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Extraction

Extraction refers to the systematic withdrawal of natural resources from the Earth's environment for human use, including fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal; non-renewable minerals and metals; and biomass from living organisms.^[1] This process underpins modern industrial societies by supplying essential raw materials for energy production, manufacturing, construction, and technology, with global extraction volumes exceeding 90 billion metric tons annually—over 11 tons per person—and having more than tripled since 1970 amid accelerating demand from urbanization and the energy transition.^[2]^[3] Economically, extractive industries drive substantial revenue for resource-rich nations, accounting for a quarter of global GDP across 81 countries and fueling supply chains critical to sectors like electronics, aerospace, and infrastructure, though they often exhibit capital-intensive operations with high upfront costs and vulnerability to commodity price volatility.^[4] Notable technological advancements, such as hydraulic fracturing and deep-sea drilling, have expanded accessible reserves, enabling unprecedented output scales, yet extraction frequently correlates with environmental degradation—including habitat loss, water contamination, and emissions contributing to climate change—as well as social challenges like the "resource curse," where abundant endowments empirically link to slower economic growth, heightened corruption, and conflict in governance-weak states due to institutional distortions rather than resource abundance alone.^[5]^[6]^[7] Despite these patterns, which academic sources sometimes amplify through selective emphasis on negative outcomes potentially influenced by institutional biases favoring regulatory interventions, extraction remains indispensable for material progress, with empirical evidence underscoring its role in poverty reduction and infrastructure development when paired with sound property rights and fiscal policies.^[8]

Resource and Industrial Extraction

Fossil Fuels and Energy Resources

Fossil fuels, comprising coal, crude oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable energy resources formed from ancient organic matter subjected to geological heat and pressure over millions of years.^[9] Coal exists as a solid sedimentary rock, oil as a liquid hydrocarbon, and natural gas primarily as methane in gaseous form.^[9] Extraction of these fuels accounts for the majority of global primary energy supply, with fossil fuels comprising 87% of the energy mix in 2024.^[10] Coal extraction predominantly occurs through surface mining, which removes overlying soil and rock to access seams, or underground mining using machinery to cut and transport coal from depths.^[11] Surface methods are employed for about 60% of U.S. coal production due to shallower deposits, while underground techniques target deeper reserves.^[12] Global coal production rose 1.6% in 2024, contributing to record fossil fuel consumption of 505 exajoules.^[13] Crude oil extraction involves drilling wells into reservoirs, with conventional methods relying on natural pressure or pumps for liquid recovery, while unconventional tight oil from shale requires hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling.^[9] ^[14] These techniques, advanced since the early 2000s, enabled U.S. crude oil output to reach a record 13.2 million barrels per day in 2024, up 2% from 2023.^[15] ^[13] Worldwide oil production exceeded 100 million barrels per day in 2024.^[13] Natural gas extraction mirrors oil methods, using vertical or horizontal drilling, often with hydraulic fracturing to release gas from low-permeability shale formations.^[16] Emerging innovations include supercritical CO2 fracking, which aims to improve efficiency and reduce water use compared to traditional hydraulic methods.^[17] Digitalization and automation, such as AI-driven predictive maintenance and real-time seismic monitoring, have further optimized operations across oil and gas fields since 2020.^[18] Beyond fossil fuels, extractable energy resources include uranium ore for nuclear power, mined via open-pit or underground methods to yield fuel for fission reactors that generated 5.2% of global energy in 2024.^[19] ^[20] Geothermal energy extraction entails drilling wells into hot subsurface rock to tap Earth's internal heat, primarily from radioactive decay of elements like uranium and thorium, providing baseload power in regions with suitable geology.^[21] ^[22] These non-fossil sources complement extraction efforts but remain minor compared to hydrocarbons' scale.^[20]

Mineral and Ore Extraction

Mineral extraction involves the physical removal of valuable minerals and ores from the Earth's crust, primarily through mechanical and chemical processes tailored to deposit type and depth. Ores consist of mineral aggregates in concentrations sufficient for profitable recovery of metals or non-metallic resources, often requiring beneficiation to separate gangue materials. The U.S. Geological Survey identifies three principal mining methods: surface mining, which strips away overburden to expose shallow deposits; underground mining, employing tunnels and shafts for deeper, selective extraction; and placer mining, which uses water-based separation to recover loose particles from sediments.^[23]^[24] Surface methods dominate for bulk commodities like iron ore due to lower costs, while underground techniques suit high-value, narrow veins such as gold deposits.^[25] Post-extraction processing concentrates ores via crushing, grinding, and physical or chemical separation techniques, including flotation, gravity, magnetic, or electrostatic methods, to isolate target minerals before smelting or refining. Metallic ores, such as bauxite for aluminum (the most abundant metal in the crust, yielding alumina via the Bayer process), hematite and magnetite for iron, chalcopyrite for copper, and cassiterite for tin, form the core of industrial metal production.^[26]^[27] Non-metallic industrial minerals, including limestone, clays, sand, gravel, gypsum, and barite, are extracted for direct use in construction, ceramics, and chemicals, often via quarrying or open-pit operations with minimal further processing.^[28] Global production data, tracked annually by the USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries, show over 90 commodities with world output in 2024 emphasizing iron ore, copper, and aluminum as foundational to infrastructure and manufacturing, though specific volumes vary by market dynamics and reserve availability.^[29] Extraction supports essential industries but generates waste rock, tailings, and emissions; for instance, mineral and metal production accounts for about 10% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from energy-intensive crushing and refining.^[30] Water use and potential acidification from drainage affect local ecosystems, necessitating engineered controls like liners and reclamation to restore sites, as unregulated legacy mines demonstrate persistent risks such as arsenic leaching into waterways.^[31]^[32] Economic viability hinges on ore grade thresholds—typically above 0.5% for copper—and geopolitical factors, with leading producers like Australia (iron ore) and Chile (copper) leveraging large-scale operations amid rising demand for battery metals like lithium from spodumene ores.^[29] Advances in automation and in-situ leaching reduce surface disturbance for select deposits, enhancing efficiency while addressing depletion of high-grade reserves.^[33]

Bioresource and Agricultural Extraction

Bioresource extraction refers to the systematic harvesting of renewable biological materials from natural ecosystems, such as forests, aquatic environments, and cultivated lands, to yield products including timber, fish, crops, fibers, and biofuels. This process differs from non-renewable resource extraction by relying on ecosystems' regenerative capacity, though exceeding sustainable yields leads to depletion, habitat loss, and biodiversity decline. Agricultural extraction, a subset, involves the mechanical or manual collection of plant-based commodities like grains, fruits, and vegetables, as well as animal products through slaughter or milking, supporting global food security and industrial inputs. In 2023, worldwide primary crop production totaled 9.9 billion tonnes, reflecting a 3% rise from the prior year driven by expanded cultivation of staples such as maize, rice, and wheat.^[34] Forestry constitutes a major bioresource domain, with global roundwood removals approximating 4 billion cubic meters annually in recent years, split roughly evenly between fuelwood and industrial uses like sawnwood and panels. Industrial roundwood harvest fell 4% to 1.92 billion cubic meters in 2023 amid economic slowdowns, while sawnwood production reached 445 million cubic meters. Extraction methods include clear-cutting for high-volume timber, selective logging to preserve canopy integrity, and mechanized felling with chainsaws or harvesters, often followed by skidding and transport via trucks or cables. Fisheries extraction, primarily through capture methods like trawling, netting, and longlining, yielded approximately 90 million tonnes of wild-caught aquatic animals in 2020, with totals stable into the early 2020s despite contributing to overall aquatic production of 223 million tonnes including aquaculture in 2022.^[35]^[36]^[37] Sustainable practices emphasize yield regulation to match regeneration rates, such as rotation cycles in agriculture (e.g., 1-3 years for annual crops) and fisheries quotas based on stock assessments. In forestry, reduced-impact logging minimizes soil compaction and erosion, while agricultural techniques like no-till farming preserve topsoil. However, environmental impacts remain substantial: agriculture drives 70-80% of global freshwater use, contributes 24% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (largely from livestock methane and rice paddies), and accelerates soil degradation affecting up to 33% of arable land. Overexploitation is evident in fisheries, where about 35% of assessed stocks were overfished as of 2020, and in deforestation linked to crop expansion, reducing forest cover by 420 million hectares since 1990.^[38]^[39]^[40] Economic significance underscores extraction's role, with agricultural output valued at trillions annually and bioresources supplying 10-15% of global energy via biomass. Challenges include climate variability exacerbating droughts and pests, prompting shifts toward precision agriculture with GPS-guided harvesters and integrated pest management to optimize yields without excess inputs. Despite advancements, systemic overreliance on monocultures heightens vulnerability, as seen in yield drops from events like the 2022 European heatwaves affecting cereal harvests by 10-20% in affected regions.^[41]

Scientific and Technical Extraction

Chemical and Materials Extraction

Chemical extraction encompasses separation techniques that isolate specific compounds or substances from complex mixtures or matrices by exploiting differences in solubility, partitioning, or affinity, primarily in laboratory and process-scale applications within chemistry and materials science. These methods are foundational for purifying reagents, recovering valuables from waste, and isolating active components from natural sources, with efficiency determined by factors such as solvent selection, temperature, pH, and phase contact time.^[42] In materials contexts, extraction often involves leaching metals or compounds from ores or solids using chemical agents, enabling downstream synthesis or analysis without mechanical disruption.^[43] Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction, is the most prevalent technique, involving the transfer of a solute from an aqueous phase to an immiscible organic solvent based on relative solubilities, typically performed in a separatory funnel for small-scale operations. The process relies on the partition coefficient, defined as the ratio of solute concentrations in the two phases at equilibrium, which governs selectivity; for instance, diethyl ether or dichloromethane is commonly used to extract organic acids or bases after pH adjustment to favor ionization in one phase.^[43] ^[44] Multiple extractions with fresh solvent volumes enhance yield over a single exhaustive step, as yield approximates 1 - (1/(K * V_ratio))^n, where K is the distribution coefficient, V_ratio is the solvent-to-sample volume ratio, and n is the number of extractions.^[45] In chemical engineering, continuous countercurrent LLE in mixer-settlers or columns scales this for industrial purification, such as separating rare earth elements via selective chelating agents.^[46] Solid-liquid extraction, including maceration and Soxhlet methods, targets solutes bound to solid matrices like plant tissues or ores, where a solvent percolates through the material to dissolve and remove target compounds. Maceration involves soaking pulverized solids in solvent at ambient conditions for extended periods (hours to days), suitable for heat-sensitive materials, while Soxhlet enables exhaustive extraction by repeated solvent reflux and siphoning, achieving near-complete recovery in 4-8 hours for lipids or alkaloids.^[47] For materials extraction, acid leaching—using sulfuric or hydrochloric acid to dissolve metals from low-grade ores—predominates in hydrometallurgy, with gold recovery via cyanidation achieving over 95% efficiency under controlled oxidation, though environmental concerns arise from reagent toxicity.^[48] Advanced techniques enhance efficiency and reduce solvent use: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) employs CO2 above its critical point (31°C, 73 atm) as a tunable solvent, ideal for non-polar compounds like essential oils, with extraction rates up to 10 times faster than conventional methods due to low viscosity and high diffusivity.^[49] Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) uses acoustic cavitation to disrupt cell walls, increasing mass transfer; studies report 20-30% higher yields for polyphenols from biomass at 20-40 kHz frequencies.^[49] Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) accelerates diffusion via dielectric heating, reducing extraction times to minutes while minimizing degradation, as evidenced by 90% caffeine recovery from coffee grounds in 5 minutes versus hours traditionally.^[50] These methods prioritize empirical optimization over theoretical models alone, with real-world efficacy verified through yield measurements and analytical confirmation via spectroscopy or chromatography.^[51]

Biological and Medical Extraction

Biological extraction encompasses laboratory techniques for isolating biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites from cells, tissues, or organisms, enabling downstream applications in genomics, proteomics, and biotechnology. These methods typically involve cell lysis to release contents, followed by purification to separate target molecules from contaminants like lipids, proteins, or debris. Common approaches include mechanical disruption (e.g., grinding or sonication), chemical lysis (e.g., detergents or enzymes), and separation via centrifugation or chromatography, with yields and purity varying by sample type and method.^[52]^[53] DNA extraction, a foundational biological technique, purifies genomic material for sequencing, PCR, or forensic analysis, with protocols evolving from manual to automated systems since the 1970s. The phenol-chloroform method, established as a benchmark, uses organic solvents to denature proteins and partition DNA into an aqueous phase after centrifugation, achieving high yields from blood, tissues, or cultured cells but requiring hazardous reagents and multiple steps.^[54]^[55] Alternatives include solid-phase extraction via silica columns or magnetic beads, which bind DNA under chaotropic conditions (e.g., guanidine salts) and elute it in buffer, offering faster processing and reduced contamination risks, as commercialized in kits since the 1990s.^[56]^[57] Chelex extraction, using chelating resin to lyse cells and bind divalent cations, suits quick PCR setups from small samples like buccal swabs but yields lower purity DNA unsuitable for long-term storage.^[54] Protein extraction isolates functional or structural proteins from biological matrices for enzymatic assays, structural studies, or therapeutics, often employing buffers with detergents (e.g., SDS or Triton X-100) to solubilize membranes alongside protease inhibitors to prevent degradation. Differential centrifugation separates subcellular fractions—nuclei, mitochondria, cytosol—yielding enriched extracts, while immunoprecipitation or affinity chromatography refines specific proteins.^[58] In plant biology, solvent-based methods like maceration or Soxhlet extraction recover secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids, flavonoids) from tissues, with modern variants incorporating ultrasound or microwaves to enhance efficiency and reduce solvent use.^[59]^[49] Medical extraction procedures surgically remove tissues or structures for therapeutic, diagnostic, or pathological purposes, prioritizing minimal invasiveness and containment to mitigate risks like dissemination of malignant cells. Tooth extraction, a routine dental intervention, involves local anesthesia followed by forceps or elevators to loosen and remove the tooth from its alveolar socket, indicated for irreversible decay, infection, or impaction, with simple extractions for visible teeth and surgical for impacted ones like third molars.^[60]^[61] Post-procedure, socket preservation with grafts prevents bone resorption, and complications like dry socket occur in 2-5% of cases.^[62] In gynecologic surgery, tissue extraction via morcellation fragments uterine fibroids or specimens during laparoscopic hysterectomies, using manual or power devices within containment bags to contain fragments and reduce occult malignancy spread risks, a concern heightened after FDA warnings in 2014 on leiomyosarcoma dissemination.^[63] Contained systems, like those employing insufflated bags, enable extracorporeal morcellation, with studies reporting 72% usage via colpotomy or minilaparotomy for specimen retrieval.^[64] Biopsy extractions harvest tissue samples via needle aspiration or core devices for histopathological analysis, essential in oncology, where nondestructive methods preserve antigenicity for immunohistochemistry.^[65] These techniques balance efficacy with safety, informed by empirical outcomes from clinical trials and registries.

Data and Information Extraction

Data extraction refers to the process of retrieving raw data from various sources, such as databases, files, applications, or cloud platforms, for further processing or analysis. In enterprise contexts, it forms the initial phase of extract, transform, load (ETL) pipelines, where data is pulled from heterogeneous systems into a centralized repository like a data warehouse.^[66] This step ensures data consolidation from disparate origins, enabling unified analytics, though it must address challenges like volume, velocity, and variety of sources to avoid bottlenecks.^[67] Techniques for data extraction vary by source and requirements. Full extraction copies entire datasets periodically, suitable for static sources but inefficient for large volumes due to redundancy. Incremental extraction targets only new or changed data, using timestamps or logs to minimize transfer, while change data capture (CDC) monitors database transaction logs in real-time for high-velocity environments.^[68] Tools like Apache NiFi or Talend facilitate these methods, integrating APIs, SQL queries, or file parsers to handle structured data formats such as CSV, JSON, or relational tables.^[67] Information extraction (IE), a subset focused on unstructured or semi-structured text, automates the identification and structuring of entities, relations, and events from sources like documents or web pages. Core tasks include named entity recognition (NER) for detecting persons, organizations, or locations; relation extraction for linking entities (e.g., "employs" between company and person); and event extraction for timelines or actions.^[69] Traditional approaches relied on rule-based systems or statistical machine learning, but post-2010 shifts to deep learning, including transformers like BERT, improved accuracy on noisy text by learning contextual embeddings.^[70] From 2020 onward, advances in IE have leveraged large language models (LLMs) for zero-shot extraction, reducing reliance on annotated training data and enabling multimodal integration of text with images or tables. Hybrid systems combining LLMs with knowledge graphs enhance precision in domains like biomedical literature, where extracting drug interactions from papers supports causal inference over correlation.^[71] Applications span search engines for query understanding, business intelligence for sentiment and trend mining, and compliance for regulatory reporting, though biases in training data—often drawn from skewed corpora—can propagate errors, necessitating validation against primary sources.^[69] Scalability remains a hurdle, as real-time extraction on massive datasets demands distributed computing frameworks like Apache Spark.^[72] Challenges in both data and IE include data quality degradation from duplicates or incompleteness, addressed via preprocessing like deduplication, and privacy concerns under regulations like GDPR, requiring anonymization during extraction. Empirical benchmarks, such as CoNLL for NER, show F1 scores exceeding 90% in controlled settings with modern models, but real-world performance drops to 70-80% on diverse, low-resource languages due to domain shifts.^[70] Future directions emphasize causal models to infer unstated relations, prioritizing evidence over associative patterns for truth-seeking applications in scientific discovery.^[73]

Military and Tactical Extraction

Personnel and Asset Recovery Operations

Personnel recovery operations constitute a core component of military doctrine, encompassing the systematic processes to retrieve U.S. military personnel, Department of Defense civilians, and contractors who become isolated, missing, detained, or evading capture in hostile environments. According to U.S. Air Force Doctrine Publication 3-50, these operations represent "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel," prioritizing the denial of exploitable human assets to adversaries while mitigating risks to rescuers.^[74] Joint Publication 3-50 delineates five sequential tasks: report (notifying isolation events via beacons or communications), locate (using intelligence, surveillance, and signals intelligence), support (providing survival guidance or diversions), recover (executing the physical extraction), and reintegrate (debriefing and psychological support post-recovery).^[75] Execution typically involves specialized units such as Air Force Special Tactics teams, including Pararescuemen and Combat Controllers, who integrate with joint task forces for combat search and rescue (CSAR). These forces deploy via low-level helicopter insertions, often under suppressive fire, to authenticate, treat, and exfiltrate personnel, employing non-conventional assisted recovery methods with indigenous forces when conventional options are infeasible.^[76]^[77] The Joint Personnel Recovery Agency coordinates training and policy, emphasizing pre-isolation preparation like survival kits and evasion protocols to enhance success rates, which historically exceed 90% in supported environments due to technological aids like GPS and satellite communications.^[78] Notable operations illustrate the high-stakes nature of these missions. During the Vietnam War, U.S. Air Force HH-3 Jolly Green Giant helicopters and HC-130 refuelers conducted thousands of CSAR sorties, recovering over 3,800 personnel amid intense anti-aircraft fire, though at the cost of 123 aircraft and numerous aircrew losses.^[79] In Operation Desert Storm (1991), CSAR teams launched seven missions to recover aircrew from 38 downed coalition aircraft, leveraging precision-guided munitions for suppression and minimizing further casualties.^[80] More recently, Air Force Special Operations Command pararescuemen executed recoveries in Afghanistan, such as supporting Operation Red Wings (2005), where attempted extractions under Taliban fire highlighted the integration of special operations aviation with ground recovery elements despite operational setbacks.^[81] Asset recovery operations complement personnel efforts by targeting the retrieval of military hardware, vehicles, weapons, or sensitive technologies lost, damaged, or abandoned in combat zones, aiming to deny adversaries material gains, preserve technological edges, and sustain force logistics. These missions utilize engineer and maintenance units equipped with heavy recovery vehicles, such as the M88A2 HERCULES armored recovery vehicle, capable of towing 70-ton tanks under fire while providing suppressive armament.^[82] Tactical recoveries prioritize high-value items like command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems or unexploded ordnance to prevent reverse-engineering or reuse, with operations often conducted immediately post-engagement to exploit temporary enemy disarray.^[83] In practice, asset recoveries frequently overlap with personnel missions; for instance, CSAR teams secure downed aircraft not only for aircrew but also to extract avionics, cryptologic gear, or munitions before adversaries can salvage them. A 2014 U.S. Army initiative recovered over 750,000 pounds of C4ISR equipment from forward-deployed sites in Afghanistan, recycling components worth millions and averting intelligence compromises.^[84] Such operations underscore causal priorities: unrecovered assets erode combat effectiveness by inflating replenishment costs—estimated at billions annually—and enable enemy adaptations, as seen in historical captures of U.S. gear by insurgents for improvised explosive devices. Success hinges on rapid assessment, route clearance, and air cover, with doctrine emphasizing that deliberate recovery planning extends operational tempo rather than merely salvaging materiel.^[83]

Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Film and Television Productions

The 2020 Netflix film Extraction, directed by Sam Hargrave, centers on Tyler Rake, a black-market mercenary portrayed by Chris Hemsworth, who undertakes a high-risk mission to rescue the kidnapped son of an imprisoned international crime lord amid a violent underworld conflict in Dhaka, Bangladesh.^[85] The production, adapted from the graphic novel Ciudad by Andy Diggle and Jock, emphasized practical stunts and long-take action sequences, grossing over 90 million household views in its first month of release.^[86] Its sequel, Extraction 2 (2023), shifts the plot to Rake leading a prison break extraction of a family from a Siberian gulag controlled by a warlord, incorporating extended one-shot fight scenes and receiving praise for escalated tactical combat. Netflix announced an eight-episode television series expansion of the Extraction universe in 2025, starring Omar Sy as a new lead operative, produced by the Russo Brothers, focusing on interconnected black-ops rescue missions without Chris Hemsworth's involvement.^[87] Personnel extraction themes appear in other action thrillers, such as The Red Sea Diving Resort (2019), which dramatizes Mossad's Operation Brothers, a 1980s effort to extract Ethiopian Jews via a fake resort on Sudan's coast, blending espionage with logistical challenges of mass evacuation.^[88] Similarly, Argo (2012), directed by and starring Ben Affleck, depicts the 1980 CIA operation to extract six American diplomats from Iran using a fabricated film production as cover, highlighting intelligence improvisation over direct assault.^[89] Resource extraction is portrayed in dramas like The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), directed by John Huston, where prospectors grapple with greed and peril during gold mining in Mexico, underscoring human costs of raw material pursuit.^[90] There Will Be Blood (2007), Paul Thomas Anderson's adaptation of Upton Sinclair's novel, follows oil driller Daniel Plainview's ruthless expansion in early 20th-century California, emphasizing industrial ambition and environmental transformation through drilling techniques.^[90] Blood Diamond (2006) examines diamond mining amid Sierra Leone's civil war, with Leonardo DiCaprio's character navigating conflict zones to extract and smuggle gems, critiquing the trade's role in funding violence.^[91] Television depictions include episodic military extractions in series like SEAL Team (2017–present), where Navy SEAL units execute personnel recovery operations in hostile territories, drawing from real special operations doctrines for authenticity.^[92] Resource themes surface in documentaries such as Harlan County, U.S.A. (1976), which chronicles coal miners' strikes in Kentucky, exposing labor exploitation in underground extraction.^[91]

Literature and Other Creative Works

Literature often portrays extraction—whether of minerals, oil, or human potential—as a metaphor for exploitation, societal upheaval, and environmental degradation. Émile Zola's Germinal (1885) depicts the brutal realities of coal mining in northern France, focusing on a miners' strike sparked by wage cuts and unsafe conditions at the Voreux pit, drawing from historical events like the 1884 strike wave.^[93] Richard Llewellyn's How Green Was My Valley (1939) narrates the decline of a Welsh coal-mining community through the eyes of protagonist Huw Morgan, capturing the shift from prosperity to poverty as seams depleted by the 1920s.^[94] These industrial novels highlight extraction's toll on laborers, with Zola emphasizing cyclical poverty and Llewellyn evoking communal erosion amid mechanization.^[95] Petrofiction, a term coined for narratives centered on oil extraction, gained prominence in the 20th century amid production surges from 1900 to 1930, when global output rose over 300 percent.^[96] Upton Sinclair's Oil! (1927) satirizes California's early oil industry through the exploits of magnate J. Arnold Ross, exposing bribery, labor abuses, and speculative booms that mirrored real scandals like the Teapot Dome affair of 1921–1923.^[97] The novel influenced Upton's socialist critiques, portraying extraction as fueling unchecked capitalism rather than neutral progress. Later works, such as biographical fiction We Will Become Jaguars (publication details circa 2024), examine oil's incursion into the Amazon, detailing impacts on indigenous groups through altered ecosystems and cultural displacement.^[98] In speculative genres, extraction themes extend to dystopian and supernatural contexts. Stephanie Diaz's Extraction (2014), the first in a young adult trilogy, unfolds in a future where 16-year-olds undergo "Extraction" aptitude tests to determine elite Versus status or labor assignment, reflecting stratified resource allocation amid scarcity.^[99] Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child's novella Extraction (2012), a Pendergast series entry, blends thriller elements with folklore during an Italian archaeological excavation, where miners unearth a cursed site tied to medieval legends.^[100] Amy Martinsen's The Extraction (2022), fifth in the Untapped Source series, centers on CIA operative Kate searching for her colleague John amid high-stakes personnel recovery in hostile territory, echoing real special operations tactics.^[101] Science fiction critiques extractive logics through interstellar mining and data parallels, often analogizing planetary resource grabs to historical colonialism. Works in this vein, such as those probing "extractivism" ethics, portray off-world operations yielding rare minerals for technology, with costs borne by colonized environments and populations—evident in narratives from the 1970s onward amid resource debates.^[102] Collections like Granta 167: Extraction (2024) compile fiction and nonfiction probing global extraction's desires and policies, from artisanal mining to green energy transitions.^[103] These portrayals underscore causal chains from depletion to conflict, prioritizing empirical industrial histories over romanticized views.

Ancestry and Lineage Contexts

In genealogical research, extraction refers to the systematic identification and recording of pertinent details from historical documents to reconstruct ancestry and lineages, distinguishing it from full transcription or summarization by focusing on elements like names, dates, relationships, and locations that link individuals across generations.^[104] This method ensures comprehensive capture of evidentiary clues without verbatim copying, enabling researchers to build verifiable pedigrees while minimizing errors from incomplete records.^[105] Extraction forms, such as those for censuses, standardize this process by aligning data with columnar formats from specific enumeration years, like the 1850 U.S. Federal Census which first listed all household members by name and age.^[106] Traditional extraction draws from primary sources including vital records, church registers, and probate documents, where researchers manually note relational indicators—such as parent-child designations or spousal ties—to trace patrilineal or matrilineal descent. For instance, English parish registers from 1538 onward provide baptismal entries extractable for lineage confirmation, often cross-referenced with wills to resolve ambiguities in inheritance lines.^[107] In contexts of noble or royal lineages, extraction from heraldic rolls or peerage compendia, like the 19th-century Complete Peerage, verifies claims through successive generational links, though such records require scrutiny for potential interpolations by later compilers.^[104] Research extracts serve as quick-reference summaries, logging sources consulted to track progress and avoid redundant searches, as recommended in standard genealogical workflows.^[108] Modern advancements incorporate digital tools and automation for lineage extraction, including optical character recognition (OCR) software to parse scanned historical texts and AI-driven structuring of unstructured data from archives. Companies specializing in family history employ machine learning to extract entities from digitized records, such as converting 18th-century handwriting into searchable formats for broader pedigree matching.^[109] In genetic genealogy, extraction extends to autosomal DNA data, where algorithms infer ancestral segments and construct probabilistic trees by comparing variants against reference populations, as seen in tests analyzing over 700,000 markers for ethnicity estimates dating back 500-1,000 years.^[110] GEDCOM-compatible software further facilitates exporting extracted lineage data into spreadsheets for analysis, supporting hybrid approaches that integrate documentary evidence with genomic inferences.^[111] These methods enhance accuracy but demand validation against original sources to mitigate algorithmic biases or database limitations.^[112]

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A Guide to the Four Main Methods of Mining - AZoM
Oct 8, 2019 · The four main mining methods are underground, surface, placer, and in-situ. Underground involves tunnels, surface removes plant life, placer ...
[25]
What is Mineral Extraction: Definition, Importance, Methods & Impact
Methods like underground mining, strip mines, and placer mining come into play, each tailored for specific conditions and mineral types. In the United States, ...Exploration · What are the Different Methods... · What are the Risks of Mineral...
[26]
Extraction of Metals from Ores - CK12-Foundation
Metal extraction involves steps like concentration, roasting, calcination, reduction, electrolytic reduction, and electrolytic refining, depending on the ore ...
[27]
[PDF] 40 Common Minerals and Their Uses - National Mining Association
Aluminum. The most abundant metal element in Earth's crust. Aluminum originates as an oxide called alumina. Bauxite ore is the main source.
[28]
Industrial Minerals: - Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration
The most widely used industrial minerals include limestone, clays, sand, gravel, diatomite, kaolin, bentonite, silica, barite, gypsum, potash, pumice, and talc.
[29]
Mineral commodity summaries 2025 - USGS Publications Warehouse
Jan 31, 2025 · The MCS is the earliest comprehensive source of 2024 mineral production data for the world. More than 90 individual minerals and materials are covered by two- ...
[30]
[PDF] Environmental impacts of extraction and processing of raw materials ...
Of the total global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, an estimated 10% stems from mineral and metal production. Other drivers are deforestation, ...
[31]
How can metal mining impact the environment?
Operations and waste products associated with metal extraction and processing are the principal causes of environmental concerns about metal mining.
[32]
From Gold Rush to Rot—The Lasting Environmental Costs and ...
Feb 22, 2023 · They pose risks to human health and the environment because they can leak toxic chemicals (like arsenic) into waterways. One example is the Gold ...
[33]
Everything you need to know about ore mining - Aziwell
Examples: Iron ore, copper ore, and gold ore. 4 types of ores. Oxide ore; Carbonate ores; Sulfide ores; Halide ores. Formation of ore deposits. There are four ...Missing: major | Show results with:major
[34]
Agricultural production statistics 2010–2023
Dec 20, 2024 · The global production of primary crops reached 9.9 billion tonnes in 2023, increasing by 3 percent since 2022 and 27 percent since 2010. The ...
[35]
Global wood production is at record levels, at about 4 billion m³ per ...
World roundwood removals have amounted to about 4 billion m³ annually in recent years, around half of which has been used for fuel, either directly (as ...
[36]
[PDF] GLOBAL FOREST PRODUCTS 2023
Jan 1, 2025 · FAO statistics subdivide this category into coniferous and non- coniferous sawnwood. In 2023, global sawnwood production totalled 445 million m³ ...
[37]
Global forest products facts and figures 2023 shows fall in global ...
Dec 10, 2024 · The Global forest products facts and figures 2023 report says the worldwide wood and paper products trade saw a significant drop of 12 percent.
[38]
Environmental Impacts of Food Production - Our World in Data
Agriculture has a significant environmental impact in three key ways. First, it requires large amounts of fresh water, which can cause significant ...
[39]
FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Global capture production
This database contains capture production statistics by country or territory, species item, and FAO Major Fishing Area. Last update: 28/03/2025 ...
[40]
Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Modifications
Oct 19, 2023 · Agricultural livestock are responsible for a large proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions, most notably methane. In addition, overgrazing ...
[41]
OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030
The report assesses 10-year prospects for agricultural markets, trends driving them, and the need for improvements to achieve sustainable development goals.
[42]
Extraction Process - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The extraction process is defined as a separation technique that utilizes differences in solubility to solubilize and separate a solute from other materials, ...
[43]
4.2: Overview of Extraction - Chemistry LibreTexts
Apr 7, 2022 · In the chemistry lab, it is most common to use liquid-liquid extraction, a process that occurs in a separatory funnel (Figure 4.2). A solution ...
[44]
[PDF] Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Sep 4, 2021 · Extraction is a process where one or more solute(s) are removed from one liquid phase (diluent) by transferring that/those the solute(s) to ...
[45]
4.6: Step-by-Step Procedures For Extractions - Chemistry LibreTexts
Apr 7, 2022 · Pour the contents to be extracted into a conical vial, or a glass tube with a tapered end (e.g. centrifuge tube). · Add the extractive solvent by ...<|separator|>
[46]
Extractors - Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering Equipment
Apr 5, 2022 · The key elements to successful LLE are solvent selection and effective mass transfer. The solvent needs to be able to extract the desired solute ...
[47]
Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products
Apr 17, 2018 · This paper intends to provide a comprehensive view of a variety of methods used in the extraction and isolation of natural products.
[48]
Solvent Extraction Techniques - Organomation
This guide provides a detailed overview of various solvent extraction techniques, their principles, applications and factors affecting their efficiency.
[49]
Contemporary methods for the extraction and isolation of natural ...
Jun 30, 2023 · Extraction is the process of separating out the desired component(s) from a chemical mixture. It is a key step in using any bioactive natural ...
[50]
A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and ...
This review describes and discusses the various extraction techniques used to obtain the phytochemicals from different plant parts.
[51]
[PDF] Review of Extraction Techniques - ARC Journals
Ultrasonic assisted Extraction, Microwave assisted Extraction, Mechano-chemical assisted Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Heat Reflux Extraction, ...<|separator|>
[52]
Organic Extraction Method | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US
Organic extraction is an essential technique in molecular biology, commonly used for isolating nucleic acids, proteins, and cells from complex biological ...
[53]
https://www.abcam.com/en-us/knowledge-center/dna-and-rna/dna-extraction
[54]
DNA Extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction - PMC - NIH
DNA extraction techniques include organic extraction (phenol–chloroform method), nonorganic method (salting out and proteinase K treatment), and adsorption ...
[55]
The Evolution of DNA Extraction Methods
Mar 11, 2020 · The phenol-chloroform method is the gold-standard for DNA extraction. It can be used to extract DNA from blood, suspension culture, or tissue ...
[56]
DNA Purification | DNA Extraction Methods - Promega Corporation
This guide provides a comprehensive introduction to DNA and RNA purification methods, including the basics of DNA isolation, plasmid growth and nucleic acid ...Introduction · DNA Purification Methods · Methods for Determining DNA...
[57]
DNA and RNA Extraction and Analysis | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US
Isolation methods include paramagnetic bead-based purification, organic extraction using reagents, or silica-based spin column isolation. Selection of a method ...
[58]
Extraction Method - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Extraction is the separation of the analyte from the matrix. A few techniques, such as direct analysis of chemicals in liquids, may avoid the extraction step.
[59]
Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation ...
Jan 29, 2020 · In general, extraction procedures include maceration, digestion, decoction, infusion, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, superficial extraction, ...
[60]
Tooth Extraction: Surgery & Healing - Cleveland Clinic
A tooth extraction is a surgery to remove your tooth from its socket. You might need a tooth removed if you have severe decay, gum disease or dental trauma.
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Oral Surgery, Extraction of Teeth - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Jun 1, 2023 · Dental extractions are routine dental treatments offered by a range of practitioners with varying degrees of experience in oral surgery and various clinical ...Anatomy And Physiology · Contraindications · Equipment
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How To Do an Emergency Tooth Extraction - Dental Disorders
Tooth extraction is performed using manual dental instruments, to remove nonviable, nonsalvageable teeth. Adequate anesthesia is important.Contraindications References · Use Of Dental Elevator · Use Of Dental Forceps
[63]
Current Methods of Tissue Extraction in Minimally Invasive Surgical ...
The most common methods of tissue extraction were manual morcellation through the colpotomy (72.4%) or minilaparotomy (66.9%).
[64]
Contained Tissue Extraction System | Olympus America | Medical
The new Guardenia™ Contained Extraction System is designed to prevent the escape of cells into the abdominal cavity during extracorporeal manual morcellation.
[65]
Extraction of tissue and body fluids - GPOH
Apr 22, 2015 · The extraction of tissue and body fluids requires penetration into a patient's body. Therefore, the corresponding techniques like biopsy and puncture (please ...
[66]
What is ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)? - IBM
ETL is a data integration process that extracts, transforms and loads data from multiple sources into a data warehouse or other unified data repository.What is ETL? · How ETL evolved
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Data Extraction Techniques in ETL: How it Works - Rivery
Apr 11, 2025 · Data extraction is a process of collecting different data types from various sources, such as storage systems, apps, and cloud-based platforms.
[68]
What are the various methods and tools available for extracting data ...
Jul 23, 2025 · This article specifically focuses on strategies and tools applied in the extraction phase for ETL operations, it covers a wide range of methods and their uses, ...What is data extraction? · Different Types of Data... · Types of Data Extraction in ETL
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What Is Information Extraction? | Ontotext Fundamentals
Information extraction is the process of extracting information from unstructured textual sources to enable finding entities as well as classifying and storing ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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What is Information Extraction ? A Beginner's Guide - Analytics Vidhya
Oct 15, 2024 · Using information extraction nlp, we can retrieve pre-defined information such as the name of a person, location of an organization, or identify a relation ...
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NLP Information Extraction: An Overview - Astera Software
Jun 10, 2025 · Information extraction is the process of extracting requisite structured data from semi-structured or unstructured text-based data sources.<|separator|>
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The Complete Guide to Information Extraction from Texts with Spark ...
May 16, 2023 · Information extraction involves identifying specific entities, relationships, and events of interest in text data, such as named entities like ...
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Information Extraction in Natural Language Processing
Sep 1, 2023 · Information extraction (IE) techniques play a crucial role in transforming raw text into structured and actionable insights.
[74]
[PDF] AFDP 3-50, Personnel Recovery - Air Force Doctrine
Sep 26, 2025 · Joint Publication (JP) 3-50 defines personnel recovery (PR) as "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute ...
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[PDF] JP 3-50, Personnel Recovery - Executive Services Directorate
Oct 2, 2015 · Scope. This publication provides doctrine for the preparation, planning, execution, and assessment of personnel recovery. 2. Purpose.
[76]
Personnel Recovery - Air Force Special Tactics
Special Tactics teams conduct personnel recovery missions, from rapid mission planning to technical rescue, treatment, and ex-filtration.
[77]
Personnel Recovery - Joint Air Power Competence Centre
Personnel Recovery: The sum of military, diplomatic and civil efforts to effect the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel.
[78]
Mission and Legacy - Joint Personnel Recovery Agency
Personnel Recovery (PR) is the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel.
[79]
Combat Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia - Air Force Museum
The PJ's unique mission in the Southeast Asia War was to ride into a combat zone aboard a rescue helicopter and descend into jungles, swamps, mountains, and ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
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[PDF] Welcome to the heroic world of USAF Combat Search and Rescue
Bringing CSAR's war operations a little more up to date,. Operation 'Desert Storm' in 1991 saw 38 coalition aircraft lost, yet only seven CSAR missions launched ...
[81]
US special operations and the importance of personnel recovery ...
Oct 16, 2023 · The PR mission is the “sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel.”
[82]
Military Recovery Vehicles Are Force Multipliers | The Dock on the Bay
Aug 28, 2023 · Damaging enemy combat recovery equipment is a force multiplier. Stop them treating their wounded tanks and BMPs and you are multiplying your own force.<|separator|>
[83]
Tactical Perspective: Recovery Operations Marks the Beginning, Not ...
May 24, 2021 · During the recovery phase immediately following a field exercise, commanders provide their leaders with a “refit to fight/recovery schedule” ...
[84]
Asset recovery mission reclaims, recycles C4ISR equipment - Army.mil
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[85]
Extraction (2020) - IMDb
Rating 6.8/10 (283,866) A fearless black market mercenary embarks on the most deadly extraction of his career when he's enlisted to rescue the kidnapped son of an imprisoned ...Plot · Full cast & crew · News · Official Trailer
[86]
'Extraction', starring Chris Hemsworth and produced by Anthony and ...
May 3, 2020 · 'Extraction', starring Chris Hemsworth and produced by Anthony and Joe Russo, is projected to be watched by 90 million households in its first 4 ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
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Extraction Series Rounds Out Its Cast with 11 New Recruits - Netflix
The 'Extraction' universe expands with a new TV series produced by the Russo Brothers starring Omar Sy, Boyd Holbrook, Ed Speleers, May Calamawy, ...
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10 Top Mossad Operations & the Spy Movies They Inspired From ...
As incredible as Chris Evans' movie The Red Sea Diving Resort may seem, it is based on the real-life Mossad Operation Brothers and daring Red Sea extraction ...
[89]
Movies with rescue operations: Must Watch Collection - Facebook
Jan 18, 2025 · Argo (2012) – Thriller, Drama Ben Affleck directs and stars in this true story about a CIA mission to rescue hostages from Iran. Smart, tense, ...Guys I love action packed movies with serious exchange of fists like ...Action movies similar to Extraction 2 with intense fight scenesMore results from www.facebook.comMissing: shows | Show results with:shows
[90]
A list of the top movies about mining
Mar 25, 2012 · 1. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre · 2. There Will be Blood Movie Trailer · 3. North Country · 4. Coal Miner's Daughter · 5. King Solomon's Mine · 6 ...Missing: extraction | Show results with:extraction
[91]
films about mining - IMDb
1. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre · 2. Coal Miner's Daughter · 3. October Sky · 4. Blood Diamond · 5. Harlan County U.S.A. · 6. Under Rich Earth · 7. Salt of the ...
[92]
10 Best Rescue Mission Movies - YouTube
Jan 21, 2024 · Comments · She Was Left Behind… But They Came for Her · The Top 15 Worth Watching Movies About Terrorism · Hyena Road | Full War Movie | WATCH FOR ...
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The Greatest Historical Fiction Books of All Time on Mining
Download · 1. Germinal by Émile Zola · 2. Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner · 3. How Green Was My Valley by Richard Llewellyn · 4. Rose by Martin Cruz Smith.Missing: extraction | Show results with:extraction
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The Best 20 Mining Books - Blinkist
The list includes 'A Coal Miner's Quilt' about coal mining, 'Deep Down Dark' about trapped miners, 'How Green Was My Valley' about a Welsh mining town, and ' ...
[95]
Popular Mining Books - Goodreads
Popular Mining Books ; Gray Mountain John Grisham ; The Women of the Copper Country Mary Doria Russell ; Deep Down Dark: The Untold Stories of 33 Men Buried in a ...
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Oil!: On the Petro-Novel by Michael Tondre - The Paris Review
Mar 1, 2023 · There are good reasons why oil poured into literature at this time. Between 1900 and 1930, global oil production surged some 300 percent ...
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Pure petrofiction: why writers will keep drilling for stories about oil
Jul 4, 2023 · From tales of 'hissing' oilmen to 'crying' trees, novels about petroleum and its devastating effect on communities and the environment are powerful fiction for ...
[98]
Are there any historical fictions about the oil industry? - Facebook
Dec 15, 2024 · Check out the biographical fiction We will Become Jaguars - it's about the impact of oil industry on the rainforest and indigenous people of the Amazon.
[99]
Extraction - Stephanie Diaz - Google Books
Jul 22, 2014 · "Welcome to extraction testing"Clementine has spent her whole life preparing for her 16th birthday when she'll be tested for Extraction, ...
[100]
Extraction (Kindle Single) (Pendergast) - Amazon.com
A story of brotherhood, fear, and a belief in the dark arts, Extraction has the old-timey feel of a campfire ghost story. Never has al dente pasta sounded ...
[101]
The Extraction (Untapped Source, book 5) by Amy Martinsen
The Extraction ... Where are you, John? This question has run on a loop in Kate's mind ever since John, a fellow CIA officer and the man she loves, stopped ...
[102]
The Ethics of Extractivism in Science Fiction - Strange Horizons
Sep 26, 2022 · Extractivism is a term describing the profit-driven, large-scale removal of natural resources—such as oil, precious metals like gold or platinum ...Missing: literature | Show results with:literature
[103]
Granta 167: Extraction: Meaney, Thomas: 9781909889644
30-day returnsWhat's it about? A collection of fiction and reportage exploring global extraction themes, from freemining and green transition policies to unrequited desires, ...
[104]
Transcribing, Extracting, and Abstracting Genealogical Documents
Extraction: Identify and record the most genealogically significant information from any document without missing crucial clues; Abstraction: Transform lengthy ...
[105]
Genealogy Proof Series: Extracting and Recording Data So That ...
Jun 14, 2024 · This article is about how to search those resources once you find them, who to record, and how so that you'll be able to analyze the resulting information.
[106]
Genealogy Research Forms - FamilySearch
Jul 18, 2025 · Census Forms - Census extraction forms are doubly valuable: not only do they allow researchers to see the format and column headings for various ...
[107]
Resources for Genealogists and Family Historians | National Archives
Apr 22, 2025 · Resources include free databases, charts, forms, census, military, immigration, and naturalization records, workshops, and online tools.Start Your Genealogy Research · Genealogy Resources · Catalog Guide for...
[108]
Free Charts and Forms - Ancestry® Support
Research calendar: Account for every record source you've used. Research extract: Summarize information that may be difficult to reread quickly.
[109]
How a Leading Genealogy Company Unlocks the Secrets ... - MLtwist
May 12, 2025 · A leading genealogy company has harnessed the power of artificial intelligence and machine learning to extract and structure historical data ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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Testing Artifacts to Obtain DNA Evidence for Genealogical Research
Nov 19, 2018 · The cost of testing is currently $781.50 and is broken down as follows in Australian dollars: extraction @ $140 (not refundable); genotyping @ ...
[111]
20 Brilliant Genealogy Tools To Try This Year
GedScape is software that lets you view, manipulate, convert and extract text data from GEDCOM files (CSV, for import to Excel), for Windows-based computers.<|separator|>
[112]
Extracting Information from Historical Genealogical Documents
Jan 19, 2022 · The fundamental problem with record types is they require extracting information according to a fixed ontology or schema.