Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Producer

A producer is a key figure in the film, television, and theater industries who oversees the business, financial, and logistical aspects of production, from securing funding and assembling a creative team to guiding the project through post-production and distribution.^[1] Producers typically initiate or champion projects by acquiring rights to intellectual property, developing scripts, and raising capital through investors, studios, or grants, while ensuring creative decisions align with budgetary constraints.^[2] Unlike directors, who focus primarily on artistic vision, producers act as the project's chief executive, hiring essential personnel such as directors, cast, and crew, and managing day-to-day operations to mitigate risks and resolve conflicts.^[3]^[4] The role demands a blend of entrepreneurial skills, industry knowledge, and interpersonal acumen, often spanning years from pre-production planning—where budgeting, scheduling, and location scouting occur—to marketing efforts that promote the final product.^[5] Producers may specialize in various capacities, including executive producers, who secure financing and provide high-level oversight without daily involvement; line producers, who handle on-set logistics and operational details; or associate producers, who support specific tasks like research or coordination.^[6] In independent filmmaking, a single producer might wear multiple hats, whereas major studio productions often involve teams of producers sharing responsibilities.^[7] Historically, the producer's role evolved from early 20th-century studio systems, where figures like those at Hollywood's major studios controlled all facets of output, to today's more collaborative models influenced by streaming platforms and global co-productions.^[8] Notable producers, such as those behind blockbuster franchises, demonstrate the position's impact on cultural and economic landscapes, with the global movies and entertainment industry valued at $103.8 billion in 2024, much of it driven by effective production management.^[9]

In Entertainment and Media

Film and Television

In film and television, a producer is the individual or team responsible for overseeing the creative, financial, and logistical aspects of a production from initial development through to distribution and marketing. This role encompasses guiding the project from script selection to final release, ensuring alignment with artistic vision while managing budgets, schedules, and personnel to deliver a viable product for audiences and stakeholders.^[10] Producers in film and TV vary by their level of involvement and scope of authority. An executive producer typically secures financing, provides high-level strategic decisions, and may represent the project to investors or networks without daily operational duties. A line producer handles day-to-day operations, including detailed budgeting, scheduling, and resource allocation to keep production on track. Associate producers support these efforts in administrative or specialized tasks, such as coordinating specific departments, while co-producers share responsibilities across collaborative projects, often bridging multiple production entities or international partners.^[5]^[10] The role of the producer evolved significantly with the industry's growth. In the 1910s and 1920s, the Hollywood studio system centralized production under major companies like MGM, where producers like Irving Thalberg managed assembly-line workflows, overseeing multiple films simultaneously to standardize quality and efficiency amid the transition to feature-length silent films. By the 1960s, the decline of the studio monopoly amid antitrust rulings and changing audience tastes spurred independent cinema, empowering producers to take creative risks outside corporate constraints, as seen in ventures like the BBS Productions team behind youth-oriented films such as Easy Rider. Post-2010, the rise of streaming platforms like Netflix transformed the landscape, offering producers new financing models and global distribution but demanding faster production cycles and data-driven content strategies to compete in an on-demand market.^[11]^[12]^[13] Key responsibilities of film and TV producers include script acquisition to secure compelling material, often through optioning rights or commissioning writers; casting to assemble talent that fits the project's needs; location scouting to identify practical and visually suitable sites while navigating permits; post-production oversight to supervise editing, sound design, and visual effects for cohesive storytelling; and marketing coordination to promote the final product via trailers, festivals, and partnerships. These duties require balancing artistic input with practical constraints, such as adhering to shooting timelines and contractual obligations.^[10]^[5] Notable examples illustrate the producer's influence. Irving Thalberg, an early Hollywood mogul, served as head of production at MGM from 1925 until his death in 1936, where he produced over 400 films, innovating the unit production system that emphasized star-driven narratives and meticulous oversight to elevate MGM as the era's leading studio. In contemporary television, Shonda Rhimes exemplifies the showrunner-producer hybrid, creating and executive producing landmark series like Grey's Anatomy and Scandal since 2005, blending writing, directing, and production to build enduring franchises that have reshaped network drama.^[14]^[15] Producers face unique challenges in film and TV, including budget overruns driven by unforeseen delays like weather, reshoots, or talent issues, which can escalate costs by millions and strain financing— as evidenced by the 2022 replacement of a director on Fast X, prompting urgent logistical adjustments to meet deadlines. Union regulations from organizations like SAG-AFTRA impose strict guidelines on performer wages, working hours, safety protocols, and residuals, with strikes such as the 2023 walkout halting productions and amplifying labor tensions over compensation in the streaming era. Intellectual property rights present ongoing hurdles, requiring meticulous clearances for scripts, music, and visuals to avoid infringement lawsuits, while negotiating ownership transfers that protect creators amid complex financing deals involving multiple stakeholders.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Music and Recording

A record producer, also known as a music producer, is the individual who oversees and guides the entire recording process, from selecting and arranging songs to supervising performances, engineering the sound, and finalizing the master for release.^[19] This role involves collaborating closely with artists to refine their vision, ensuring the final product captures the intended artistic and sonic quality.^[20] Producers act as creative directors in the studio, often contributing to songwriting, instrumentation choices, and post-production elements like mixing and effects.^[21] The role of the record producer evolved significantly from its origins in the 1940s radio era, when figures like A&R executives at major labels such as RCA Victor and Columbia began directing recording sessions amid the rise of broadcast music and independent labels post-World War II.^[22] By the mid-20th century, producers like those at Capitol Records shaped early pop and jazz recordings, transitioning from live radio oversight to studio-based control as multitrack tape recording emerged in the 1950s.^[23] The digital revolution accelerated this evolution in the 1990s with the introduction of tools like Pro Tools, which debuted in 1991 and became the industry standard for nonlinear editing, virtual instruments, and real-time collaboration by the early 2000s.^[24] This shift democratized production, moving from analog tape limitations to software-driven workflows that enabled precise manipulation of audio layers.^[25] Key responsibilities of record producers include managing recording sessions, overseeing sound engineering to achieve desired tones, and adapting techniques to specific genres—for instance, crafting layered beats through sampling and drum programming in hip-hop, versus emphasizing acoustic balance and orchestral arrangement in classical music.^[26] They also facilitate collaboration with artists, labels, and engineers, often handling budgeting akin to film production oversight to keep projects on track.^[27] Producers select material, coach vocal and instrumental performances, and ensure the mix translates across playback systems, blending creative intuition with technical expertise.^[28] Record producers come in various types, including in-house label producers who work exclusively for a record company to develop its roster, freelance hit-makers who collaborate on a project-by-project basis with multiple artists, and self-producing artists who handle their own recordings to maintain full creative control.^[29] In-house producers, such as those at Motown in the 1960s, integrated deeply with label strategies, while freelancers like Timbaland have shaped hits across genres through independent contracts.^[30] Self-producing artists, empowered by affordable digital tools, often bypass traditional studios to release directly via platforms like SoundCloud.^[31] Notable examples illustrate the producer's influence: Phil Spector pioneered the "Wall of Sound" technique in the 1960s, layering multiple instruments—like doubled string sections, guitars, and percussion—into dense, orchestral pop arrangements for artists such as the Ronettes, creating a reverberant, immersive audio experience recorded in mono at Gold Star Studios.^[32] In the 2000s, Max Martin revolutionized pop production by integrating songwriting with meticulous studio crafting, co-producing over 25 Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hits for artists like Britney Spears and Taylor Swift through hook-driven structures and polished vocal processing at Cheiron Studios and beyond.^[33] The producer's role has profoundly impacted the music industry, particularly in genres like electronic dance music (EDM), where producers such as Skrillex and Calvin Harris drove the mainstream explosion from 2010 onward by innovating with synthesizers, drops, and festival-ready builds in digital environments.^[34] Post-2010, the rise of independent production via home studios—fueled by accessible software like Ableton Live and cloud collaboration—has enabled bedroom producers to bypass major labels, contributing to a surge in DIY releases and diverse genre experimentation, with over 55,000 new tracks uploaded daily to platforms like Spotify as of 2020.^[35] This democratization has shifted power toward artists and independents, fostering innovation while challenging traditional gatekeepers. More recently, as of 2025, the integration of artificial intelligence in music production has introduced AI-generated tracks, which comprise about 34% of daily uploads (around 50,000 tracks) on platforms like Deezer, raising debates on creativity, authorship, and the future role of human producers.^[31]^[36]

Theatre and Performing Arts

In theatre and performing arts, a producer serves as the primary financier and organizer of live productions, securing funding, negotiating licensing rights for scripts or music, booking venues, and assembling crews including directors, designers, and stage managers.^[37] This role encompasses oversight from initial concept through opening night, ensuring logistical and artistic elements align for real-time audience experiences.^[38] Unlike recorded media, the focus remains on ephemeral live events where immediacy and spatial dynamics define the work.^[39] The origins of the theatre producer trace to 19th-century impresarios who blended showmanship with business acumen, exemplified by P.T. Barnum, whose promotions of circuses and variety acts democratized entertainment and shifted public perceptions of theatre from elite to accessible spectacles.^[40] Barnum's ventures, starting in the 1840s, emphasized spectacle and marketing to draw mass audiences, laying groundwork for organized production in live performance.^[41] By the mid-20th century, the role evolved amid the Off-Broadway movement of the 1950s, which reacted against Broadway's commercial dominance by fostering experimental, lower-cost productions in smaller venues, thus expanding opportunities for diverse voices and influencing modern commercial theatre structures.^[42] This shift post-World War II promoted decentralized, innovative producing models that balanced artistry with viability.^[43] Key responsibilities of theatre producers include negotiating rights for intellectual property, such as play licenses from estates or authors, to legally stage works.^[44] They also handle marketing campaigns targeting ticket buyers through advertising and partnerships, while coordinating technical rehearsals to integrate lighting, sound, and sets for seamless execution.^[45] Producers must additionally manage the inherent unpredictability of live performances, such as actor improvisation or technical glitches, by building contingency plans and fostering team adaptability to maintain show integrity night after night.^[46] Theatre producers fall into distinct types, with commercial producers prioritizing profit through high-stakes investments in blockbuster shows, often on Broadway or touring circuits, where recoupment drives decisions on casting and scaling.^[47] In contrast, non-profit artistic directors in regional theatres emphasize mission-driven programming, securing grants and donations to support experimental or community-focused works that may not aim for financial returns but sustain cultural impact. This dichotomy highlights how commercial models fuel large-scale spectacles, while non-profits nurture emerging talent in localized settings. Prominent examples include Cameron Mackintosh, a leading commercial producer who spearheaded the 1985 London premiere of Les Misérables and its global expansions, transforming it into a long-running phenomenon through strategic financing and international licensing.^[48] For concert tours, executives at Live Nation, such as CEO Michael Rapino, function as producers by coordinating massive live events, handling venue logistics, artist contracts, and promotional tie-ins to deliver high-profile tours for artists like Taylor Swift.^[49] These figures exemplify how producers scale live experiences for broad audiences while navigating complex stakeholder networks. Theatre producers face unique challenges, including short run times for many productions, where limited weeks or months on stage demand rapid audience buildup to break even, as seen in Broadway shows where only about 20% recoup investments amid fluctuating attendance.^[50] Historically, censorship constrained content, such as through the 1927 Wales Padlock Law in New York and state boards suppressing themes of sexuality or social critique in live theatre, influencing producers to self-regulate scripts for broader appeal.^[51] Since the 2020 pandemic, producers have adapted with hybrid virtual performances, blending live streams and in-person elements to reach isolated audiences and mitigate venue closures, as in digital stagings that combined remote actors with physical sets.^[52] These innovations, like those explored in post-lockdown experiments, expand access but require new technical expertise.^[53]

In Business and Manufacturing

Goods and Services Producers

In commercial contexts, a goods producer refers to a manufacturer that transforms raw materials into tangible products for market sale, such as automobiles and electronics.^[54] Services producers, by contrast, deliver intangible outputs like consulting and software development to meet business or consumer needs.^[55] These entities operate across industries, focusing on scalable production to drive economic value without delving into specialized sectors like agriculture.^[56] The evolution of goods production traces back to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain around 1760 and marked a shift from artisanal workshops—where skilled craftsmen produced items by hand—to factory-based systems powered by machinery.^[57] This transition accelerated in the early 20th century with the advent of mass production techniques, exemplified by Henry Ford's introduction of the moving assembly line at Ford Motor Company in 1913, which drastically reduced costs and increased output for automobiles.^[58] Services production, while less tied to physical transformation, has similarly scaled through professionalization, often integrating technology to deliver customized solutions efficiently. Central to modern goods and services production are key processes like supply chain management, which coordinates the flow of materials and information from suppliers to end-users to minimize delays and costs.^[59] Quality control is enforced through international standards such as ISO 9001, which outlines requirements for consistent product and service quality across operations.^[60] Since 2000, innovations in sustainable manufacturing have gained prominence, including the use of IoT and AI for resource optimization and reduced waste, as seen in efforts to lower energy consumption in plants like Electrolux's Kinston facility.^[61]^[62] Prominent examples include Toyota Motor Corporation, founded in 1937 as an automotive goods producer that revolutionized lean manufacturing principles to produce reliable vehicles globally, becoming one of the world's largest automakers.^[63] In services, Accenture exemplifies a leading provider, offering strategy, consulting, digital, technology, and operations solutions to help enterprises optimize performance.^[55] These producers illustrate the blend of innovation and efficiency that defines the sector. Goods and services producers play a pivotal role in global trade, with outsourcing trends emerging in the 1980s as companies shifted non-core manufacturing to lower-cost regions to enhance competitiveness.^[64] By the 1990s, this practice intensified, contributing to supply chain globalization.^[65] E-commerce platforms like Amazon have further integrated producers into worldwide markets since the early 2000s, enabling direct sales and logistics support that transformed retail dynamics.^[66] Producers face significant challenges, including labor ethics issues such as ensuring fair wages and safe conditions amid global supply chains, as highlighted in manufacturing's push for ethical sourcing.^[67] Environmental regulations increasingly target carbon footprints, requiring reductions in emissions through compliance with standards like those from the EU's Green Deal.^[68] Automation, while boosting productivity, has displaced jobs in manufacturing, with studies showing net job creation over time but short-term disruptions for workers without machine-complementary skills.^[69]

Agricultural Producers

An agricultural producer is defined as an individual, entity, or operation engaged in the production and sale of agricultural commodities, including the cultivation of crops or the raising and breeding of livestock, encompassing both smallholder farms and large-scale corporate agribusinesses.^[70] These producers share in the risks of farming through day-to-day labor and management, ranging from family-operated ranches to commercial entities that account for over 90% of U.S. production value.^[71] In the U.S., commercial farms (with annual gross cash farm income of at least $350,000) and intermediate farms (where farming is the primary occupation) represent about 50% of operations but dominate output.^[72] Historically, agricultural production evolved from ancient subsistence farming, where communities grew crops primarily for self-sufficiency using low-input methods like manual tillage and natural fertilizers, to modern mechanized systems following the Green Revolution of the 1940s to 1970s.^[73] This period introduced high-yield hybrid seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and expanded irrigation, dramatically increasing global crop productivity—for instance, wheat yields rose from about 2.3 tonnes per hectare in low-input systems to 6.3 tonnes per hectare with these innovations—and reducing hunger in developing regions.^[74] The shift enabled intensification over land expansion, with yield growth contributing 67% to crop production increases in developing countries by the early 2000s.^[74] Key activities of agricultural producers include crop rotation to maintain soil health and disrupt pest cycles, irrigation systems to optimize water use on arable land, selective livestock breeding for traits like disease resistance and productivity, and harvest logistics involving machinery for efficient collection, storage, and transport to markets.^[75] Crop rotation, for example, improves nutrient levels and has been widely adopted on U.S. farms to enhance long-term yields.^[75] Irrigation covers about 22% of global arable land, supporting 73% of cereal production growth, while breeding programs focus on genetic improvements in livestock herds.^[74] Harvest logistics ensure timely processing, minimizing post-harvest losses through coordinated supply chains.^[76] Representative examples include corn farmers in the U.S. Midwest, where the region produces a significant share of national output—over 30% of U.S. corn in recent years—relying on fertile soils and mechanized planting for export-oriented yields.^[77] In Brazil, soybean agribusinesses dominate in states like Mato Grosso, with large-scale operations achieving yields comparable to the U.S. (around 3.5 tonnes per hectare) through expanded cultivation on converted pastures, making Brazil the world's top exporter.^[78] Modern challenges for agricultural producers involve adapting to climate change, such as developing drought-resistant crops like modified maize varieties introduced since 2010, which maintain yields under water stress conditions prevalent in regions like sub-Saharan Africa.^[79] Government subsidies play a crucial role, as seen in the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which allocates €387 billion from 2021-2027 to provide direct income support to farmers, stabilizing operations amid market volatility and promoting sustainable practices.^[80] Organic certification trends are rising, with U.S. certified organic cropland expanding 79% from 2011 to 2021 to 3.6 million acres, driven by consumer demand for pesticide-free products and premiums that boost farm incomes.^[81] On an economic scale, global wheat production reached 800.86 million metric tons in the 2024/2025 marketing year, with average yields varying by region—such as 3.5 tonnes per hectare worldwide—highlighting the sector's vast output led by major producers like China (140.1 million metric tons) and the EU (122.12 million metric tons).^[82] Agricultural trade is facilitated by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which through the 1995 Agreement on Agriculture limits tariffs and subsidies to foster fair market access, with world agricultural exports growing steadily to support global food security.^[83]

In Economics

Producers in Market Theory

In economics, a producer is defined as a firm or individual that utilizes factors of production—land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship—to convert inputs into goods or services for sale in the market. This process involves allocating scarce resources efficiently to generate output that meets consumer demand while maximizing profitability. Producers operate within constraints imposed by available technology and resource availability, making decisions that balance costs against potential revenues.^[84] Core concepts in producer theory include the production possibility frontier (PPF), which illustrates the maximum combinations of two or more goods that can be produced using all available resources and technology at a given time. The PPF highlights trade-offs, as increasing production of one good requires sacrificing some of another, and points on the frontier represent efficient production where resources are fully utilized. Producers strive to operate along this frontier to achieve optimal efficiency, adjusting input mixes to minimize waste and maximize output. Complementing this is the law of diminishing returns, which states that, holding other inputs fixed, adding successive units of a variable input (such as labor) will eventually yield progressively smaller increases in output, prompting producers to scale operations judiciously to avoid inefficiencies.^[85]^[86] Producers play a pivotal role in supply and demand equilibrium by responding to price signals to determine output levels; as prices rise, they increase supply to capture higher revenues, shifting the supply curve rightward until it intersects the demand curve at the equilibrium price and quantity where market clearing occurs.^[87] This interaction ensures resources are allocated based on societal preferences, with producers adjusting production in real time to market conditions. The theoretical foundations of producer behavior trace back to Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), which emphasized division of labor and market-driven production as engines of economic growth. These ideas evolved through the neoclassical synthesis in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, where economists like Alfred Marshall formalized marginal analysis, integrating producer decisions into supply functions derived from cost structures and profit maximization. Producer behavior varies across market structures; in competitive markets, numerous small firms act as price takers, producing up to the point where marginal cost equals price to achieve efficiency. In contrast, monopolistic markets enable producers to restrict output and set prices above marginal cost to maximize profits, as seen with oil producers in OPEC, where member countries coordinate to limit supply and influence global prices, behaving as a cartel rather than isolated competitors.^[88] Factors influencing production costs include technology adoption, which lowers per-unit expenses through innovations like automation, allowing producers to expand output without proportional input increases, and resource scarcity, which elevates input prices and compels shifts toward substitutes or efficiency measures. For instance, manufacturing producers facing raw material shortages may invest in recycling technologies to mitigate cost pressures.^[89]^[90] Producer surplus refers to the difference between the price that producers receive for a good or service and the minimum price they would be willing to accept, which is typically their marginal cost of production.^[91] Graphically, it is represented as the area above the supply curve and below the market price line, up to the equilibrium quantity.^[92] The calculation of producer surplus involves integrating the difference between the market price and the supply curve from zero to the equilibrium quantity. For a linear supply curve, this often forms a triangular area. Consider a supply curve given by P = 10 + 2Q, where P is price and Q is quantity, and assume market equilibrium occurs at P = 20 and Q = 5. The producer surplus is the area of the triangle with base Q = 5 and height equal to the difference between the market price and the supply curve intercept ($20 - 10 = 10), calculated as \frac{1}{2} \times 5 \times 10 = 25. To derive this step-by-step: first, solve for equilibrium quantity by setting $20 = 10 + 2Q, yielding Q = 5; then, compute the integral \int_0^5 (20 - (10 + 2q)) \, dq = \int_0^5 (10 - 2q) \, dq = [10q - q^2]_0^5 = (50 - 25) - 0 = 25, confirming the triangular area formula for linear cases.^[93] Related concepts include deadweight loss, which arises from interventions like taxes or tariffs that distort market efficiency and reduce producer surplus by shifting the supply curve upward and decreasing the quantity traded. For instance, a tax on producers creates a wedge between the price buyers pay and sellers receive, leading to a loss in total surplus represented by a triangular area between the supply and demand curves.^[91] In the short run, producers may absorb much of the tax burden through reduced surplus, but in the long run, adjustments such as entry or exit of firms can restore economic profits to zero in competitive markets, altering the distribution of surplus.^[94] Historical applications of producer surplus analysis date back to U.S. agricultural policy, where the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933—the foundation of modern farm bills—aimed to boost farm incomes by reducing surpluses and supporting prices, thereby increasing producer surplus during the Great Depression.^[95] Subsequent farm bills, such as those in the post-2018 era, have continued this through income support programs that enhance surplus amid volatile conditions. The 2018 U.S.-China trade war further illustrated these dynamics, as retaliatory tariffs reduced U.S. agricultural exports, resulting in total losses of over $27 billion from 2018 through 2019 and significantly impacting producer surplus in affected sectors like soybeans (annualized at approximately $13.2 billion).^[96] Policy implications of producer surplus include the use of subsidies to shift the supply curve downward, expanding the surplus area and encouraging production, as seen in agricultural support programs. Conversely, antitrust measures target producer cartels, which artificially restrict output to raise prices and inflate surplus at the expense of total welfare, promoting competition to maximize overall efficiency.^[95] An empirical example is the coffee market in the 2020s, where global prices surged over 90% from 2022 to 2024 due to supply shortages from weather events in major producers like Brazil, significantly boosting producer surplus for exporters in those regions before a partial surplus erosion in 2025 amid increased Vietnamese output.^[97]

In Ecology and Biology

Primary Producers

Primary producers, also known as autotrophs, are organisms at the base of ecological food chains that synthesize organic compounds from inorganic sources, primarily by fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) into biomass. These include vascular plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria, which harness energy from sunlight or chemical reactions to produce energy-rich molecules essential for all higher trophic levels.^[98]^[99]^[100] The fundamental process enabling this carbon fixation is photosynthesis in most primary producers, where light energy drives the conversion of CO₂ and water into glucose and oxygen. This is represented by the overall equation:

$6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2

Chlorophyll, the primary photosynthetic pigment located in chloroplasts, absorbs sunlight (primarily blue and red wavelengths) to initiate the light-dependent reactions, which split water molecules to generate ATP and NADPH as energy carriers. These molecules then fuel the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), where CO₂ is incorporated into organic sugars. In environments lacking sunlight, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, chemosynthetic primary producers like sulfur-oxidizing bacteria use chemical energy from inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen sulfide) to fix CO₂ via similar pathways.^[101]^[102] Primary producers are categorized by habitat and mechanism. Terrestrial types dominate land ecosystems, with forests (e.g., angiosperms and gymnosperms) and grasslands (e.g., herbaceous plants) accounting for the majority of continental biomass production through photosynthesis. Aquatic primary producers, conversely, are often microscopic, such as phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria) that fuel oceanic food webs and contribute over half of global oxygen output. Extremophile primary producers, including chemosynthetic archaea and bacteria, thrive in extreme conditions like acidic hot springs or abyssal vents, independently supporting isolated ecosystems without reliance on solar energy.^[99]^[100]^[103] The evolutionary origins of primary producers trace back to ancient cyanobacteria, which emerged approximately 3.5 billion years ago and pioneered oxygenic photosynthesis. This innovation transformed Earth's early anoxic atmosphere by releasing oxygen as a byproduct, enabling the Great Oxidation Event around 2.4 billion years ago and paving the way for aerobic life and more complex autotrophs like algae and land plants. Fossil evidence, including stromatolites from Archean rocks, supports cyanobacteria's role as the foundational primary producers.^[104]^[105] Globally, primary producers generate an estimated 100–120 billion metric tons of carbon in biomass annually through net primary production (NPP), representing the net carbon fixed after autotrophic respiration and forming the foundation of the planet's carbon cycle. Terrestrial ecosystems contribute about 53% of this total (~56 GtC/yr), with oceanic phytoplankton accounting for the remaining ~47% (~50 GtC/yr); for example, the Amazon rainforest alone supports an NPP of roughly 2 GtC per year, underscoring its outsized role in global productivity.^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109] Recent satellite-based analyses from 2003 to 2021 show a net increase in global NPP at a rate of approximately 0.23 GtC per year, driven primarily by enhanced terrestrial productivity from CO2 fertilization, nitrogen deposition, and land management, though this is partially offset by declines in oceanic NPP of about 0.5% per decade due to warming and stratification.^[110]^[111] Since 1950, human activities have increasingly threatened primary producer efficiency and abundance. Deforestation, particularly in tropical regions, has cleared over 600 million hectares of forest, directly reducing terrestrial NPP by eliminating vast autotrophic populations and altering local climates. Concurrently, ocean acidification—driven by the ocean's absorption of approximately 25-30% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions since the mid-20th century, leading to an increase in seawater CO2 concentration by about 30-40%—has lowered seawater pH by 0.1 units, impairing calcification in phytoplankton and coralline algae while disrupting photosynthetic rates in others, potentially diminishing marine primary production by 10–20% under projected future scenarios. Recent data indicate a decline in global ocean NPP averaging 56.8 GtC per year over 1998–2023, with a statistically significant downward trend.^[112]^[113]^[114]^[111]^[115]

Role in Ecosystems

Primary producers form the foundational trophic level in ecosystems, positioned at level 1 of food webs, where they convert approximately 1% of incoming solar radiation into chemical energy stored as biomass through processes like photosynthesis.^[116] This energy capture sustains all higher trophic levels, with only about 10% of the energy typically transferred to primary consumers such as herbivores, as per the ecological 10% rule, while the remainder is lost as heat or used in metabolic processes. By generating organic matter from inorganic sources, producers enable the flow of energy and nutrients that supports herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers across diverse habitats. In food webs, primary producers serve as the essential base, channeling energy to herbivores that graze on them, which in turn nourish carnivores and ultimately fuel decomposers that recycle nutrients back into the system. For instance, in coral reef ecosystems, symbiotic algae known as zooxanthellae act as primary producers within coral tissues, providing photosynthetic products that sustain the corals and propagate energy up the food chain to fish and larger predators.^[99] Similarly, in harsh tundra environments, lichens function as pioneer primary producers, harnessing limited sunlight and moisture to produce biomass that supports herbivores like caribou and lemmings, thereby underpinning the sparse but interconnected web including predators such as arctic foxes.^[117] Primary producers are integral to biogeochemical cycles, driving the transformation and circulation of essential elements. In the carbon cycle, they absorb atmospheric CO₂ during photosynthesis to synthesize carbohydrates, effectively sequestering carbon and mitigating greenhouse gas accumulation while releasing oxygen as a byproduct, which helps maintain Earth's atmospheric oxygen balance at around 21%.^[118] In the nitrogen cycle, certain producers such as legumes host symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules, converting atmospheric N₂ into bioavailable forms that enrich soil fertility and support broader plant growth.^[119] These cycles ensure nutrient recycling, preventing depletion and promoting ecosystem productivity. Diversity among primary producers significantly enhances ecosystem stability by buffering against disturbances and improving resilience. Studies demonstrate that polycultures of producers outperform monocultures in maintaining consistent productivity and resisting collapse, as diverse assemblages distribute risks from pests, diseases, or environmental stresses more effectively than uniform stands, which are prone to widespread failures like those observed in single-crop agricultural systems.^[120] For example, experiments with grassland producers show that higher species diversity leads to greater temporal stability in biomass production, reducing variability over time compared to low-diversity setups.^[121] Human activities have profoundly influenced primary producer dynamics, often leading to declines that disrupt ecosystems. Overharvesting and associated stressors, including pollution and climate change, have caused significant kelp forest losses since the early 2000s, with northern California experiencing widespread bull kelp collapses starting around 2014, resulting in reduced habitat for marine species and altered food webs.^[122] Restoration efforts, such as reforestation projects, aim to counteract these impacts by replanting native tree species to rebuild producer biomass, enhance carbon sequestration, and restore habitat connectivity, as seen in global initiatives that have successfully regenerated millions of hectares of degraded forests.^[123] Quantitatively, net primary productivity (NPP)—the biomass produced after respiratory losses—highlights producers' global scale, with oceanic phytoplankton accounting for approximately 50% of Earth's total NPP despite comprising a small fraction of planetary biomass, underscoring the oceans' outsized role in sustaining life.^[107] This productivity metric reveals how producers underpin ecosystem services, from oxygen generation to fisheries support, while emphasizing vulnerabilities to anthropogenic pressures.

Other Uses

Producer Gas

Producer gas is a low-calorific synthetic fuel gas generated by the partial combustion and gasification of carbonaceous feedstocks such as coal, coke, or biomass using air and limited steam. It primarily consists of carbon monoxide (CO) at 10-30%, hydrogen (H₂) at 10-20%, with the balance mostly nitrogen (N₂) from the air, along with minor amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄). The typical calorific value ranges from 5 to 6 MJ/m³, significantly lower than natural gas at about 38 MJ/m³, making it suitable for applications requiring moderate heating or power generation rather than high-efficiency combustion.^[124]^[125]^[126] The production process occurs in a downdraft gasifier or producer furnace, where the feedstock passes through sequential zones: drying (removing moisture at 100-200°C), pyrolysis (thermal decomposition at 300-500°C releasing volatiles), oxidation (partial combustion at 800-1200°C with limited air), and reduction (at 600-900°C where CO₂ and H₂O react with hot carbon to form CO and H₂). This design, refined in the mid-19th century, enables the conversion of solid fuels into a combustible gas mixture with an equivalence ratio of about 0.25 (limited oxygen supply). Early commercial implementations, such as the Siemens gas producer introduced in 1861, marked a breakthrough in efficient, continuous operation for industrial heating.^[127]^[125]^[128] Historically, producer gas gained prominence in the 19th century for gas lighting and metallurgical processes, with widespread adoption in Europe and the United States by the late 1800s for powering stationary engines and furnaces. During World War II, fuel shortages led to its extensive use as synthetic fuel, notably in Germany where approximately 500,000 wood-gas vehicles operated on producer gas derived from biomass, enabling mobility amid petroleum scarcity.^[129]^[130]^[131] Post-1950, its use declined sharply with the availability of cheaper natural gas and liquid fuels, though it persisted in niche industrial settings. In modern contexts, producer gas from biomass gasification supports renewable energy production, particularly in developing regions where it powers small-scale electricity generation or combined heat and power (CHP) systems using agricultural residues as feedstock. Overall process efficiency reaches 70-80% in retaining the feedstock's chemical energy in the gas, with emissions managed through gas cleaning via scrubbers to remove tars and particulates. Compared to coal-derived producer gas, biomass versions offer a lower net CO₂ footprint due to carbon neutrality in sustainable biomass cycles, though challenges remain in scaling and integration.^[132]^[133]^[134] Safety considerations for producer gas include the high toxicity of its CO content (up to 20-30%), which poses risks of poisoning in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas, necessitating proper gas handling, leak detection, and exhaust systems. Environmentally, while combustion produces lower sulfur emissions than coal, uncontrolled tar formation and potential NOx from nitrogen content require mitigation to minimize air pollution impacts.^[135]^[136]^[134]

Insurance Producer

An insurance producer is a licensed professional authorized to sell, solicit, or negotiate insurance policies on behalf of clients, encompassing both agents who represent insurers and brokers who represent the insured. This terminology emerged prominently after the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) adopted the Producer Licensing Model Act in 2000, unifying the roles of "agent" and "broker" under the broader term "producer" to streamline licensing and regulation across states. Producers assess clients' financial situations, insurance needs, and risk profiles to recommend and arrange suitable coverage from insurance carriers.^[137] The role of insurance producers traces its origins to 18th-century marine insurance practices in Europe, where intermediaries facilitated coverage for ships and cargo amid growing global trade. Regulation intensified following the Great Fire of London in 1666, which destroyed much of the city and prompted the establishment of formal fire insurance mechanisms, including the first insurance company, the "Insurance Office for Houses," to handle rebuilding claims. In the United States, modern reforms solidified state oversight through the McCarran-Ferguson Act of 1945, which affirmed states' authority to regulate the "business of insurance," including producer activities, while exempting it from most federal antitrust laws.^[138]^[139] Licensing for insurance producers is managed at the state level under NAIC guidelines, which originated with the association's founding in 1871 to promote uniformity in insurance regulation. Aspiring producers must pass state-specific exams covering relevant insurance lines, such as life, health, property, or casualty, after completing pre-licensing education. Continuing education is mandatory in all states, typically requiring 24 hours every two years, including ethics training, to maintain licensure and ensure ongoing competence. Many states also mandate or strongly encourage errors and omissions (E&O) insurance for producers to cover potential professional liabilities arising from advice or service errors.^[140]^[141]^[142]^[143]^[144] Insurance producers operate in various types based on affiliation and specialization. Captive producers, such as those affiliated with State Farm, are contractually tied to a single insurer and sell only its products, often receiving training and support from the carrier. Independent producers, by contrast, represent multiple carriers, allowing them to compare options and customize coverage across providers for greater client flexibility. Producers may also specialize in lines like life and health insurance, which focus on personal protection and medical coverage, or property and casualty, which address assets, liability, and business risks.^[145]^[146]^[147] Key responsibilities of insurance producers include evaluating client risks through detailed assessments, customizing policies to fit specific needs, and providing ongoing support such as claims filing and advocacy. They must exercise due diligence, including disclosing material facts and avoiding conflicts of interest, often under ethical standards that align with fiduciary principles for brokers, who owe a duty of loyalty and care to clients. Producers are legally required to act with reasonable skill in procuring coverage that matches the client's circumstances, and failure to do so can result in liability for uncovered losses.^[148]^[149]^[150] Recent industry trends highlight the integration of digital tools for efficient quoting and policy management since the early 2010s, with mobile apps and online platforms enabling real-time comparisons and automated underwriting to streamline producer workflows. Additionally, the surge in cyber insurance demand has presented new challenges, as data breaches escalated post-2020—such as the high-profile incidents affecting healthcare and finance—driving market growth from $7.8 billion in premiums in 2020 to approximately $15.6 billion as of 2025, requiring producers to adapt to evolving cyber risk assessments.^[151]^[152]^[153]

References

[1]
Producers and Directors : Occupational Outlook Handbook
Producers make the business and financial decisions for a film, stage production, or TV show. They raise money for the project and hire the director and crew, ...
[2]
Producer in the film and TV drama industries - ScreenSkills
Producers are at the financial, practical and creative heart of a film or TV drama. They are often the first to get involved.
[3]
The Role of a Film Producer: Their Responsibilities in Filmmaking
Jun 22, 2023 · A Film Producer is responsible for supervising the creative, technical, and business aspects of a project. Read more here!
[4]
What is Producing and What Does a Producer Do?
May 31, 2023 · Film producers are also in charge of the legal and business elements of filmmaking, from negotiating contracts to approving budgets.
[5]
What Does a Producer Do — Types & Roles Explained - StudioBinder
Mar 11, 2024 · Bottom line: A producer is anyone who brings the project to fruition and is often the person that holds the rights to the underlying property.
[6]
Executive Producer vs. Producer: What Are the Differences? - Indeed
Aug 17, 2024 · Producers are members of film production teams who handle day-to-day leadership and administrative tasks to ensure filming takes place ...What Is A Producer? · Industry Experience · Overall Production<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
Filmmaking 101: What Does a Film Producer Do? | Boords
May 23, 2024 · A film producer handles planning, coordination, casting, directing, editing, finances, marketing, and distribution, and oversees the production ...What is a Producer in the Film... · Different Types of Producers
[8]
Producing Credits for Feature Films - Producers Guild
Sep 24, 2024 · This role involves personally making regular, continuous, and substantial decisions regarding creative, production, budgetary, and legal ...<|separator|>
[9]
Irving Thalberg - Immigrant Entrepreneurship
In mid-1919, Thalberg accompanied Laemmle to Universal City, the studio's lavish four-year-old Los Angeles production center. The vast Universal City, opened in ...
[10]
New Hollywood | Movies, Directors, Era, Films, Movement, Actors ...
Sep 20, 2025 · The New Hollywood movement was an American film movement that took place roughly from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s.
[11]
How Streaming Changed Everything And Will Do It Again In The ...
Dec 31, 2019 · Since at least 2013, when Netflix dropped the first season of "House of Cards," Hollywood has been completely transformed by streaming.
[12]
Irving Thalberg | Research Starters - EBSCO
Thalberg's initial responsibility was to salvage productions acquired from the merged Samuel Goldwyn and Metro studios, including Ben-Hur (1926). Although a ...
[13]
Shonda Rhimes | Television Academy
Shonda Rhimes is the prolific writer, executive producer and creator of the record-breaking series Grey's Anatomy, as well as its spinoff series Private ...
[14]
Justin Lin's 'Fast X' Exit: Universal in Costly Race to Replace Him
Apr 27, 2022 · Justin Lin's exit from directing "Fast X" after filming started has Universal racing to find a replacement to make their release date.
[15]
How the SAG-AFTRA Strike Affects TV and Movies - Time Magazine
Jul 20, 2023 · The SAG-AFTRA strike went into effect after the guild's contract with the American Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) expired. The ...
[16]
From Script to Screen: What Role for Intellectual Property? - WIPO
These can be complex and sensitive as they blend IP-related issues – such as the transfer of rights to the producer – and conditions of employment. ).
[17]
What Does a Music Producer Do? What is a Music Producer?
May 2, 2024 · A music producer oversees the creation of songs, guiding artists through the recording process, arranging instrumentation, and shaping the overall sound.Missing: responsibilities | Show results with:responsibilities
[18]
What is a Music Producer? - Sage Audio
A music producer contributes to song production through overview, performance, tracking, mixing, effects, and coaching, and can also coax the best performance ...<|separator|>
[19]
The Many Roles of a Music Producer - TeachRock
A music producer's role is malleable, including arranger, song selector, engineer, and more, and they are responsible for the final product.
[20]
Music Industry History 1940s - Playlist Research
Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abrahamson launched Atlantic Records in 1947. Other independent labels launched in the forties include Apollo (1943), Excelsior (1942), ...Missing: producers era
[21]
independent record producers and labels 1940s Archives
Nov 23, 2024 · [1] O'Connell, Charles. · [2] Selvin, who had begun his recording career in the late 'teens as the director of a popular dance orchestra, was by ...<|separator|>
[22]
A brief history of Pro Tools - MusicRadar
May 30, 2011 · From its humble 16-bit stereo origins as Sound Tools, Pro Tools progressed to 24-bit resolution and 24 tracks of audio by 1997. By this stage, ...
[23]
The Role of the Modern Music Producer - Abbey Road Institute Sydney
Aug 24, 2021 · In this blog we'll be looking at the evolution of the music producer, what that role can be today and in the future.
[24]
Music Production & Different Genre
Jun 28, 2023 · Drum programming, sequencing, and sampling are key components of hip-hop music production. Drum beats play a central role in driving the rhythm ...
[25]
The History of Pro Tools - 2007 to 2012 - Production Expert
Mar 18, 2018 · A five-part series chronicling the history of Pro Tools from the very start of Digidesign all the way up to the present day with the release of Pro Tools 2018. ...
[26]
What is a Record Producer?
The role of a producer is to take the Artist on a musical journey. Basically speaking, developing the Band or Solo artist and getting the best out of them.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[27]
Music Producer Career Guide: Roles, Skills, and How to Get Started
An in-house music producer works in a professional recording studio alongside other producers, audio engineers, and interns. Sometimes they're self-employed, ...
[28]
How to Build a Career as a Freelance Music Producer -
May 22, 2025 · This guide will provide you with an in-depth roadmap to navigate the challenges and opportunities in the world of freelance music production.
[29]
(PDF) Independent Music Production: How Individuality, Technology ...
The author examines some of the multifaceted cultural, ideological, technical, and entrepreneurial factors contributing to a significant evolution in DIY music ...
[30]
Phil Spector's 'Wall of Sound' - NPR
Mar 19, 2007 · He created the wall using doubled and tripled string sections, multiple guitar and bass and piano players, as well as virtuoso singers like Tina ...
[31]
The Many Eras Of Max Martin: How He's Helped Taylor Swift, Ariana ...
25 Billboard Hot 100 No. 1s as a writer, two more as a producer, at least 140 million record sales, five GRAMMY wins and 25 nominations.
[32]
2010-2019: a Timeline of the EDM Decade
Dec 30, 2019 · Electronic music, disc jockeying, and remix culture extend back generations, with the past ten years marking their biggest recent mainstream ...
[33]
The History of Music and Recording Part 4: 2010-Present
The trajectory of music and recording from 2010 to the present day has seen a revolution in how music is created, produced, and consumed.
[34]
What does a Producer do? - Get into Theatre
Jun 4, 2024 · A producer oversees all aspects of a production, managing finances, contracts, technical aspects, hiring creative teams, and setting timelines.
[35]
What is a theatre producer? - Stage One - UK.COM
A theatre producer oversees all aspects of a theatre production, from the generation of an idea to the day-to-day management when it is on stage.
[36]
What is a Theatre Producer? | The Lir Academy
Feb 20, 2024 · A theatre producer is in charge of every part of a theatre production from conception to the day-to-day operations of it being staged.
[37]
P.T. Barnum | Biography, Circus, Facts, & Quotes | Britannica
Sep 30, 2025 · American showman P.T. Barnum employed outrageous stunts, repetitive advertising, and exaggerated publicity to excite international attention for ...
[38]
History of PT Barnum | The Barnum Museum
Barnum's aspiration of reconstructing social attitudes toward the theater was realized as the American entertainment industry flourished and gained momentum.Missing: impresarios Off- 1950s
[39]
Western theatre - Broadway, Musicals, Plays | Britannica
The Off-Broadway theatre movement began shortly after World War II. It centred on widely dispersed theatres, often located within converted spaces, that were ...
[40]
What Exactly Is Off-Broadway? 22 Helpful Facts For Students
Jun 30, 2024 · Off-Broadway theatre emerged in mid-20th century New York City as a counterpoint to the increasing commercialisation of Broadway.
[41]
The Complicated Relationship Between Commercial and Not-For ...
Mar 13, 2014 · A nonprofit can develop and produce a new work that a commercial producer subsequently picks up for Broadway or beyond. A producer can bring a ...
[42]
What does a Theater Company Producer do? Career Overview ...
A Theater Company Producer secures funding, manages finances, leads teams, handles legal matters, and ensures marketing and production oversight.
[43]
So, What Does a Producer Do, Anyway? - Theatrefolk
A producer delivers a show on time and budget, selects the show, recruits personnel, manages finances, and solves problems.
[44]
Non-Profit vs. Commercial Theater, What's the Big Difference?
Nov 14, 2023 · Nonprofit theater producers are driven by their mission, whether that is artistic innovation, cultural diversity, reviving classics, or something else.
[45]
Cameron Mackintosh About Us History Cameron Mackintosh
Official website for Cameron Mackintosh, producer of hit musicals such as Cats, Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera, Miss Saigon, Oliver!, Mary Poppins ...
[46]
Michael Rapino | Live Nation
Through Live Nation Productions, Rapino has served as executive producer on several projects, including the Imagine Dragons documentary, “Believer,” “Justin ...
[47]
The economics of Broadway shows - The Hustle
Nov 21, 2021 · On Broadway, ~80% of producers and investors struggle to recoup their investments, a number that has stayed consistent since at least the 1960s.
[48]
A Brief History of Film Censorship
Jan 5, 2020 · 1907 Chicago enacts the first movie censorship law in America. Cities and states around the nation create local censorships boards in the following years.
[49]
Full article: Introduction – performing in digital in the COVID-19 era
Jul 5, 2022 · This paper examines how theatre performance shifted to digital during COVID-19, exploring the shift from physical to online spaces and the new ...Missing: adaptations | Show results with:adaptations
[50]
HYBRID THEATRE: PERFORMING TECHNIQUES IN THE ...
Aug 7, 2025 · The pandemic of COVID19 and the Movement Control Order (MCO) have opened up the minds of local theatre players to be more creative in applying ...
[51]
Producer goods | Capital Investment, Business ... - Britannica
Producer goods, in economics, goods manufactured and used in further manufacturing, processing, or resale.
[52]
About Our Company - Accenture
Accenture solves our clients' toughest challenges by providing unmatched services in strategy & consulting, interactive, technology and operations.
[53]
Producers - (AP Microeconomics) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations
Producers are individuals or entities that create goods and services to satisfy consumer needs and wants. They play a vital role in the economy by transforming ...
[54]
Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & Facts
Oct 18, 2025 · What is called the first Industrial Revolution lasted from the mid-18th century to about 1830 and was mostly confined to Britain. The second ...How the Industrial Revolution... · The first Industrial Revolution · History of Europe
[55]
Assembly Line Revolution | Articles - Ford Motor Company
Sep 3, 2020 · Henry Ford famously remarked that the use of the moving assembly line allowed for the work to be taken to workers rather than the workers moving ...
[56]
Key Concepts in Production and Operations Management Study Guide
Jul 7, 2025 · Supply-Chain Management: Focuses on optimizing the supply chain to ensure quality products and services, emphasizing strong supplier ...Assembly Process And... · Production Management... · Technological Innovations In...<|separator|>
[57]
Standards - ISO
Quality management standards to help work more efficiently and reduce product failures. Environmental management standards to help reduce environmental impacts, ...Popular standards · Developing standards · Benefits · ISO 9000 family
[58]
15 Ways Technology Is Driving Sustainable Manufacturing - Forbes
Feb 11, 2025 · 1. Optimized Resource Use Through The IoT And AI · 2. AI Analysis Of Production Data · 3. Emissions Governance Frameworks · 4. 3D Printing · 5.
[59]
15 Sustainable Manufacturing Examples and Case Studies
Mar 7, 2022 · 1. Gairdin: Manufactures sustainable gardening tools and pots · 2. Electrolux, Kinston Plant: Reduced energy cnsumption · 3. Advanced Composite ...
[60]
https://www.iso.org/standards.html
[61]
Outsourcing emerged as new business strategy in early 1980s
Sep 20, 2010 · Since the early 1980s, outsourcing has emerged as a new business strategy as companies decided to focus on their core business by identifying critical ...
[62]
A Brief History of Outsourcing | Supply Chain Resource Cooperative
Jun 1, 2006 · In the 1990s, as organizations began to focus more on cost-saving measures, they started to outsource those functions necessary to run a company ...
[63]
The E-Commerce Revolution Is Transforming Global Trade ... - Forbes
Jun 13, 2022 · E-commerce has transformed the global retail industry. In 2020, over two billion people purchased goods or services online.
[64]
ESG Challenges and Opportunities in the Manufacturing Industry
Dec 26, 2024 · Manufacturers face significant challenges, such as reducing environmental impact, ensuring ethical labor practices, and navigating regulatory ...
[65]
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/a-brief-history-of-outsourcing
[66]
Understanding the impact of automation on workers, jobs, and wages
Jan 19, 2022 · Automation often creates as many jobs as it destroys over time. Workers who can work with machines are more productive than those without them.
[67]
https://ecoactivetech.com/esg-challenges-and-opportunities-in-the-manufacturing-industry/
[68]
Agricultural producer definition - AccountingTools
Apr 25, 2025 · An agricultural producer is a rancher or farmer. These parties produce crops, or breed livestock, or feed livestock prior to slaughter through day-to-day labor ...
[69]
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/understanding-the-impact-of-automation-on-workers-jobs-and-wages/
[70]
A Timeline of the Three Major Agricultural Revolutions in History
Dec 13, 2022 · The Green Revolution greatly increased crop productivity and significantly reduced hunger and poverty worldwide. Studies show that without it, ...
[71]
World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030 - An FAO perspective
### Summary of Historical Development of Agriculture from Subsistence to Green Revolution
[72]
https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-sector-income-finances/farm-business-income/
[73]
A Comprehensive Overview of Logistics in Agriculture
Dec 10, 2023 · Logistics refers to the management of the flow of goods, services, and information from the point of origin to the point of consumption.<|separator|>
[74]
Midwest Agriculture's Ties to the Global Economy
The Midwest's share of U.S. agricultural exports has been relatively large, especially for products such as corn and soybeans, and has helped boost the incomes ...
[75]
[PDF] Agriculture in Brazil and Argentina - USDA ERS
Crop yields for soybeans and cotton in the Center-West are already equivalent to average yields in the United States, and research is underway to improve corn.<|separator|>
[76]
Droughtresistant Crops A Sustainable Solution To Climate Change
Aug 23, 2024 · By adopting these crops, farmers can adapt to changing environmental conditions, mitigate the effects of climate change, and contribute to a ...
[77]
CAP at a glance - Agriculture and rural development - European Union
The CAP is conceived as a common policy, with the objectives of providing affordable food for EU citizens and a fair standard of living for farmers. Documents.Aims of the common... · CAP 2023-27 · CAP financing · The benefits of the CAP
[78]
https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/outlooks/40339/15081_wrs013_1_.pdf
[79]
Production - Wheat - USDA Foreign Agricultural Service
In 2024/2025, China produced 140.1M metric tons (17%), EU 122.12M (15%), India 113.29M (14%), and Russia 81.6M (10%) of wheat. Total production is 800.86M ...
[80]
WTO | Agriculture - gateway
### Summary of WTO Role in Agricultural Trade
[81]
[PDF] Producer Theory - Nolan H. Miller
We now begin our study of the producer side of the market. The basic unit of activity on the production side of the market is the firm.
[82]
[PDF] production-possibilities-frontier.pdf
Production Possibilities Frontier. PPFs can be used to demonstrate: a) opportunity costs (trade-offs). b) efficient production. c) economic growth.
[83]
[PDF] Chapter 6 - Inputs and Production Functions
14/69. Page 30. Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns. Principle that as the usage of one input increases, holding the. quantities of all other inputs fixed, a ...
[84]
The Science of Supply and Demand | St. Louis Fed
Mar 1, 2021 · Supply and demand govern the ways that buyers and sellers determine how much of a good or service to trade in reaction to price changes.
[85]
[PDF] OPEC: What Difference has it Made?
Jan 14, 2013 · In these models, the monopolist production trajectory is longer than that of a competitive resource owner and hence the monopolist is a ' ...
[86]
Economic Growth - Harper College
An increase in the production possibilities curve is caused by having more resources, better resources, or better technology. An increase in AS is caused by: a ...
[87]
[PDF] directed-technical-change.pdf - MIT Economics
There are two major forces affecting equilibrium bias: the price effect and the market size effect. While the former encourages innovations directed at scarce ...
[88]
3.3 Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus, and Deadweight Loss
The amount that a seller is paid for a good minus the seller's actual cost is called producer surplus. In Figure 3.9, producer surplus is the area labeled G— ...
[89]
Supply and Demand - Harper College
2. Producer Surplus (figure 6.6 and table 6.6) a. definition: the difference between the actual price a producer receives (or producers receive) and the ...
[90]
[PDF] Econ 100B Week 4: Economic Welfare
Sep 13, 2023 · The consumer surplus is the integral of a demand function while the producer surplus is the integral of a supply function. The PS graph will ...
[91]
[PDF] Lecture 3: Tax Incidence and Efficiency Costs of Taxation
The inefficiency of any tax is determined by the extent to which consumers and producers change their behavior to avoid the tax; deadweight loss is caused by.
[92]
http://www2.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/eco211f/lectures/s&d/ch3fr.htm
[93]
[PDF] The Impact of the 2018 Trade War on U.S. Prices and Welfare
The foreign country clearly loses in this setup, since an amount of their producer surplus equal to C is transferred in the form of tariff revenue to the home.
[94]
[PDF] Coffee: World Markets and Trade - USDA Foreign Agricultural Service
Jun 2, 2025 · prices as measured by the International. Coffee Organization (ICO) monthly composite price index increased over 90 percent in the last 2 years.Missing: surplus | Show results with:surplus<|control11|><|separator|>
[95]
Ecology of Ecosystems - OERTX
In many ecosystems, the bottom of the food chain consists of photosynthetic organisms (plants and/or phytoplankton), which are called primary producers. The ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[96]
Aquatic food webs | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
including bacteria, phytoplankton, and algae — form the lowest trophic level and the base of the aquatic food web. Primary ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[97]
3.1 Energy Flow through Ecosystems – Introduction to ...
Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms are autotrophs capable of synthesizing their own food (specifically, using inorganic carbon as a carbon source).
[98]
Photosynthesis - The Cell - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
In the light reactions, energy from sunlight drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, coupled to the formation of O2 from H2O. In the dark reactions, so named ...Missing: equation | Show results with:equation
[99]
Photosynthesis - Light Dependent - Plant Physiology - CSB+SJU
Jan 7, 2009 · Photosynthesis is an energy conversion process that ultimately converts light energy to chemical energy (carbohydrate).
[100]
Module 6: Producers: The Basis of Ecosystems - Columbia University
The photosynthetic plants (there are parasitic plants as well) and bacteria are the main way that energy enters ecosystems. However, chemosynthetic bacteria are ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[101]
Cyanobacteria evolution: Insight from the fossil record - PMC
Cyanobacteria played an important role in the evolution of Early Earth and the biosphere. They are responsible for the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans.
[102]
The bacteria that changed the world - Understanding Evolution
This lineage, the ancestor of modern oxygen-producing Cyanobacteria, was so successful that its waste product (oxygen) eventually transformed the atmosphere ...Missing: producers | Show results with:producers
[103]
Ocean Productivity - Oregon State University
Jun 16, 2025 · Total net primary production on Earth exceeds 100 billion tons of carbon per year, and it plays a profound role in the global carbon cycle.
[104]
Exploring global patterns of net primary production carbon supply ...
Nov 22, 2006 · The amount of Earth's net primary production (NPP) required to support human activities is a powerful measure of the aggregate impact on the ...
[105]
The productivity, metabolism and carbon cycle of tropical forest ...
Dec 13, 2011 · Units of GPP and NPP are Mg C ha−1 year−1. Elevation is in m a.s.l. Top-down GPP (GPPtd) is calculated from eddy covariance measurements ...
[106]
The Environmental Legacy of Modern Tropical Deforestation - PMC
Jul 28, 2016 · Tropical deforestation has caused a significant share of carbon emissions and species losses, but historical patterns have rarely been explicitly considered.
[107]
Deforestation and Forest Loss - Our World in Data
Moving into the 20th century, there was a stepwise change in demand for agricultural land and energy from wood. Deforestation rates accelerated. This increase ...
[108]
Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
Each column in Figure 5.16 indicates how risks increase with ocean warming, acidification ... 5 are expected to result in high risk of impacts on sandy ...
[109]
Topic 1.10 Notes – Energy Flow and the 10% Rule - LumiSource
Only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level—most is lost as heat or used for metabolism. Photosynthesis captures only ~1% of solar energy, ...
[110]
Life in the Tundra - Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears
These consumers may be further classified as herbivores (plant eaters), carnivores (meat eaters), or omnivores (feed on a combination of animals and plants). In ...
[111]
Biogeochemical Cycles - UCAR Center for Science Education
Through the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is pulled from the air to produce food made from carbon for plant growth. Carbon moves from plants to ...Missing: producers symbiotic
[112]
Ecosystem Ecology – Introductory Biology
Rhizobium bacteria live symbiotically in the root nodules of legumes (such as peas, beans, and peanuts) and provide them with the organic nitrogen they need. ...
[113]
The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems
Mar 1, 2011 · Litter in the most diverse producer polycultures ... diverse polycultures yield less biomass than the single highest yielding monoculture.
[114]
[PDF] Biodiversity simultaneously enhances the production and stability of ...
0 indicate that the most diverse polycultures produce more biomass than the median monoculture. ... Polyculture stability through time. The average (across ...
[115]
Global kelp forest restoration: past lessons, present status, and ...
The kelp forest collapse negatively impacted ecosystem, economic, and social health of northern California coastal communities.
[116]
Restoring the World's Forests - The Nature Conservancy
Jan 28, 2025 · By offering tax breaks, subsidies, and grants, governments can encourage landowners and businesses to invest in reforestation projects.
[117]
A new global oceanic multi-model net primary productivity data ...
Oct 31, 2023 · Net primary production of the oceans contributes approximately half of the total global net primary production, and long-term observational ...
[118]
Producer gas – Knowledge and References - Taylor & Francis
Producer gas is a fuel-gas mixture that is generated by the combustion of fuels such as coal with air and steam or biomass gasification in a gasifier.Missing: applications | Show results with:applications
[119]
[PDF] Gasification, Producer Gas and Syngas
Producer gas is the mixture of gases produced by the gasification of organic material such as biomass at relatively low temperatures (1292º to 1832º F).Missing: definition history
[120]
Gas Composition - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Gas composition refers to the specific mixture of gases, including oxidizing and reducing agents, that influences gasification reactions and syngas composition.
[121]
Gasifier History
Aug 19, 2014 · John Barber's patent mentioned the use of producer gas to drive an internal combustion engine. However, the first confirmed use of producer gas ...
[122]
3. HISTORY OF GAS PRODUCER ENGINE SYSTEMS Introduction
built used oil as a fuel and the patent was given to J. Taylor in 1815 who designed and operated the unit. Between the years 1815 and 1839.
[123]
[PDF] THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE PRODUCER-GAS POWER ...
The fuels in most common use for producers of this kind are charcoal, coke, and anthracite coal, although attempts are being made so to construct suction plants ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[124]
[PDF] Producer Gas, Economic Development - Princeton University
It can be made from essentially any solid biomass feedstock, including charcoal, wood and crop residues, through an operationally simple thermochemical ...Missing: composition | Show results with:composition<|control11|><|separator|>
[125]
3.3 Gasification | EGEE 439: Alternative Fuels from Biomass Sources
For high-temperature/high-pressure gasifiers, the efficiency is high, ~90%. For typical biomass gasifiers, the efficiency is reduced to 70-80% efficiency. Cold ...Missing: producer | Show results with:producer
[126]
[PDF] IEA Bioenergy
The thermal efficiency for biomass gasification varies from 70 to 80%. The product gas containing mostly CO, CO2, and H2 could be cleaned to remove carry over ...Missing: producer | Show results with:producer
[127]
[PDF] Guideline for Safe and Eco-friendly Biomass Gasification - OSTI.GOV
The producer gas and residues (ash, liquids, exhaust gases) may cause the following major hazards/risks: ➢ an explosion and/or fire;. ➢ health damage to humans ...
[128]
[PDF] Health, Safety and Environment in Biomass Gasification
As producer gas contains about 20 vol% CO, there will be normally about 2000 ppm CO in the exhaust gas due to the slip. The slip depends on the gas composition ...
[129]
Startup process, safety and risk assessment of biomass gasification ...
Dec 4, 2023 · The producer gas contains flammable components, mainly CO and H2 at concentrations of ca. 20 vol%, contributing to the potential hazards of fire ...
[130]
https://acee.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Larson-Producer-Gas-Economic-Development-and-the-Role-of-Research-1985.pdf
[131]
Brief History | III - Insurance Information Institute
Modern insurance has its roots in this law which concerned coverage for merchandise and ships. 1666 Great Fire of London demonstrated destructive power of fire ...Missing: 18th century
[132]
The History of Insurance in America - Investopedia
Under the McCarran-Ferguson Act of 1945, insurance companies became exempt from most federal regulation and are instead subject to state law. In recent ...Missing: marine 1666
[133]
150th Anniversary Timeline - NAIC
For the past 150 years, the NAIC has been the standard-setting and regulatory support organization created by the chief insurance regulators in the US.
[134]
Insurance Topics | Producer Licensing - NAIC
An insurance producer is an individual who sells, solicits, or negotiates insurance. State insurance regulators license producers and issue rules for continuing ...Missing: 2000 | Show results with:2000
[135]
Understanding the insurance licensing process - NIPR
Oct 27, 2025 · An insurance producer license allows individuals to sell, solicit or negotiate insurance products. To operate legally, insurance producers must ...Missing: 1871 | Show results with:1871
[136]
Continuing education for insurance license: a state-by-state ...
Feb 27, 2024 · Continuing education for insurance license varies by state. This guide gives you a breakdown of how many credit hours you need to earn in each state.
[137]
Some States Require Insurance Producers To Carry Errors ...
Feb 11, 2013 · (c) Failure to carry and maintain errors and omissions insurance may result in the suspension or revocation of the resident insurance producer ...Missing: mandate | Show results with:mandate
[138]
Captive Agent vs. Independent Agent - The Hartford Insurance
Mar 27, 2023 · What's the difference between captive and independent insurance agents? Captive agents work for a single insurance company.
[139]
How to Choose an Insurance Agent - NAIC
A captive agent sells insurance for only one company. Independent and captive agents represent insurance companies and receive a commission from the insurance ...
[140]
Different Types of Insurance – Life vs. Health vs. Property & Casualty
While a health insurance policy helps protect the well-being of a living person, a life insurance policy offers financial support for family members or loved ...
[141]
Legal Responsibilities of an Insurance Agent | IIAT
Insurance agents have legal duties to both insured and insurer, including using care to protect the insured, and to the insurer, loyalty, fairness, and honesty.
[142]
Do Insurance Brokers Have a Fiduciary Duty? - Mployer Advisor
Mar 6, 2023 · Yes, insurance brokers have a fiduciary duty to their clients, meaning they must act in their best interests, not their own, and must avoid ...Missing: customization | Show results with:customization
[143]
20-1243.03 - Duties of insurers and producers; definitions
The producer shall exercise reasonable diligence, care and skill to do all of the following: 1. Know the consumer's financial situation, insurance needs and ...Missing: customization | Show results with:customization
[144]
Digital Transformation Trends Revolutionizing Insurance Industry
With the advent of smartphones and social media, insurers embraced mobile apps and digital channels in the 2010s for personalized engagement and service ...
[145]
Top 7 Insurance Quoting Software Solutions for Agents in 2025
Sep 8, 2025 · This guide covers the top insurance quoting tools, their features, and how they can benefit your agency.
[146]
Cyber Insurance Market Growth | AmTrust Financial
The cyber insurance market is projected to continue to grow from $7.8 billion in 2020 to $20.4 billion by 2025, with an annual growth rate of 21.2%.