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Keep away

Keep away is a simple, competitive game in which two or more players attempt to pass an object, typically a ball, among themselves to prevent one or more designated players from intercepting or obtaining it.^[1] Commonly played by children on playgrounds, keep away serves as an accessible activity requiring minimal equipment, often just a ball, and can be adapted for small or large groups.^[2] In its standard form, a group of outer players stand in a circle or formation and pass the ball by tossing or bouncing it below head height, while a central player—known as "it"—tries to deflect, intercept, or tag the ball or its holder; players may not hold the ball for more than three seconds to maintain quick play.^[2] If the central player succeeds in intercepting a pass or tagging a holder, they typically switch roles with one of the outer players, allowing the game to continue dynamically.^[2] Beyond recreational play, keep away is widely used as a training drill in sports such as soccer, basketball, hockey, and lacrosse to enhance skills like passing accuracy, defensive positioning, possession retention, and decision-making under pressure.^[3]^[4] Variations include team-based formats where one side defends while the other maintains possession within a defined area, timed challenges to complete a set number of passes, or additions like multiple balls or neutral helpers to increase complexity and promote teamwork.^[4] These adaptations make it suitable for all ages, fostering physical benefits such as improved agility, coordination, throwing, catching, and quick reactions.^[2]

Introduction

Definition and Objective

Keep away is a simple, circle-based children's game in which a group of players pass a ball to one another while attempting to prevent a designated player, known as "it," positioned in the center from intercepting or catching it.^[5] The game emphasizes teamwork and evasion, with the outer players forming a ring to facilitate quick exchanges.^[2] The primary objective for the players on the outside is to maintain possession of the ball by passing it successfully among themselves without allowing the central player to touch or secure it.^[5] If the central player succeeds in intercepting the ball, the game concludes for that round, and roles rotate: the successful interceptor joins the circle, while one of the outer players—often the one who threw the intercepted pass—becomes the new "it."^[2] This rotation ensures all participants experience both defending and pursuing roles. Core mechanics involve rapid, accurate passes thrown across the circle, with standard rules limiting any player to holding the ball for no more than three seconds to promote continuous movement and prevent stalling.^[2] A typical setup features 5 to 8 players arranged in a circle, with one player starting in the center; this configuration allows for dynamic play while keeping the activity accessible for small groups.^[5] Variations of the game may alter these elements, such as using different objects or field sizes, but the focus remains on possession and interception.^[2]

Historical Context

Keep away, a simple folk game involving the passing of an object to prevent interception by an excluded player, has roots in traditional children's play activities without a documented inventor or precise origin date. As an informal pursuit, it parallels early forms of object-passing games observed in various cultures, but specific historical records of the game under its modern name are scarce prior to the 20th century. The activity likely evolved organically from basic playground interactions, where children used available items like balls or improvised objects to engage in cooperative exclusionary play, similar to reversed tag mechanics but focused on possession rather than pursuit.^[6] The game's terminology and structure began appearing in American contexts during the early 20th century, with "keep-away" referenced in popular culture by the 1930s. A 1933 political cartoon by Clifford Kennedy Berryman depicts U.S. leaders engaging in a keep-away game with an economy-labeled ball, illustrating the term's familiarity in everyday language at the time. Influenced by related European folk variants, such as the German "Schweinchen in der Mitte" (piggy in the middle), the game emerged prominently in playgrounds and streets during the 19th and early 20th centuries, though without formal codification. The variant "monkey in the middle" gained traction mid-century, with the Oxford English Dictionary tracing its earliest printed use to 1952 in a New Jersey newspaper, reflecting its spread as a named activity among youth.^[7]^[6] Keep away's popularity surged in American schools and summer camps following World War II, aligning with expanded physical education programs emphasizing no-equipment activities for skill-building. Postwar youth recreation guides and curricula from the 1950s frequently included it as a core exercise for developing coordination, teamwork, and agility. For instance, a 1951 Boston University thesis on integrating English and physical education for sixth graders describes keep away as a team-based game using three groups to practice passing and evasion. Similarly, elementary school physical education materials from the early 1950s, as documented in a 1973 historical review, list keep away alongside relays and circle games to promote basic motor skills in unstructured settings. This era marked its formal recognition as an accessible, inclusive playground staple during a time of increased focus on child development through play.^[8]^[9]

Gameplay

Basic Rules

Keep away is typically played with a group of 4 or more children forming an outer circle or square, with one player designated as "it" standing in the center. The outer players pass a ball to one another while attempting to prevent the central player from intercepting it, thereby keeping the ball away from "it."^[2] The central player moves within the formation to try to catch or tag the ball during passes.^[10] Passes must be made by tossing or bouncing the ball to another outer player, with the ball kept below the head level of the central player to ensure accessibility and safety.^[2] Outer players may not hold the ball for longer than three seconds before passing, which maintains a fast pace and prevents stalling.^[2] Passes are generally directed across the circle to non-adjacent players when possible, though adjacent passes are allowed, and the objective is to direct them in a way that challenges the central player's reach without aiming directly at them.^[10] If the central player successfully intercepts a pass, the outer player who made that pass switches places with "it," becoming the new central player, while the interceptor joins the outer circle.^[2] This rotation ensures all participants take turns in the center, promoting fairness and continued engagement. The game has no fixed end but continues indefinitely through these switches, or until the group leader calls a stop, often after multiple rotations to allow everyone a chance in the center. The duration is flexible and adaptable to group size and energy levels, though it can extend based on participant stamina.^[10] To promote safe play, all tosses and bounces should remain below head height to minimize injury risk from errant balls, and players are encouraged to maintain spacing in the circle to avoid collisions during movement.^[2] No physical contact is permitted between the central player and outer players, such as grabbing or pushing, to keep the focus on ball-handling skills rather than physical confrontation.^[10]

Equipment and Setup

Keep away is designed as a low-barrier activity that requires only basic materials to facilitate immediate play in various environments. The primary equipment consists of a single soft, lightweight ball, such as a foam or rubber playground ball, which ensures safety for all ages during passing and interception attempts.^[11]^[12] Setup involves players forming a circle in an open space on grass, pavement, or a gym floor, with one participant positioned in the center to attempt interceptions while the others pass the ball around the perimeter. For groups exceeding 5-8 players or to contain more dynamic movement, boundaries can be marked using cones or chalk to define the play area clearly.^[12]^[2] In organized or supervised sessions, optional items like a whistle for the referee and a timer for timed rounds can enhance structure without complicating the core experience.^[12] To promote accessibility, adaptations include selecting larger, softer balls for younger children to minimize impact risks during play. An open area large enough for the circle formation and necessary mobility accommodates 5-10 participants.^[2]

Variations

Individual Variations

One prominent individual variation of keep away is Monkey in the Middle, where a single player designated as the "monkey" stands in the center while two to four outer players form a circle or line around them. The outer players pass a soft ball over the monkey's head, aiming to prevent interception, and if the monkey catches the ball, they switch places with the player who last threw it, rotating the role.^[5]^[13] To increase the challenge for the central player, a bouncing rule can be introduced, requiring the ball to bounce once before being caught by any participant, which slows the pace of play and gives the "it" player more time to react. This modification is particularly useful in small groups of three to five players, as it emphasizes timing and positioning over raw speed.^[2]^[14] Another tweak involves imposing time limits on possession, such as requiring outer players to pass the ball within two to three seconds of receiving it; failure to do so results in that player switching to the center position. This rule heightens the game's intensity and encourages quick decision-making in setups with fewer than six participants.^[2]^[14] A no-catch version lowers the skill barrier by allowing the central player to win a turn simply by touching or deflecting the ball rather than fully catching it, making the game accessible for beginners or younger players in groups of two to four. In this format, the outer players still pass a soft ball as in the standard rules, but the central player's success relies more on reach and anticipation.^[11]

Team-Based Variations

Team-based variations of keep away scale the game for larger groups, typically dividing players into opposing teams to emphasize possession, passing, and defensive pressure within a bounded area. These formats introduce competitive elements such as scoring through consecutive passes or zone advancements, fostering teamwork and strategic play. Often used in sports training like soccer, they adapt the basic rules to promote skill development in group settings.^[15] Ultimate Keep Away is a vigorous game typically played with leaders (2-3) passing a frisbee among themselves while a larger group of children (8-12) attempts to intercept, or vice versa with children passing under rules like throwing within 5 seconds and including all players. Possession switches on interception, focusing on maintaining passing streaks to elevate heart rate and practice movement skills; it can be adapted with a ball instead of frisbee.^[16] The 3v1 Keep Away setup features three attackers maintaining possession against one defender in a small enclosed grid, focusing on quick passes and creating passing angles to retain the ball for as long as possible. The objective for attackers is to maximize possession time, often measured in seconds or until interception, while the defender pressures the ball carrier and closes lanes. Commonly employed in soccer training, this format builds technical skills and can be scaled to 4v2 for added challenge.^[15] Zone variations divide the playing field into multiple sections, requiring teams to advance the ball through passes across zones without defenders entering certain areas, promoting progressive build-up play. For example, in a 6v3 setup across three zones, attackers score by completing ten consecutive passes in an end zone, earning additional points for every five passes thereafter, while defenders transition the ball to the opposite zone upon interception to reset the play. This structure simulates match scenarios where teams must maintain control while moving forward.^[17] Tournament-style keep away organizes play into multiple timed rounds, with teams competing in elimination or point-based formats where interceptions lead to possession changes and scoring rewards consecutive passes, such as one point per five successful ones. Games might run for three minutes per round across several sets, allowing for eight or more matches to determine a winner based on total points or fewest interceptions. This competitive framework heightens engagement in group sessions.^[18] Inclusive team play incorporates frequent defender rotations to balance skill levels, particularly in youth groups, ensuring all participants experience both offensive and defensive roles. In a 3v1 rotating format, a new defender enters after each possession loss or set time, passing the ball to attackers before joining, which promotes equal participation and prevents fatigue or dominance by stronger players. This approach enhances accessibility and team cohesion.^[19]

Naming and Regional Differences

In the United States, the game is commonly referred to as "keep away," emphasizing the objective of preventing the central player from intercepting the ball, or alternatively as "monkey in the middle," a term first recorded in 1952 in American English sources.^[6] In the United Kingdom, it is known as "piggy in the middle" or "pig in the middle," with the earliest documented reference appearing in 1887 in a British folklore compilation describing a similar children's activity where a central player attempts to break through or intercept.^[20] Australia shares the British naming convention, calling the game "piggy in the middle," as evidenced in contemporary educational and recreational resources for youth sports and play.^[21] These regional naming differences highlight linguistic variations in English-speaking areas, with "pig" reflecting older British colloquialisms for the isolated player, while "monkey" emerged later in American contexts possibly drawing from playful animal imagery. The term "monkey in the middle" has sparked debate in modern discussions about potential racial insensitivity, though it is generally understood as referring to the animal. Historically, the game has been gender-neutral among children.

Educational and Developmental Benefits

Keep away, a simple ball-passing game, offers significant physical benefits to participants, particularly children, by enhancing hand-eye coordination through precise passing and catching mechanics, while promoting agility via rapid directional changes to evade interceptions. The constant movement involved also supports cardiovascular fitness, as players engage in sustained moderate-to-vigorous activity that elevates heart rates and improves endurance. On the social front, the game fosters teamwork and communication among outer players, who must coordinate passes to maintain possession, thereby building empathy and cooperative strategies. When a player becomes "it," the experience teaches resilience and frustration management, as they learn to persist despite temporary exclusion, promoting emotional regulation in group settings. Research from the American Academy of Pediatrics emphasizes that unstructured and semi-structured play like keep away contributes to social well-being by encouraging peer interactions that develop conflict resolution and inclusivity skills.^[22] Cognitively, keep away sharpens strategic thinking, as players anticipate opponents' movements to execute or intercept passes, while demanding sustained focus to track the ball amid distractions. Its adaptability across age groups—such as smaller circles for younger children or larger areas for older ones—helps build confidence by allowing progressive skill mastery without intense competition. The game's low entry barrier, requiring minimal rules and no advanced abilities, ensures broad participation, making it inclusive for diverse physical and cognitive levels and reducing barriers to engagement in group activities.^[22] In educational contexts, keep away has been integrated into physical education curricula since the 1970s as part of the New Games movement, which emphasized non-competitive activities to develop fundamental motor skills and promote cooperative play over elimination-based games.^[23]

Media and Popular Culture

Appearances in Film and Television

Keep away, also known as "monkey in the middle" or "pickle" in certain variants, has been depicted in numerous films and television shows as a simple yet evocative game that highlights themes of childhood innocence, bullying, and group dynamics. In the 1993 coming-of-age film The Sandlot, the young protagonists engage in a game of "pickle"—a baseball-infused version of keep away where runners try to advance between bases while fielders tag them out—during their summer adventures on the local diamond, serving as a rite-of-passage moment that underscores camaraderie and bravery. Similarly, the 1992 family comedy Beethoven portrays a darker side through a bullying scene where school tormentors target the young protagonist Ted with his glasses, exemplifying social exclusion until the family dog intervenes, emphasizing protection and family bonds.^[24] On television, keep away frequently appears in animated series to illustrate power imbalances among youth. In The Simpsons episode "Boy-Scoutz 'n the Hood" (Season 5, Episode 8, 1993), school bullies Jimbo, Kearney, Dolph, and Nelson torment Bart Simpson by playing keep away with his new Junior American Protectors uniform, mocking his enthusiasm for scouting and reinforcing the show's satirical take on adolescent hierarchies. These scenes in The Simpsons often use the game to humorously critique bullying while showing characters' resilience.^[25] The game's appearances in media commonly symbolize broader social tensions, such as the vulnerability of the "it" player amid group exclusion, which mirrors real-world experiences of isolation or peer pressure.^[25] In sports dramas and youth-oriented narratives, it can shift to represent teamwork, as seen in training montages or friendly competitions that build skills and unity, though bully variants dominate to evoke empathy for the outnumbered participant. Recent streaming content continues this tradition; for example, promotional material for the 2025 live-action remake of Lilo & Stitch features Stitch dominating a game of keep away on the field.^[26] Overall, these portrayals leverage the game's simplicity to explore camaraderie versus conflict without delving into complex rules, aligning with its casual nature in popular culture.

References in Literature and Sports

In children's literature, keep away often serves as a device to explore themes of bullying, rivalry, and social hierarchies among young characters. In Judy Blume's Blubber (1974), a group of fifth-graders on a school bus taunts a classmate named Linda by dubbing her "Blubber" and playing keep away with her jacket, tossing it out of reach while mocking her weight; this scene illustrates the casual cruelty of peer pressure and the role of bystanders in perpetuating exclusion, drawing from Blume's observations of real childhood dynamics.^[27] The game underscores sibling-like rivalries extended to school friends, where possession becomes a tool for dominance and emotional harm. Similar motifs appear in more recent young adult novels, evoking keep away in contexts of playground bullying to highlight growth through adversity. For instance, in Claire Swinarski's The Kate in Between (2021), popular girls led by Taylor engage in a keep-away game with newcomer Haddie's hat, luring her onto thin ice in a frozen pond; Haddie falls through while retrieving it, prompting a viral rescue by the protagonist Kate and forcing reflections on authenticity versus fitting in.^[28] This depiction connects the game to broader coming-of-age narratives, where seemingly innocent play reveals vulnerabilities and catalyzes personal development amid competitive social environments. In sports writing, keep away features prominently in coaching manuals and memoirs as a core drill for building foundational skills like possession and teamwork. Youth sports guides from the 1980s onward, amid the rise of small-sided games in North American soccer, detailed keep away as an essential warm-up to simulate match pressure and refine passing; for example, early implementations in programs like those from the American Youth Soccer Organization emphasized 4v2 or 5v2 formats to encourage quick decisions under duress.^[29] In basketball literature, such as technique-focused texts, the game parallels rondo drills to hone ball-handling and evasion, akin to soccer's emphasis on maintaining control against defenders. These references portray keep away not just as play but as a vehicle for athletic maturation, mirroring literary themes of competition fostering resilience.

Other Meanings

In Sports Training

In soccer, keep away is commonly adapted as the "rondo" drill, typically structured as a 3v1 possession game where three attackers maintain the ball against one defender in a confined space, enhancing passing accuracy and the ability to withstand defensive pressure.^[30] This format originated in professional training in the 1970s through Spanish coach Laureano Ruiz at FC Barcelona, where it became a staple for developing technical proficiency under duress.^[31] In basketball, keep away manifests as possession games that emphasize ball-handling skills while facing active defense, helping players improve footwork and control under pressure.^[32] These drills are integrated into NBA youth programs, such as those from the Jr. NBA, where groups of three to five players pass within a defined area like a square formed by cones, with a defender attempting interceptions to simulate game scenarios.^[33] Keep away drills extend to other sports, including volleyball for practicing setting through controlled possession exchanges to refine touch and positioning.^[34] Sessions typically last 5-10 minutes to maintain intensity without fatigue overload.^[35] These drills build endurance by elevating game tempo and mental resilience, while fostering decision-making through rapid choices in tight spaces; they are scalable using grids like 10x10 yards to adjust difficulty based on skill level.^[30] Professional teams, such as FC Barcelona, employ advanced rondo variations in academy sessions as a foundational warm-up to instill possession principles.^[36]

Idiomatic and Colloquial Uses

The phrase "keep away" functions as a phrasal verb in English, meaning to maintain a physical or metaphorical distance from someone or something, or to prevent approach or contact.^[37] It often implies deliberate action to avoid proximity, as in warnings like "keep away from the edge" to prevent danger.^[38] This usage emphasizes separation for safety or restraint, distinct from the children's game of the same name; the game sense of "keep-away" is first recorded in 1925.^[1] The expression's origins trace to Middle English, with "keep away" attested as early as the late 14th century in the sense of causing absence or remaining distant.^[39] By the 19th century, it appeared frequently in literature to convey avoidance or restraint, such as in Charles Dickens' Our Mutual Friend (1865), where a character laments, "I can't keep away from it," referring to an inescapable pull toward the River Thames.^[40] This predates the game's documentation, indicating the phrase evolved independently as a colloquial directive in everyday language. In speech and proverbs, "keep away" features in idiomatic expressions promoting caution or health, notably in the 19th-century Welsh proverb "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread," first recorded in 1866 and later rhymed as "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" by 1913.^[41] Though unrelated to the game, its structure parallels avoidance themes. In parenting, the phrase advises protecting children, as in "keep the kids away from the fire," to enforce boundaries and safety.^[37] Similarly, in relationships, it warns against entanglements, such as "keep away from bad influences" to avoid trouble or emotional harm.^[38] Over time, "keep away" has adapted to modern colloquial contexts, retaining its core sense of evasion while appearing in informal advice like "keep drama away" to maintain personal peace.^[39] This evolution reflects its versatility in English, from literal warnings in the 19th century to subtle relational strategies today, always underscoring proactive distance.

References

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President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Pat Harrison, and Marriner Eccles in gym clothes playing keep-away with a ball labeled Economy.
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Small-Sided Soccer. Two teams play 3 v 3 in a grid with end zones. Each team has a target player in the end zones. Teams play keep-away for eight three minute.
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