatically improving accessibility and reducing complications since the 1970s.^[10] This shift has enhanced global glaucoma management by enabling early intervention in vulnerable populations, such as those with narrow angles, to avert vision-threatening progression.^[9] The medical significance of iridectomy is underscored by its role in addressing primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), which currently affects about 23 million people worldwide and is projected to impact 32 million by 2040, with a disproportionate burden in Asian populations where it accounts for a significant portion of glaucoma-related blindness.31023-X/fulltext)^[12] By mitigating IOP elevation and angle closure, the procedure has contributed to better outcomes in glaucoma care, preventing irreversible visual field loss in millions annually and serving as a cornerstone in preventive ophthalmology.^[10]^[11]

Historical Development

Early Surgical Techniques

The introduction of iridectomy in 1857 by German ophthalmologist Albrecht von Graefe represented a pivotal advancement in the targeted surgical management of acute angle-closure glaucoma, establishing it as the first procedure specifically aimed at iris tissue removal to alleviate pupillary block and restore aqueous humor flow.^[13] Prior to this, glaucoma treatments were largely palliative or ineffective, but von Graefe's innovation, inspired by his observations using the newly invented ophthalmoscope, demonstrated that excising a peripheral sector of the iris could dramatically lower intraocular pressure (IOP) by creating a bypass for aqueous outflow from the posterior to the anterior chamber.^[14] This marked the inception of modern iris surgery, shifting focus from symptomatic relief to addressing the underlying pathophysiology of angle closure.^[15] The early technique employed by von Graefe involved a scleral incision using a specialized knife to access the anterior chamber, followed by grasping and excising a portion of the peripheral iris with specially designed fine iris scissors (pinces-ciseaux).^[16] This peripheral iridectomy typically removed a sector of iris tissue, aiming to produce a coloboma-like opening without compromising the pupillary function excessively. Procedures were conducted under general anesthesia, reflecting the era's reliance on ether or chloroform following their introduction in the mid-19th century, as local anesthesia techniques were not yet refined for ocular surgery.^[16] The operation demanded high surgical skill to avoid complications such as anterior chamber collapse or iris prolapse, and it was often performed in a single quadrant of the superior iris to minimize cosmetic impact. Initial outcomes were promising, with many patients experiencing rapid IOP reduction and resolution of acute symptoms, establishing iridectomy as a life-saving intervention for otherwise blinding attacks of glaucoma; von Graefe reported success rates that validated its efficacy in preventing further optic nerve damage. However, the procedure carried substantial risks, including postoperative infection, hyphema, and inflammation, exacerbated by the 19th-century limitations in sterile techniques, antisepsis, and antibiotics, which led to variable long-term results and occasional loss of the eye.^[17] Despite these challenges, iridectomy's demonstrated ability to normalize IOP in acute cases solidified its role as the cornerstone of glaucoma surgery for decades.

Introduction of Laser Methods

The introduction of laser methods marked a pivotal shift in iridectomy from invasive incisional surgery to non-invasive techniques, enabling precise iris perforation without the need for surgical entry into the eye. In 1973, Beckman and Sugar reported the first successful argon laser iridotomies in humans, utilizing the continuous-wave argon laser (wavelength 488-514 nm) to coagulate and vaporize iris tissue through photothermal effects.^[18] This development in the mid-1970s allowed for the routine performance of noninvasive peripheral iridotomies, particularly effective in pigmented irides where the laser energy was well-absorbed, thereby bypassing the risks associated with traditional scalpel-based procedures.^[8] Building on this foundation, the 1980s saw the advent of the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, which became commercially available in 1982 and offered enhanced precision for tissue ablation.^[19] The Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, operating at 1064 nm, emerged as a key milestone by generating ultrashort pulses that induced optical breakdown and plasma formation, creating full-thickness iris openings through photodisruption rather than thermal damage alone.^[8] This mechanism minimized surrounding tissue trauma, such as excessive inflammation or hemorrhage, and proved particularly advantageous for lightly pigmented irides where argon lasers were less effective.^[16] The widespread adoption of laser iridotomy accelerated in the 1990s, driven by its feasibility as an outpatient procedure, reduced complication rates compared to surgery, and demonstrated equivalent long-term efficacy in managing pupillary block.^[20] Studies from this period, including randomized comparisons, confirmed that Nd:YAG laser iridotomy achieved successful patency and intraocular pressure control similar to surgical iridectomy, with lower risks of infection and faster recovery.^[21] By the early 1990s, laser methods had supplanted incisional techniques as the standard for creating iris openings in angle-closure glaucoma prophylaxis and treatment.^[16]

Indications

Primary Clinical Uses

Iridectomy, whether surgical or via laser peripheral iridotomy, serves as a primary intervention in the management of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), where it addresses pupillary block by creating a bypass for aqueous humor flow from the posterior to the anterior chamber, thereby relieving elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and preventing optic nerve damage.^[8]^[9] In acute primary angle-closure attacks, iridectomy is performed urgently following initial medical IOP reduction to resolve the crisis and avert irreversible vision loss.^[8] Prophylactically, iridectomy is applied to the fellow eye in patients who have experienced an acute angle-closure event in one eye, particularly when narrow or occludable angles are present, reducing the risk of subsequent attacks by approximately 50% over five years.^[8] It is also recommended in select glaucoma patients undergoing cataract surgery to prevent postoperative angle closure, especially in those with preexisting narrow angles, by ensuring aqueous flow patency after lens removal.^[22] In secondary glaucomas, iridectomy is indicated for conditions such as plateau iris syndrome, where it eliminates the pupillary block component, though persistent angle narrowing may require additional interventions like iridoplasty.^[23] Similarly, in post-traumatic scenarios involving iris bombe—where inflammation or adhesions cause forward iris displacement and pupillary block—iridectomy relieves the obstruction and lowers IOP, often as a minimally invasive laser procedure to facilitate further management.^[24]

Other Indications

Beyond angle-closure glaucoma, iridectomy is used in the management of iris pathologies. Sector iridectomy is employed for localized iris tumors, such as malignant melanomas, allowing excision of the lesion while preserving as much iris tissue as possible to maintain visual function.^[25] For iris cysts, iridectomy is often combined with cystectomy to achieve complete removal and prevent recurrence, particularly in cases of acquired or congenital cysts causing obstruction or vision impairment.^[26] Additionally, optical sector iridectomy serves to improve ambulatory vision in patients with peripheral corneal opacities by creating a clear pupillary aperture through relatively transparent peripheral cornea, especially useful in pediatric cases or conditions like Peter's anomaly.^[27]

Patient Selection Criteria

Patient selection for iridectomy, particularly laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), begins with comprehensive diagnostic evaluation to confirm the presence of primary angle-closure disease (PACD) and assess the risk of progression to acute angle-closure crisis (AACC) or primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Gonioscopy remains the gold standard for identifying occludable angles, defined as 180 degrees or more of iridotrabecular contact (ITC) in primary angle-closure suspects (PACS), with dark-room provocative testing enhancing sensitivity for subtle closures. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) complements gonioscopy by quantifying angle parameters, such as angle opening distance and trabecular-iris angle, and evaluating iris configuration, lens vault, and non-pupillary block mechanisms like plateau iris. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is essential, with elevations above 21 mmHg indicating primary angle closure (PAC) and warranting intervention if accompanied by ITC. These tools collectively establish eligibility by verifying anatomical predisposition to pupillary block, a key mechanism in PACD.^[1]^[28] Inclusion criteria prioritize patients with evidence of pupillary block or high-risk narrow angles, including those diagnosed with PACS (≥180° ITC without optic neuropathy or elevated IOP), PAC (ITC with peripheral anterior synechiae or transient IOP rise), or PACG (ITC with optic nerve damage). LPI is strongly indicated in eyes with acute primary angle closure following IOP stabilization, and prophylactically in the fellow eye after an AACC episode due to a 50% risk of subsequent attack within five years. Asymptomatic occludable angles in high-risk populations, such as individuals of Asian descent, those with hyperopia, family history of PACG, female gender, older age, or short axial length (<21 mm), also qualify, as these factors elevate lifetime progression risk to PACG by up to 10-fold in certain cohorts. For primary clinical uses like PACG, selection emphasizes early intervention to prevent irreversible vision loss, with LPI preferred over medical therapy alone in confirmed pupillary block cases.^[1]^[28]^[29] Exclusion considerations focus on factors that compromise procedural safety or efficacy, particularly for laser-based iridectomy. Corneal opacities, such as edema from acute high IOP, preclude adequate laser penetration and visualization, necessitating surgical iridectomy instead. Active ocular inflammation, including uveitis, may exacerbate risks like synechial closure post-procedure and is avoided until resolution. Uncooperative patients or those with extremely shallow anterior chambers pose challenges to safe laser delivery, often requiring alternative management like lens extraction per EAGLE trial recommendations for advanced cases. Overall, selection balances these criteria against individual risk profiles to optimize outcomes in preventing angle-closure progression.^[1]^[30]

Types and Techniques

Surgical Iridectomy

Surgical iridectomy, also known as incisional peripheral iridectomy, involves the surgical excision of a small section of peripheral iris tissue through a limbal incision to create a bypass for aqueous humor flow, primarily in the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma. The procedure typically begins with a superior conjunctival peritomy of approximately 3 mm using blunt scissors to expose the limbus, followed by a partial-thickness scleral incision about 2 mm posterior to the limbus using a diamond blade for controlled depth. A corneoscleral tunnel is then fashioned with a crescent blade just beyond the limbal vessels, allowing access to the anterior chamber without compromising the globe's integrity.^[31]^[32] Once the anterior chamber is entered, the iris often prolapses through the incision due to intraocular pressure; it is stabilized with 0.12-mm toothed forceps and excised using fine microscissors, such as Vannas scissors, to remove a full-thickness segment of iris tissue measuring 1-2 mm in width, ensuring both stromal and pigment epithelial layers are included to prevent closure. In some variations, a vitrector probe set to a low cutting rate (e.g., 20 cuts per minute) can be employed through a clear corneal incision for precise tissue removal while preserving conjunctival integrity. The resulting opening must exceed 200 µm in diameter to maintain patency and effective aqueous flow.^[31]^[32]^[33] A key variation is sector iridectomy, which entails the removal of a larger radial segment of iris extending from the root to the pupillary margin, typically reserved for cases involving substantial iris defects such as those from blunt trauma or tumors, though it is rarely indicated in primary glaucoma management due to the preference for smaller peripheral openings. This approach allows for optical rehabilitation in severe trauma but requires careful reconstruction to avoid glare or photophobia.^[31]^[25] The primary advantages of surgical iridectomy include direct visualization of the iris tissue during excision, enabling precise control in complex anatomies, and its reliability in scenarios where laser peripheral iridotomy fails, such as with densely pigmented or thick irides that resist laser penetration. Unlike the non-invasive laser method, surgical iridectomy ensures a definitive full-thickness opening without reliance on energy delivery through the cornea.^[31]^[34]^[8]

Laser Peripheral Iridotomy

Laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) is a non-incisional procedure that employs laser energy to create a small opening in the peripheral iris, facilitating aqueous humor flow and alleviating pupillary block without the need for surgical excision.^[8] Commonly performed using a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, often in combination with an argon laser, LPI targets the superior peripheral iris to produce an opening typically measuring 150-500 microns in diameter, which is sufficient to prevent visual disturbances such as glare or dysphotopsia while ensuring patency.^[8] This approach contrasts with traditional surgical iridectomy, serving as an outpatient alternative that avoids operative risks.^[29] Site selection for LPI is critical to optimize outcomes and minimize complications; the procedure is generally performed between the 11 and 1 o'clock positions on the iris, as this location is concealed by the upper eyelid, reducing the likelihood of ptosis, corneal endothelial damage, or light-induced visual symptoms.^[8] In cases of dark or thick irides, pretreatment with argon laser may be necessary to thin the tissue before Nd:YAG application.^[29] Energy delivery begins with low-power argon laser applications to coagulate and thin the iris stroma, using parameters such as 500-1000 mW power, 50-micron spot size, and 0.05-0.1 second duration for 20-40 spots in a circular pattern.^[8] This is followed by Nd:YAG laser pulses for perforation, employing 1-5 mJ per pulse in single or double bursts, with 1-3 shots typically sufficient to achieve full-thickness penetration and confirm aqueous flow via visible pigment release.^[8] These parameters ensure precise ablation while limiting thermal spread, as supported by clinical guidelines emphasizing controlled energy to maintain iris integrity.^[29]

Procedure

Preoperative Preparation

Preoperative preparation for iridectomy involves comprehensive patient evaluation to confirm the need for the procedure, assess risks, and ensure optimal conditions for both laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) and surgical variants. A key assessment is the pupillary dilation test, often performed in a dark room to provoke potential angle closure and verify pupillary block as the underlying mechanism, helping to distinguish primary from secondary causes.^[35] Patient counseling is essential, focusing on the procedure's benefits in preventing acute angle-closure glaucoma while outlining transient risks such as blurred vision from miotic drops, intraocular pressure spikes (occurring in 6-10% of cases), mild inflammation, and the need for postoperative anti-inflammatory and IOP-lowering drops for 1-2 weeks.^[8]^[11] Patients are informed that LPI is a quick outpatient intervention lasting 5-10 minutes with minimal discomfort, whereas surgical iridectomy may require more extensive preparation due to its incisional nature.^[36] Logistically, LPI requires no fasting and uses topical anesthesia with proparacaine drops applied just before the procedure, preceded 30-60 minutes earlier by pilocarpine 1-4% to constrict the pupil and thin the iris, along with an alpha-2 agonist like brimonidine to mitigate IOP elevation.^[8]^[11] For surgical iridectomy, preoperative antibiotic drops (e.g., moxifloxacin) and pilocarpine are instilled one hour prior, with local anesthesia via subconjunctival injection of preservative-free lidocaine (0.2-0.4 mL of 1%), typically without fasting requirements under local anesthesia alone.^[31]

Intraoperative Steps

The intraoperative steps for surgical iridectomy typically begin with a superior conjunctival peritomy using blunt scissors, followed by hemostasis via wet-field cautery to control any initial bleeding. A partial-thickness scleral incision is then created posterior to the limbus with a diamond blade, extending into a corneoscleral tunnel using a crescent knife; a temporal paracentesis is performed for anterior chamber access if needed. The anterior chamber is entered with a 15-degree blade, and the iris is prolapsed through the wound by gently pushing the posterior lip; a portion of the peripheral iris is grasped with 0.12-mm forceps and excised using iris scissors to create a full-thickness opening, ensuring the tissue is removed completely. The iris is repositioned into the anterior chamber with a blunt instrument, and the scleral wound is closed with two interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures, followed by conjunctival closure with 8-0 polyglactin. Patency of the iridectomy is confirmed intraoperatively by observing a red reflex through the opening or by checking for pigment on the excised specimen; any intraoperative bleeding from the iris is managed with gentle pressure using a blunt instrument or additional cautery if persistent.^[31] Intraocular pressure (IOP) is monitored throughout by maintaining adequate anterior chamber depth via balanced irrigation, preventing hypotony or spikes that could complicate the procedure.^[31] For laser peripheral iridotomy, the procedure commences with placement of a contact lens (such as the Abraham +66 D lens) on the anesthetized cornea using coupling gel to stabilize and focus the beam. The laser—typically a Q-switched Nd:YAG or combined Nd:YAG-KTP—is aimed at a peripheral iris site in the superior quadrants (11-1 o'clock position), targeting a thinned area or crypt while avoiding vessels; initial argon laser pretreatment may be used for pigment dispersion if the iris is thick. Traditionally placed superiorly, though temporal placement may reduce the risk of negative dysphotopsia based on recent studies (as of 2024).^[37] Laser pulses are fired starting at low energy (1-3 mJ), increasing as needed to create a 150-200 micrometer opening, with the beam focused on the iris surface and offset posteriorly into the stroma for efficient perforation. Firing continues until patency is achieved, evidenced by visible pigment release, aqueous humor percolation from posterior to anterior chamber, and a small bubble or cavitation. Any microbleeding is controlled by direct pressure with the contact lens or by waiting 10-20 seconds for natural tamponade.^[1] Intraoperative IOP monitoring involves assessing chamber depth and tension via tonometry if elevation is suspected during energy delivery, with prophylactic IOP-lowering agents administered pre-procedure to mitigate spikes.^[1]

Postoperative Care

Following laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), patients typically receive topical corticosteroids, such as prednisolone acetate, administered 3 to 4 times daily for 4 to 7 days to minimize postoperative inflammation.^[1]^[38] Existing glaucoma medications are continued unless otherwise directed, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is monitored with an office check approximately 1 hour post-procedure to detect any acute spikes.^[1]^[39] Antibiotics are not routinely prescribed due to the low infection risk associated with the laser procedure.^[34] Patients are advised to avoid rubbing the treated eye to prevent irritation or displacement of the iridotomy site, and to wear sunglasses outdoors to manage potential light sensitivity and photophobia, which may occur temporarily.^[40]^[36] Strenuous activities, prolonged reading, or screen use should be limited for 24 to 48 hours to allow initial recovery.^[40] A follow-up visit is scheduled at 1 to 2 weeks, including gonioscopy to assess angle patency and IOP control.^[1]^[39] Mild discomfort, such as a gritty sensation or headache, is common but usually resolves within hours, with vision often clearing by the next morning; full recovery occurs within hours to a few days without the need for patching.^[39]^[34] Patients should monitor for signs of complications, such as worsening pain or vision changes, and contact their provider promptly.^[1] For surgical iridectomy, postoperative care involves topical corticosteroids and antibiotics, typically instilled 4 times daily for 1 to 4 weeks, to control inflammation and reduce infection risk from the incisional approach.^[41]^[42] Glaucoma medications may be adjusted based on IOP measurements taken immediately post-surgery and during follow-up.^[38] The eye may be patched overnight if a regional anesthetic block was administered.^[31] Instructions emphasize avoiding eye rubbing, swimming, or dusty environments to prevent contamination, and using sunglasses for light sensitivity during the initial recovery phase.^[42] A follow-up examination with gonioscopy is recommended at 1 to 2 weeks to evaluate the iridectomy patency and anterior chamber depth.^[41] Recovery involves more pronounced discomfort than LPI, with redness and mild pain lasting several days; vision stabilization and wound healing typically occur over 1 to 2 weeks, though full resolution may take longer compared to laser methods.^[3]^[41] As with LPI, vigilance for escalating symptoms indicative of complications is essential.^[41]

Complications and Outcomes

Potential Risks

Iridectomy, whether performed surgically or via laser, carries potential risks, though most are transient and manageable. Common adverse events include hyphema, characterized by bleeding from the iris, which occurs in 8.9% to 34.6% of laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) cases, often resolving spontaneously without intervention.^[43] Transient spikes in intraocular pressure (IOP) are also frequent, affecting approximately 5% to 10% of patients immediately post-procedure, typically peaking within hours and subsiding with topical medications.^[44]^[45] Corneal burns represent a rarer complication in LPI, with an incidence of about 2.6% when using argon laser, though this risk is minimized with appropriate energy settings and contact lens use.^[46] In surgical iridectomy, inadvertent lens touch during the procedure can induce cataract formation in cases involving anterior chamber manipulation. Postoperative infection, such as endophthalmitis, is exceedingly uncommon in intraocular surgeries due to prophylactic antibiotics and sterile techniques. Laser-specific risks include iris pigment dispersion, seen in roughly 0.86% of LPI procedures, which may cause temporary visual haze from released pigment particles obstructing the trabecular meshwork.^[43] Surgical iridectomy also poses risks of incomplete iridectomy, leading to persistent pupillary block if only superficial iris layers are removed, though this is identifiable intraoperatively.^[31] Overall, the low severity and infrequency of severe complications underscore iridectomy's favorable safety profile in angle-closure management.

Recovery and Prognosis

Following laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), the primary modern approach for iridectomy in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), patients typically resume normal activities within one day, with topical corticosteroids administered 3-4 times daily for 4-7 days to manage inflammation. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is monitored 30 minutes to 2 hours post-procedure, and anterior chamber depth is assessed at 1 week; transient IOP elevations, if present, usually resolve within 2 weeks. Iridotomy patency is high, with closure rates ranging from 1% at 2 weeks to up to 20% at 6 months, resulting in approximately 80-90% patency at that interval.^[8]^[47] For surgical iridectomy, recovery involves a longer postoperative period of 1-2 weeks with similar anti-inflammatory and IOP-lowering medications, though it is now rarely performed due to the efficacy of laser techniques.^[48] Success in IOP control varies by disease stage and synechiae extent but is achieved in 80-95% of cases with limited peripheral anterior synechiae (<2 quadrants) in primary angle closure (PAC), with 89.8% maintaining control at 10 years on medication. In chronic angle closure, LPI combined with selective laser trabeculoplasty controls IOP in approximately 75% of eyes at 6 months, though additional interventions are often needed for advanced damage.^[49] Overall, LPI effectively prevents acute attacks in early stages.^[49]^[47] Prognostic factors include early intervention, which significantly improves outcomes by reducing synechial closure risk and achieving up to 92.9% success in eyes with substantial initial IOP response to medical therapy. Failure may occur due to persistent high IOP from extensive synechiae (>50% angle involvement), necessitating repeat LPI or alternative surgery like trabeculectomy.^[8]^[20]^[47] Long-term, iridectomy reduces glaucoma progression risk by eliminating pupillary block, with sustained IOP control in most early PAC cases over 5-10 years; however, ongoing monitoring via gonioscopy and optical coherence tomography is essential to detect iridotomy closure or synechiae formation, as angle narrowing may persist in up to two-thirds of treated eyes.^[49]^[8]

Comparison with Alternatives

Versus Trabeculectomy

Iridectomy, whether surgical or laser peripheral iridotomy, primarily addresses angle-closure glaucoma by creating an opening in the iris to relieve pupillary block and improve aqueous humor flow, making it a targeted, relatively quick procedure with minimal invasiveness.^[50] In contrast, trabeculectomy is a filtering surgery that creates a new drainage pathway through a scleral flap to enhance aqueous outflow, typically employed for open-angle glaucoma or advanced cases where conventional outflow is impaired, involving greater surgical complexity and longer recovery periods.^[51] This fundamental difference positions iridectomy as a first-line intervention for pupillary block mechanisms, while trabeculectomy serves as a more robust option for sustained intraocular pressure (IOP) control in refractory scenarios.^[52] Regarding efficacy, laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) achieves success rates exceeding 90% in preventing acute angle-closure attacks.^[8] Trabeculectomy demonstrates 60-80% success in achieving significant IOP reduction (typically 30% or more) over five years, particularly in advanced glaucoma, though it may require adjunctive medications in 10-30% of cases.^[53] In direct comparisons for primary angle-closure glaucoma with peripheral anterior synechiae, trabeculectomy yields greater IOP lowering (e.g., 14.5 mmHg at 12 months versus 19.1 mmHg for LPI), but LPI shows superior overall outcomes in less advanced cases with fewer progression to further surgery needs (13.2% versus lower reliance on medications post-trabeculectomy).^[51]^[54] Selection between the two depends on glaucoma type and severity: LPI is preferred as initial therapy for angle-closure glaucoma with occludable angles or pupillary block, per guidelines recommending it for synechiae less than 180 degrees, offering rapid intervention with low complication rates (under 10%).^[51] Trabeculectomy is indicated for refractory open-angle glaucoma or advanced angle-closure where iridectomy alone fails to control IOP, especially with extensive synechiae (≥180 degrees), despite its higher complication profile including cataract progression (14-17%) and hypotony.^[55]^[51] A 2025 randomized clinical trial (AGENT) found that combining peripheral iridectomy with goniosynechialysis and goniotomy achieved comparable 1-year IOP control to trabeculectomy in primary angle-closure glaucoma with synechial closure, with a better safety profile.^[56]

Versus Other Glaucoma Interventions

Iridectomy, particularly in the form of laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), serves as a definitive intervention for pupillary block in primary angle-closure glaucoma by creating a permanent opening in the iris to equalize aqueous humor flow between the posterior and anterior chambers, thereby preventing recurrent angle closure without ongoing intervention. In contrast, pharmacological treatments such as miotic agents (e.g., pilocarpine) and prostaglandins provide only temporary intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction by enhancing aqueous outflow or suppressing production, often requiring lifelong daily administration that is complicated by patient non-compliance rates of 30-80%. While initial medical therapy is essential for acutely lowering IOP during an angle-closure crisis, LPI subsequently reduces or eliminates the need for medications in many cases long-term, offering superior sustainability over pharmacotherapy alone. For cases involving lens-related mechanisms, iridectomy remains the standalone first-line treatment for pure primary angle-closure without significant cataract, effectively addressing pupillary block without altering the anterior segment anatomy beyond the iris. However, in patients with comorbid cataracts or plateau iris configuration, phacoemulsification cataract extraction is often combined with iridectomy or preferred as primary intervention, as evidenced by the EAGLE trial, which demonstrated that early lens extraction yields better IOP control (mean reduction of 12.9 mmHg versus 12.4 mmHg with LPI at 3 years; mean IOP 16.6 mmHg vs 17.9 mmHg) and reduces the need for topical medications more effectively than LPI alone in acute primary angle closure.^[30] This combined approach leverages lens removal to deepen the anterior chamber and widen the iridocorneal angle, providing additive benefits over iridectomy in lens-induced closures. Compared to minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS), which target trabecular meshwork enhancement or subconjunctival filtration to improve aqueous outflow, iridectomy is a simpler, faster laser-based procedure specifically tailored to pupillary block mechanisms in angle-closure glaucoma, typically performed in an outpatient setting with minimal recovery time. MIGS, such as gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy or iStent implantation, are more suitable as adjuncts after iridotomy in cases of persistent IOP elevation due to synechial closure or outflow resistance, but lack high-quality evidence for standalone use in untreated angle-closure disease, where they may not address the underlying iris configuration. Iridectomy's targeted efficacy for block-specific issues contrasts with MIGS' broader application in open-angle glaucoma, positioning it as a less invasive initial option before escalating to outflow-focused procedures.

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Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) and his contributions to ... - PubMed
Von Graefe was the first to introduce iridectomy in acute glaucoma treatment, initiated visual field testing and developed the first tonometer.
[16]
The Rise of Ophthalmology as a Specialty: Albrecht von Graefe's ...
Aug 27, 2024 · von Graefe introduced iridectomy as a surgical procedure to treat acute glaucoma, a groundbreaking advancement that significantly improved ...
[17]
The Rise of Ophthalmology as a Specialty: Albrecht von Graefe's ...
1863, First to execute intravitreal manipulations. ; 1865, Invented the "von Graefe knife" for cataract surgery. ; 1866, Described CSCR. ; 1867, Developed a new ...
[18]
Laser Peripheral Iridotomy for Pupillary-block Glaucoma
with scissors, creating an iridectomy. The corneal or lim- bal incision and ... Von Graefe A: Ueber die Iridectomie die Glaucom und u"ber den ...
[19]
An eternal hunt for glaucoma - PMC - PubMed Central
Jun 3, 2024 · In the first issue of Graefe's Archive from 1854, Albrecht von Graefe wrote about glaucoma. Glaucoma comes from the Greek word “glaukos,” ...
[20]
Laser Iridotomy | Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina
Mar 1, 1996 · 7*12 In 1973, Beckman and Sugar13 attempted, without success, to use the Nd: YAG laser in human irides. With the development of the continuous ...
[21]
History of Lasers | Ento Key
Jun 23, 2022 · The Nd:YAG laser was available in the American market33 in 1982 and quickly became the laser of choice for laser iridotomy,34 but its primary ...
[22]
Prognostic Factors for the Success of Laser Iridotomy for Acute ... - NIH
Dec 4, 2009 · Laser iridotomy offers the same efficacy as surgical iridectomy with fewer complications and can be easily and quickly performed in outpatient ...
[23]
A randomised, prospective comparison of ND:YAG laer iridotomy ...
May 1, 1991 · It is concluded that Nd:YAG laser iridotomy is a satisfactory alternative to operative peripheral iridectomy in the prophylactic treatment of fellow eyes.
[24]
Prophylactic Peripheral Iridectomy Prevents Aphakic Angle-closure ...
The aim of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of the PGPI in preventing AACG following congenital cataract surgery. This is a retrospective, ...
[25]
Plateau Iris - EyeWiki
Plateau iris syndrome is defined as a persistently narrow angle capable of closure in spite of a patent iridotomy. Plateau iris is an ocular condition that ...Disease Entity · Disease · Etiology · Epidemiology
[26]
Eyenet Article - American Academy of Ophthalmology
**Summary of Iridotomy/Iridectomy for Post-Trauma Iris Bombe:**
[27]
Primary Angle-Closure Disease PPP 2020
Primary angle-closure suspect (PACS): >180 degrees iridotrabecular contact (ITC), normal intraocular pressure (IOP), and no optic nerve damage; Primary angle- ...
[28]
https://www.aao.org/education/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-angle-closure-disease-ppp
[29]
https://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(20)31023-X/fulltext
[30]
Surgical Iridectomy - Kahook's Essentials Of Glaucoma Therapy
Oct 16, 2019 · Surgical iridectomy is used to treat angle-closure glaucoma secondary to a pupil block mechanism. In modern practice, laser iridotomy is preferred over ...Operative Technique · Variations · Location of Surgical Iridectomy · Complications
[31]
Surgical Peripheral Iridectomy - Ento Key
Mar 7, 2021 · No instruments should be placed inside the eye. The iris is reposited by a sweeping motion of the irrigator tip across the limbal incision (E).Missing: microscissors | Show results with:microscissors
[32]
(PDF) Small incision surgical iridotomy and iridectomy - ResearchGate
Aug 10, 2025 · Small incision surgical iridectomy can be minimally invasive and effective. Use of a 25-gauge aspiration-cutting probe allowed for small incision surgery.Missing: microscissors | Show results with:microscissors
[33]
Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (LPI) - Wills Eye Hospital
LPI is a laser procedure performed in the office to prevent or treat closed angle glaucoma. What is angle closure glaucoma? The drainage site is found within ...
[34]
Diagnostic Workup and Considerations in Angle-closure Glaucoma
In eyes with narrow angles and suspected intermittent angle closure, you may wish to consider provocative testing in a dark room (to induce pupillary dilation) ...<|separator|>
[35]
Effects of Laser Peripheral Iridotomy on Corneal Endothelial Cell ...
The mean central corneal endothelial cell count prior to laser iridotomy was 2528 ± 119.2, and this value changed to 2470 ± 175.9, 2425 ± 150.6, and 2407 ± 69. ...
[36]
Laser Peripheral Iridotomy: Surgery for Narrow-Angle Glaucoma
Jul 5, 2021 · Iridotomy to Prevent Angle-Closure “Suspects” Laser peripheral iridotomy is the same procedure used to preventively treat primary angle-closure ...
[37]
Managing the Post-op Glaucoma Patient - Review of Optometry
Oct 15, 2016 · Patients should be given a topical steroid QID for five to seven days and should continue any glaucoma medications they are taking. A one-week ...<|separator|>
[38]
[PDF] Laser Peripheral Iridotomy - Michigan Medicine
On the day of your procedure, you will come to the Kellogg Eye Center clinic. A technician will take a few measurements of your eyes and instill eye drops to.Missing: iridectomy | Show results with:iridectomy
[39]
Glaucoma Laser Surgery Aftercare Tips - Miramar Eye Institute
Feb 7, 2025 · Your doctor will likely prescribe eye drops or medications to reduce inflammation, relieve discomfort, and prevent infection. Follow the dosage ...Missing: iridectomy | Show results with:iridectomy
[40]
The basics of good postoperative care after glaucoma surgery - PMC
When necessary, the postoperative medication (antibiotics and steroid eye drops) may be continued for up to 3 months after surgery on advice of the doctor. In ...Missing: iridectomy | Show results with:iridectomy
[41]
Eye Surgery Postoperative Instructions
DO NOT USE previous glaucoma drops in your operated eye, unless you are specifically instructed to by your doctor. 4. Antibiotic drops (Ocuflox, Zymar, Zymaxid, ...
[42]
Trabeculectomy - American Academy of Ophthalmology
Aug 14, 2024 · This procedure is called an iridectomy. After the procedure, you may have a patch put on your eye to wear overnight. Plan to have someone drive ...
[43]
A cross-sectional study on the complications of inferotemporal laser ...
The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of dysphotopsia and other associated complications after inferotemporal laser peripheral iridotomy ...
[44]
Resident-performed laser peripheral iridotomy in primary angle ...
Oct 16, 2017 · The total intraoperative complication rate was 25%, with hyphema or microhyphema occurring in 18% (35/196), IOP spikes >8 mmHg in 5% (10/196) ...
[45]
Immediate Changes in Intraocular Pressure after Laser Peripheral ...
The iridotomy was performed using the Nd:YAG laser, starting at an initial setting of 1.5 mJ. All iridotomies were performed using an Abraham lens (Ocular ...Missing: milestone | Show results with:milestone
[46]
Laser peripheral iridoplasty for chronic angle closure - PMC
Sun 2010 reported two cases of 'corneal endothelial burn' in the peripheral iridotomy alone group (2.6%), and one case of malignant glaucoma in the argon LPIp ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
IRIS Registry: Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery
Feb 1, 2020 · They found that, from 2013 to 2017, the incidence of acute-onset endophthalmitis was 0.04% in the United States. The condition was much more ...Missing: iridectomy | Show results with:iridectomy
[48]
[PDF] Clinical outcome of iridotomy with argon-YAG laser at a tertiary care ...
The main outcome measures were patency of iridotomy at 6 months, angle grading at 6 months and early and late complications. Results: Overall 40 eyes of 30 ...
[49]
Treatments & Surgeries - American Academy of Ophthalmology
**Summary of Laser Iridotomy for Angle-Closure Glaucoma:**
[50]
Lasers in glaucoma - Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
They found that PAC eyes with less than two quadrants of PAS had an 89.8% control of IOP, and if baseline PAS was more than two quadrants, at 10 years 62.7% ...
[51]
Understanding Laser Iridotomy: Procedure, Risks, and Recovery
Aug 16, 2025 · This flowchart illustrates the steps and outcomes of laser iridotomy. Follow the arrows to see. Outline the Procedure: Steps of Laser Iridotomy.
[52]
Chapter 8. Surgical treatment of glaucoma - EyeRounds
... iridotomy (LPI). LPI is done to create a bypass channel for aqueous to flow from behind the iris to the front of the iris, and subsequently, into the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
Laser Peripheral Iridotomy versus Trabeculectomy as an Initial ...
Sep 1, 2017 · The absolute risk increased with trabeculectomy is 2% and the number needed to harm (NNH) is 50. Cataract progression as defined was documented ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[54]
Alternatives: Managing Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Jan 5, 2019 · So there's plenty of evidence that in the right group of angle-closure glaucoma patients, cataract surgery alone is a reasonable option. Because ...
[55]
Results of 233 peripheral iridectomies for narrow-angle glaucoma
In 233 eyes, control of angle-closure glaucoma was achieved with peripheral iridectomy in 92.5% of acute cases, 69.2% without and 23.3% with medicine; ...
[56]
Glaucoma Surgery Series: Trabeculectomy - BrightFocus Foundation
Jul 7, 2021 · It is successful about 60-80 percent of the time in controlling the eye pressure during a period of five years. After the surgery, patients will ...Trabeculectomy Recovery And... · Creating A Bleb With An... · About Brightfocus Foundation
[57]
[PDF] Peripheral iridectomy for glaucoma is more effective than compound ...
Oct 30, 2022 · Conclusion: The efficacy of peripheral iridotomy for glaucoma is better than that of compound trabeculectomy. Monitoring Hcy and hs-CRP levels ...
[58]
Should an iridectomy be routinely performed as a part of ... - Nature
Nov 9, 2007 · Peripheral iridectomy induces an inflammatory response. Additionally, complications such as bleeding and vitreous loss may follow iridectomy.