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July 2

July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 182 days remaining until the end of the year. The date holds particular historical significance in the United States for the Second Continental Congress's vote to declare independence from Great Britain on July 2, 1776, adopting Richard Henry Lee's resolution that the thirteen colonies were "free and independent states," a decision formalized two days later in the Declaration of Independence. John Adams anticipated that July 2 would become a major annual celebration, viewing it as the true pivotal moment of separation rather than the later ratification of the declaration's text. Other landmark events include President James A. Garfield's shooting by assassin Charles Guiteau at a Washington, D.C., train station on July 2, 1881, which led to his death two months later amid medical controversies over treatment. On July 2, 1890, President Benjamin Harrison signed the Sherman Antitrust Act, the first federal legislation to curb monopolies and promote competition by prohibiting contracts or combinations in restraint of trade. In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into law on July 2, banning discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, employment, and federally funded programs while authorizing federal enforcement against segregation.

Events

Pre-1600

In 311, , a North African cleric also known as Melchiades, was elected as the 32nd of , succeeding and serving until his death in 314; his papacy marked the first after the issued by Emperor , easing restrictions on Christians. On July 2, 626, during the , Prince Li Shimin (later Emperor Taizong) orchestrated the at the imperial palace in , ambushing and killing his rival brothers and Prince Li Yuanji along with their supporters; this coup compelled Emperor Gaozu to abdicate in favor of Li Shimin nine days later, establishing one of China's most prosperous reigns. In 763, Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat acceded to the throne as the 16th and final ruler of in the Maya Classic period, succeeding his father K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil; his reign, documented on monuments like Altar Q, lasted until around 810 amid declining regional power, with inscriptions recording his ritual links to the dynasty's founder Yax K'uk' Mo'. On July 2, 963, the Byzantine army in proclaimed general as emperor following the death of , leveraging his military successes against Arab forces; Phokas entered in August and was formally crowned on August 16, initiating a reign focused on reconquests in the east until his assassination in 969.

1601–1900

1644: On July 2, during the , Parliamentarian and allied Scottish Covenanter forces under commanders and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated troops led by at the , located six miles west of . The engagement, which began around 7 p.m. amid a and lasted approximately two hours, involved roughly 28,000 combatants on the allied side against 18,000 s, resulting in heavy losses estimated at 1,500 killed and significant captures, while allied casualties numbered fewer than 300. This victory marked the first major defeat for forces in the conflict and secured for , though surrendered days later. 1776: The Second in adopted the Lee Resolution on July 2, formally voting 12-0 (with abstaining) to declare the independent from , establishing the as free and independent states absolved of allegiance to the British Crown. This resolution, introduced by on , preceded the drafting and adoption of the Declaration of Independence on , but the July 2 vote represented the decisive legal break from , as later affirmed by in correspondence predicting its commemoration over the later document. The action followed escalating tensions, including the and the Siege of , and set the stage for the formal announcement of independence. 1839: Enslaved Africans aboard the Spanish schooner revolted on July 2 off the coast of , seizing control after killing the captain and cook; led by Sengbe Pieh (known as Cinqué), the 53 Mende captives had been illegally transported from despite Britain's abolition of the slave trade. The mutineers attempted to return to but were intercepted by a U.S. naval vessel near , New York, leading to their arrest and a landmark U.S. case in 1841 that ruled them free persons not subject to return as property. The incident highlighted ongoing illegal slave trading and fueled abolitionist efforts in the U.S., with the Africans repatriated in 1842 after public fundraising. 1865: William Booth, a former Methodist minister, preached the inaugural open-air sermon of the East London Christian Mission on July 2 in a tent in London's district, targeting the impoverished and marginalized amid the city's industrial-era social decay. This event laid the foundation for what evolved into by 1878, adopting a militaristic structure to organize evangelical and charitable work, eventually expanding globally to address poverty, addiction, and disaster relief. Booth's approach emphasized practical aid alongside spiritual conversion, drawing from his experiences in urban mission work and influencing modern social welfare models. 1881: President James A. Garfield was shot twice by Charles J. Guiteau, a delusional office-seeker, at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., while preparing to board a train for vacation; the wounds—one superficial to the arm, the other to the back—led to Garfield's prolonged suffering from infection due to unsterile medical probing. Guiteau, motivated by rejected patronage claims and a belief in divine inspiration, was convicted of assassination despite Garfield's death occurring 80 days later on September 19; the incident spurred civil service reform via the Pendleton Act of 1883, curbing the spoils system. Garfield's case exemplified 19th-century medical limitations, with autopsy revealing the bullet lodged harmlessly but sepsis from interventions proving fatal.

1901–present

Births

Pre-1600

In 311, , a North African cleric also known as Melchiades, was elected as the 32nd of , succeeding and serving until his death in 314; his papacy marked the first after the issued by Emperor , easing restrictions on Christians. On July 2, 626, during the , Prince Li Shimin (later Emperor Taizong) orchestrated the at the imperial palace in , ambushing and killing his rival brothers Crown Prince Li Jiancheng and Prince Li Yuanji along with their supporters; this coup compelled Emperor Gaozu to abdicate in favor of Li Shimin nine days later, establishing one of China's most prosperous reigns. In 763, Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat acceded to the throne as the 16th and final ruler of in the Maya Classic period, succeeding his father K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil; his reign, documented on monuments like Altar Q, lasted until around 810 amid declining regional power, with inscriptions recording his ritual links to the dynasty's founder Yax K'uk' Mo'. On July 2, 963, the Byzantine army in proclaimed general as emperor following the death of , leveraging his military successes against Arab forces; Phokas entered in August and was formally crowned on August 16, initiating a reign focused on reconquests in the east until his assassination in 969.

1601–1900

1644: On July 2, during the , Parliamentarian and allied Scottish Covenanter forces under commanders and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated troops led by at the , located six miles west of . The engagement, which began around 7 p.m. amid a and lasted approximately two hours, involved roughly 28,000 combatants on the allied side against 18,000 s, resulting in heavy losses estimated at 1,500 killed and significant captures, while allied casualties numbered fewer than 300. This victory marked the first major defeat for forces in the conflict and secured for , though surrendered days later. 1776: The Second in adopted the Lee Resolution on July 2, formally voting 12-0 (with abstaining) to declare the independent from , establishing the as free and independent states absolved of allegiance to the British Crown. This resolution, introduced by on , preceded the drafting and adoption of the Declaration of Independence on , but the July 2 vote represented the decisive legal break from , as later affirmed by in correspondence predicting its commemoration over the later document. The action followed escalating tensions, including the and the Siege of , and set the stage for the formal announcement of independence. 1839: Enslaved Africans aboard the Spanish schooner revolted on July 2 off the coast of , seizing control after killing the captain and cook; led by Sengbe Pieh (known as Cinqué), the 53 Mende captives had been illegally transported from despite Britain's abolition of the slave trade. The mutineers attempted to return to but were intercepted by a U.S. naval vessel near , New York, leading to their arrest and a landmark U.S. case in 1841 that ruled them free persons not subject to return as property. The incident highlighted ongoing illegal slave trading and fueled abolitionist efforts in the U.S., with the Africans repatriated in 1842 after public fundraising. 1865: William Booth, a former Methodist minister, preached the inaugural open-air sermon of the East London Christian Mission on July 2 in a tent in London's district, targeting the impoverished and marginalized amid the city's industrial-era social decay. This event laid the foundation for what evolved into by 1878, adopting a militaristic structure to organize evangelical and charitable work, eventually expanding globally to address , , and disaster relief. Booth's approach emphasized practical aid alongside spiritual conversion, drawing from his experiences in urban mission work and influencing modern social welfare models. 1881: President James A. Garfield was shot twice by Charles J. Guiteau, a delusional office-seeker, at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., while preparing to board a train for vacation; the wounds—one superficial to the arm, the other to the back—led to Garfield's prolonged suffering from infection due to unsterile medical probing. Guiteau, motivated by rejected patronage claims and a belief in divine inspiration, was convicted of assassination despite Garfield's death occurring 80 days later on September 19; the incident spurred civil service reform via the Pendleton Act of 1883, curbing the spoils system. Garfield's case exemplified 19th-century medical limitations, with autopsy revealing the bullet lodged harmlessly but sepsis from interventions proving fatal.

1901–present

Deaths

Pre-1600

In 311, , a North African cleric also known as Melchiades, was elected as the 32nd of , succeeding and serving until his death in 314; his papacy marked the first after the issued by Emperor , easing restrictions on Christians. On July 2, 626, during the , Prince Li Shimin (later Emperor Taizong) orchestrated the at the imperial palace in , ambushing and killing his rival brothers Crown Prince Li Jiancheng and Prince Li Yuanji along with their supporters; this coup compelled Emperor Gaozu to abdicate in favor of Li Shimin nine days later, establishing one of China's most prosperous reigns. In 763, Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat acceded to the throne as the 16th and final ruler of in the Maya Classic period, succeeding his father K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil; his reign, documented on monuments like Altar Q, lasted until around 810 amid declining regional power, with inscriptions recording his ritual links to the dynasty's founder Yax K'uk' Mo'. On July 2, 963, the Byzantine army in proclaimed general as emperor following the death of , leveraging his military successes against Arab forces; Phokas entered in August and was formally crowned on August 16, initiating a reign focused on reconquests in the east until his assassination in 969.

1601–1900

1644: On July 2, during the , Parliamentarian and allied Scottish Covenanter forces under commanders and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated troops led by at the , located six miles west of . The engagement, which began around 7 p.m. amid a and lasted approximately two hours, involved roughly 28,000 combatants on the allied side against 18,000 s, resulting in heavy losses estimated at 1,500 killed and significant captures, while allied casualties numbered fewer than 300. This victory marked the first major defeat for forces in the conflict and secured for , though surrendered days later. 1776: The Second in adopted the Lee Resolution on July 2, formally voting 12-0 (with abstaining) to declare the independent from , establishing the as free and independent states absolved of allegiance to the British Crown. This resolution, introduced by on , preceded the drafting and adoption of the Declaration of Independence on , but the July 2 vote represented the decisive legal break from , as later affirmed by in correspondence predicting its commemoration over the later document. The action followed escalating tensions, including the and the Siege of , and set the stage for the formal announcement of independence. 1839: Enslaved Africans aboard the Spanish schooner revolted on July 2 off the coast of , seizing control after killing the captain and cook; led by Sengbe Pieh (known as Cinqué), the 53 Mende captives had been illegally transported from despite Britain's abolition of the slave trade. The mutineers attempted to return to but were intercepted by a U.S. naval vessel near , New York, leading to their arrest and a landmark U.S. case in 1841 that ruled them free persons not subject to return as property. The incident highlighted ongoing illegal slave trading and fueled abolitionist efforts in the U.S., with the Africans repatriated in 1842 after public fundraising. 1865: William Booth, a former Methodist minister, preached the inaugural open-air sermon of the East London Christian Mission on July 2 in a tent in London's Whitechapel district, targeting the impoverished and marginalized amid the city's industrial-era social decay. This event laid the foundation for what evolved into The Salvation Army by 1878, adopting a militaristic structure to organize evangelical and charitable work, eventually expanding globally to address poverty, addiction, and disaster relief. Booth's approach emphasized practical aid alongside spiritual conversion, drawing from his experiences in urban mission work and influencing modern social welfare models. 1881: President James A. Garfield was shot twice by Charles J. Guiteau, a delusional office-seeker, at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., while preparing to board a train for vacation; the wounds—one superficial to the arm, the other to the back—led to Garfield's prolonged suffering from infection due to unsterile medical probing. Guiteau, motivated by rejected patronage claims and a belief in divine inspiration, was convicted of assassination despite Garfield's death occurring 80 days later on September 19; the incident spurred civil service reform via the Pendleton Act of 1883, curbing the spoils system. Garfield's case exemplified 19th-century medical limitations, with autopsy revealing the bullet lodged harmlessly but sepsis from interventions proving fatal.

1901–present

Holidays and observances

Religious observances

In the of the , July 2 is the feast of the Visitation of the , commemorating the biblical event in which visits her relative Elizabeth shortly after the , as recounted in Luke 1:39–56; the feast was formally established in the and fixed on this date to follow the octave of the Nativity of St. . The observance emphasizes themes of charity and humility, with liturgical readings including the . In the , it is similarly observed as the Feast of the Visitation, often with processions or services highlighting Mary's role in salvation history. The date also serves as an optional memorial for several saints in the Catholic calendar, including Bernardino Realino (1530–1616), an Italian Jesuit priest who served as a civic official before and focused on education and care for the poor in until his death. Another is Otto of Bamberg (c. 1062–1139), a German and who converted pagan tribes in through preaching and church-building, earning recognition as an to the region despite resistance from local rulers. In the traditional calendar of the , July 2 honors (d. 862), , whose relics were translated to the on this day in 971, leading to a persistent English linking rainy on St. Swithun's Day to 40 subsequent days of rain, rooted in medieval rather than theological doctrine. The commemorates martyrs Aberoh and Atom, early Christian soldiers executed under Roman persecution for refusing to renounce their faith. In , the —a minor fast day marking calamities such as the breach of Jerusalem's walls in 586 BCE and 70 CE—may coincide with July 2 in certain years, as the is lunisolar; for instance, it falls on this date in 2026, involving dawn-to-dusk abstention from food and drink in remembrance of historical tragedies preceding the Temples' destructions. Jain traditions observe the beginning of Ashadha Ashtahnika Parva on or around July 2 in some years, an eight-day period of austerity and temple rituals honoring the faith's principles, though the exact timing varies by lunar calculation.

National and international holidays

In , a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, July 2 is designated as (Dia di Himno y Bandera), a commemorating the adoption of the on that date in 1984. The flag, designed by local artist Pedro Luis Brion, consists of a light blue field symbolizing the sky and sea, divided by a yellow horizontal stripe representing the sun, with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an inverted "V" formation denoting the five main islands of the former (, , , , and ). The , "Himno di Kòrsou," was officially adopted earlier on July 26, 1978, but the holiday honors both symbols of island identity, with celebrations including flag-raising ceremonies, cultural parades, and community events in . No sovereign nations observe a nationwide public holiday fixed on July 2, though regional observances exist, such as in the Brazilian state of , marking the 1823 uprising against Portuguese rule, limited to that state and not a federal holiday. Internationally, July 2 lacks designation as an official observance or global holiday, distinguishing it from nearby dates like the variable International Day of Cooperatives (first Saturday in July).

Other observances

World UFO Day is an annual international observance held on July 2 to promote awareness of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and encourage public discourse on potential extraterrestrial phenomena. The date specifically marks the anniversary of the reported UFO crash near , on July 2, 1947, which sparked widespread interest in UFO sightings and government disclosures. Participants often engage in sky-watching events, discussions, and educational activities to examine evidence from historical sightings, though skeptics attribute most reports to misidentifications of conventional or natural phenomena. In the United States, National Anisette Day recognizes the consumption and cultural significance of , a sweet, anise-flavored originating from Mediterranean traditions and used in cocktails and desserts. Similarly, Made in the Day highlights products manufactured domestically, promoting appreciation for industry and encouraging consumer support for local economies amid global concerns. National Wildland Day honors the professionals who combat wildfires, acknowledging risks such as the 2022 data showing over 1.2 million acres burned annually in the U.S. and the loss of 18 firefighters that year. Other minor observances include I Forgot Day, which playfully encourages reflection on forgetfulness and memory aids, and World Tutors' Day, recognizing educators who provide personalized tutoring to address learning gaps. In , the Palio di Provenzano, a historic bareback horse race in dating to the , occurs on this date as part of medieval traditions honoring the Virgin , drawing thousands of spectators to compete for neighborhood prestige.

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