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Jack Clement

Jack Henderson Clement (April 5, 1931 – August 8, 2013), known professionally as "Cowboy" Jack Clement, was an American , , engineer, publisher, and studio owner whose multifaceted career profoundly shaped , , and music from the 1950s through the 1980s. Born in , —a suburb of —Clement grew up immersed in music as the son of a church choir director, learning guitar as a child and running away from home at age 15 to pursue performing. After serving in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1948 to 1952, where he played bluegrass with the Tennessee Troupers, he formed the Bayou Boys band and released his first single in 1953 on the Sheraton label while studying briefly at Memphis State University. In 1956, he joined as a producer and engineer under , where he contributed to iconic sessions including the 1956 "" jam featuring , , , and —whom Clement discovered and helped launch with hits like "." Clement's songwriting credits include country chart-toppers such as "Ballad of a Teenage Queen" and "Guess Things Happen That Way" for in 1958, as well as "She Thinks I Still Care" for in 1962 and "Patches" for . After leaving in 1959, Clement worked as an assistant to at starting in 1960, co-founded Hall-Clement Publishing in 1961, and produced Charley Pride's first 13 albums starting in 1965, playing a pivotal role in breaking racial barriers by championing the first Black superstar in country music. He opened the in 1969 and later his home-based Cowboy Arms Hotel and Recording Spa in the 1970s, founded JMI Records in 1971, and produced influential works like ' 1975 album Dreaming My Dreams, which advanced the outlaw country movement, along with sessions for artists including , , , and U2's in 1988. Throughout his life, Clement was celebrated as a maverick and non-conformist who mentored talents like and influenced the evolution of Nashville's . His honors include induction into the in 1973, the Americana Music Association's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005, and posthumous entry into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2013, shortly before his death from at age 82.

Early Life

Childhood and Family Background

Jack Henderson Clement was born on April 5, 1931, in the neighborhood of , into a immersed in from an early age. His father served as a director, providing a household environment rich with musical influences that shaped young Clement's interests. Details on his mother's background and any siblings remain limited in historical records, suggesting a middle-class upbringing typical of mid-20th-century families involved in community and religious activities. Growing up in , Clement developed a fascination with cowboy music during his childhood, often listening to broadcasts on local radio stations such as WMC, where he heard performers like and Wayne Raney. Family visits to relatives in rural , such as in , during holidays and summers exposed him firsthand to traditions, including hearing neighbor girls singing songs like "." These experiences, combined with his father's choral work, ignited his passion for music and led him to begin playing instruments in school. By his teens, Clement had taken up the guitar, teaching himself to play and performing locally, which deepened his enthusiasm for and styles amid Memphis's vibrant emerging music scene. At age 15 in 1946, he ran away from home, marking a restless period that reflected his growing independence and drive toward musical pursuits. This youthful adventure preceded his enlistment in the U.S. Marine Corps, a step that further structured his early path.

Military Service and Initial Musical Interests

At the age of 17, Jack Clement enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1948, serving for four years primarily in , during the early 1950s. During his off-duty hours, he formed the band Tennessee Troupers, which included fiddler Scotty Stoneman and mandolinist Buzz Busby, performing a mix of original compositions and covers at local venues and military events. This experience marked his initial foray into organized music , building on his earlier self-taught guitar skills from youth. Following his discharge in 1952, Clement briefly attended Memphis State University (now the ), where he enrolled around 1953 but prioritized musical pursuits over formal studies. He earned the nickname "Cowboy Jack" during this period through his involvement in campus radio shows and informal performances, reflecting his growing immersion in the local music scene. In , Clement began experimenting with songwriting, crafting early lyrics and melodies inspired by and traditions that permeated the region's soundscape. He performed at local gigs, including with a duo alongside Buzz Busby called Buzz and Jack, the Bayou Boys, honing his skills through covers and nascent originals at small venues before transitioning to more structured professional opportunities.

Professional Career

Work at Sun Records

In 1956, Jack Clement was hired by Sun Records founder Sam Phillips as the label's staff producer and engineer, marking his entry into the music industry after brief prior recording experience. Clement joined on June 15, 1956, and worked at Sun until 1959, contributing to the label's signature rockabilly sound during a pivotal era. His role involved handling auditions, engineering sessions, and producing tracks, which helped alleviate Phillips' workload as Sun expanded. One of Clement's earliest landmark contributions occurred on December 4, 1956, when he engineered the impromptu known as the , featuring , , , and . This unscripted gathering at captured the artists improvising gospel, country, and R&B standards on tape, preserving a raw, collaborative moment that epitomized the label's innovative spirit. Though not released commercially at the time, the session's recordings later became iconic, highlighting Clement's skill in capturing spontaneous energy without overproduction. In November 1957, while was traveling in , Clement discovered 22-year-old during an audition and immediately began recording him, leading to breakthrough sessions for hits like "." This track, cut in a single take with J.M. Van Eaton and guitarist Roland Janes, reached No. 1 on the country chart and No. 3 on the pop chart in 1958, propelled by Lewis's pounding piano and Clement's engineering that emphasized the song's explosive dynamics. Clement's work with Lewis extended to other early Sun singles, solidifying the artist's wild style. Clement also produced early tracks for artists like Roy Orbison and Billy Lee Riley, enhancing Sun's raw, energetic aesthetic through minimalist engineering techniques. For Orbison, he oversaw sessions that captured the singer's operatic vocals against sparse instrumentation, as in "Ooby Dooby" (1956). With Riley's band, Clement produced "Red Hot" (1958), a regional hit driven by Roland Janes's guitar riffs, using just five or six microphones in mono to achieve a live, unpolished sound typical of Sun's setup with its recorder and manual . These methods—avoiding isolated drum miking and favoring full-band takes—helped define the label's gritty without multitrack complexity.

Songwriting and Key Productions

After leaving in 1959, Clement moved to Nashville to work as a and songwriter for RCA Victor under , marking his transition from engineering to creative production roles. This period built on his Sun experience as a stepping stone, allowing him to refine a style that incorporated innovative arrangements into . In 1961, he relocated to , where he co-founded Gulf Coast Recording Studios with Bill Hall and produced early hits like George Jones's "She Thinks I Still Care" (No. 1 , 1962). By 1965, Clement returned to Nashville, establishing himself as a key figure in the city's evolving sound. Clement's songwriting career flourished with several hits for , including "Ballad of a Teenage Queen" (No. 1 , No. 14 pop, 1958), "I Know One" (No. 6 , 1958), and "Guess Things Happen That Way" (No. 1 , No. 11 pop, 1958), which showcased his knack for narrative-driven ballads blending storytelling with accessible melodies. These successes, written during his Sun tenure, continued to influence his later work and earned him recognition in the . Later compositions like "Dirty Old Egg Sucking Dog" (No. 17 , 1966) further demonstrated his humorous, folksy approach. In Nashville, Clement's production work peaked with , whom he discovered and championed starting in 1965 by financing a demo tape and pitching it to . He produced or co-produced Pride's first 13 albums, launching the singer as the first major Black star in country music through tracks like the Jack Clement-penned "Just Between You and Me" (No. 9 country, 1966) and "Does My Ring Hurt Your Finger" (No. 4 country, 1967). These efforts helped Pride achieve crossover appeal, with Clement's arrangements emphasizing smooth vocals and subtle pop inflections to broaden country radio play. Clement's productions for other artists in the 1960s and 1970s, such as and , highlighted his signature blending of roots with pop elements, creating polished yet authentic sounds that appealed beyond traditional audiences. For , he oversaw sessions incorporating songs with orchestral touches, while his work with Cherry and similar acts like on the JMI label (founded 1971) emphasized melodic hooks and genre-crossing production techniques. This approach extended to broader projects, including Waylon Jennings's Dreaming My Dreams (No. 1 , 1975), which fused with pop accessibility.

Later Collaborations and Projects

In the , Clement ventured into , serving as and partial financier for the horror movie Dear Dead Delilah, which premiered on May 5, 1972, in Nashville and featured in her final major screen role as the tyrannical matriarch Delilah Charles, whose family uncovers buried secrets amid axe murders in a decaying Southern mansion. Clement's production work in the late 1970s and 1980s extended to key figures in the outlaw country movement, where he emphasized raw, rebellious energy in recordings that captured the genre's defiant spirit. He produced Waylon Jennings' 1975 album Dreaming My Dreams, which included the signature track "Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way" and showcased Jennings' unpolished outlaw persona through sparse arrangements and introspective lyrics. Clement co-produced Kris Kristofferson's 1980 album Rockabilly Blues, rooted in shared Nashville sessions and their close friendship, which extended to the Highwaymen supergroup involving Kristofferson, Jennings, Johnny Cash, and Willie Nelson. A highlight of Clement's international and genre-crossing collaborations came in 1987, when invited him to engineer and co-produce sessions at in for their album , resulting in tracks like "" (featuring ), "," and "Love Rescue Me" (with on backing vocals), blending rock energy with vintage warmth to evoke the studio's historic roots. Clement's experimental side emerged through diverse recordings and personal performances under his "Cowboy Jack" moniker, including productions with folk and string band artists like and that explored traditional acoustic textures in unconventional settings, as well as his own eclectic output such as the 1978 album All I Want to Do in Life and the 2004 release Guess Things Happen That Way, which mixed country standards with playful originals. He also produced the 2005 documentary Cowboy Jack's Home Movies, a quirky compilation of his personal footage featuring music icons, which won Best Documentary at the Nashville Film Festival and highlighted his offbeat, approach to .

Business Ventures

Founding Recording Studios

In the early stages of his independent career in Nashville, Jack Clement founded his first dedicated recording facility, Jack Clement Recording Studios, in November 1969 on Belmont Boulevard. This studio, designed by engineer Charlie Tallent, represented a pioneering effort in the city's burgeoning music scene, equipped with state-of-the-art 16-track technology at the time and featuring innovative architectural elements such as a recessed alcove for string sections to enhance acoustic performance. Clement's vision emphasized a relaxed, creative atmosphere that encouraged spontaneous music-making, distinguishing it from more rigid production environments and fostering an ecosystem where session musicians could collaborate freely. By 1970, Clement expanded the facility by adding Studio B, converting an adjacent house to accommodate growing demand for demo recordings and full productions that contributed to numerous chart successes. In 1972, he opened Jack's Tracks on , a second professional studio that quickly became a central hub for Nashville's session players, supporting the recording of live albums, demos, and polished tracks essential to the local industry's output. This venue incorporated custom mixing capabilities, including upgraded consoles that allowed for precise control during multi-track sessions, further solidifying Clement's role in advancing technical standards while maintaining an inviting space for extended creative sessions. Following the sale of his initial Belmont Boulevard property in 1974, Clement established a third facility in 1975 at his home, known as the Cowboy Arms Hotel and Recording Spa, which served as Nashville's first home-based studio. This setup featured equipment arrangements, such as integrated mixing boards tailored for intimate productions, and perpetuated the laid-back vibe that defined his operations, hosting a steady stream of recordings that bridged demos to major releases within the Nashville music community. Through these studios, Clement's facilities played a pivotal role in the and Nashville ecosystem, providing essential infrastructure for session work and innovation that influenced the evolution of and production.

Labels and Other Enterprises

In the early 1960s, Clement co-founded Hall-Clement Publishing and Jack & Bill Music with Bill Hall, focusing on song publishing and talent development. These ventures launched the careers of songwriters Jerry Foster and Bill Rice, notably publishing the hit "Just Someone I Used to Know," which became a major country success for and . By the 1970s, Clement expanded his music publishing operations, signing prominent writers such as (known for "Amanda") and (known for "Dreaming My Dreams with You"). These deals managed rights to his own compositions as well as those of others, securing royalties through recordings by artists including , , , and . In 1971, Clement established JMI Records (Jack Music Inc.) as an independent country label, which operated primarily until 1974. The label served as an early platform for , helping to shape his acoustic folk-country style and launch his solo career with releases that highlighted his distinctive songwriting. JMI also supported emerging talents tied to Clement's publishing roster, including Reynolds and Wayland Holyfield. Beyond labels and , Clement ventured into , directing and producing the movie Dear Dead Delilah in 1970, which was shot at his Nashville studio facilities. These enterprises were bolstered by his recording studios, providing integrated production support for label releases and creative projects.

Personal Life

Marriages and Family

Jack Clement was married at least twice during his life. His first marriage was to Doris Clement, with whom he reportedly wed on two occasions before their eventual divorce in 1969. In the , Clement married Sharon Johnson, the sister-in-law of country musician through her sister , though the union ended in divorce. From the late 1970s onward, Clement shared a long-term companionship with Aleene Jackson, whom he affectionately called his "leading lady," and they resided together in Nashville. Clement had two children from his first marriage: Niles Clement, an and , and daughter Alison Clement-Bolton, a singer and married to David Bolton. The family made their home in Nashville, where Clement operated a home-studio that blended his professional music career with personal life, though his role as a and songwriter often required frequent travels for collaborations and projects, shaping family dynamics around his demanding schedule.

Health Challenges and Death

In June 2011, a destroyed Jack Clement's Nashville home and on Belmont Boulevard, known as Cowboy Arms, resulting in the loss of irreplaceable memorabilia, equipment, and master recordings. Clement, then 80 years old, and his girlfriend Aleene Jackson escaped unharmed, but the blaze forced a temporary relocation while he rebuilt the property. In late 2012, Clement was diagnosed with a rare form of and, after declining aggressive treatment, entered care at his rebuilt home. He passed away there on August 8, 2013, at the age of 82, surrounded by family. Funeral services were handled privately by Crawford Mortuary & Crematory in Nashville. Immediate tributes poured in from peers, with Hall of Fame CEO Kyle Young describing Clement as "one of the most important figures in the history of Nashville music" and a "true original" whose contributions were "enormous." Buddy Cannon called him a "dear friend and hero," while songwriter Harlan Howard's family noted his profound influence on generations of artists.

Legacy

Awards and Hall of Fame Inductions

Jack Clement's contributions to songwriting were formally recognized with his induction into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1973, honoring his creation of enduring hits such as "Ballad of a Teenage Queen" and "Guess Things Happen That Way" for . He was inducted into the Music City Walk of Fame in 2009. In 2004, Clement received the Lifetime Achievement Award for Songwriting from the Americana Music Association, acknowledging his broad influence as a and innovator across and . Clement earned two Grammy nominations in the Best Country & Western Recording category—for the 1967 recording "Through the Eyes of Love" by Tompall and the Glaser Brothers and the 1967 track "Does My Ring Hurt Your Finger" by —both tied to his work as songwriter and on key recordings. His productions, including Charley Pride's early albums that helped establish the artist as a crossover star, further underscored his impact in the studio. In 2011, he was inducted into the . Clement's election to the was announced by the in April 2013, celebrating his multifaceted career in production, songwriting, and music ; he was officially inducted on October 27, 2013, shortly after his death on August 8. Posthumously, Clement was inducted into the in 2017 as part of the class recognizing his pioneering role in Memphis's rockabilly and country scenes, including his early engineering at .

Influence on Country and Popular Music

Jack Clement's influence on country music stemmed from his multifaceted role as a songwriter, producer, and engineer, particularly during his time at Sun Records in the 1950s, where he helped shape the rockabilly sound that bridged country and popular music. As an engineer and producer, he captured the raw energy of artists like Jerry Lee Lewis, producing the iconic "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" in 1957, which became a massive crossover hit and was later inducted into the National Recording Registry. His work with Johnny Cash included engineering sessions and writing songs such as "Ballad of a Teenage Queen" and "Guess Things Happen That Way," both No. 1 country hits in 1958 that also charted on the pop charts, exemplifying Clement's knack for crafting accessible narratives that appealed beyond traditional country audiences. Additionally, he refined the mariachi arrangement for Cash's "Ring of Fire" in 1963, enhancing its crossover potential and influencing the genre's experimental edge. Clement's production career in Nashville further amplified his impact by championing innovative sounds and diverse talents, most notably launching the career of , the first Black superstar in country music. Signing Pride to in the mid-1960s, Clement produced his first 13 albums, including hits like "Does My Ring Hurt Your Finger" (No. 4 country, 1967), which helped desegregate the genre and opened doors for future minority artists in Nashville. He also produced George Jones's "" (No. 1 country, 1962), a landmark in heartbreak ballads that solidified Jones's legacy while showcasing Clement's ability to elevate themes with polished production. His collaborations extended to Waylon Jennings's Dreaming My Dreams (1975), a pivotal album in the outlaw country movement that emphasized artistic freedom and raw authenticity, influencing the genre's shift toward more rebellious expressions. Beyond , Clement's work bridged genres, producing tracks for U2's (1988) and the album Louis "Country & Western" Armstrong (1970) for , demonstrating his versatility in and his role in fostering cross-pollination. By founding his own studio and label in Nashville, he mentored songwriters like and , promoting introspective storytelling that enriched both and folk traditions. Clement's maverick approach—blending humor, innovation, and genre boundaries—challenged Nashville's conventions, paving the way for the city's evolution into a global music hub and inspiring generations of producers to prioritize creativity over commercial formulas.

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