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Lance

A lance is a pole weapon consisting of a long shaft, typically made of ash wood tipped with iron or steel, designed specifically for use by mounted knights and cavalry in charging attacks during medieval warfare.^[1]^[2]^[3] Measuring between 9 and 14 feet in length, the lance allowed riders to deliver powerful thrusts from horseback, often held couched under the arm to channel the horse's momentum into a devastating impact against enemy formations or infantry.^[3]^[4]^[5] Unlike shorter throwing spears such as javelins or longer infantry pikes, the lance was optimized for shock cavalry tactics, evolving from ancient designs but reaching its prominence in European knightly combat from the 11th to 16th centuries, where it symbolized chivalric warfare.^[2]^[6]^[5] It persisted as a key armament for heavy cavalry alongside swords and later firearms, with lighter variants like the demi-lance used by medium cavalry units, until its gradual obsolescence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to advancements in infantry firepower and rifles. Lances experienced a revival in the 19th century for light cavalry in various armies and remained in use until the early 20th century, including in World War I.^[6]^[5]^[7]^[8]

Etymology

Word Origins

The term "lance" derives from the Latin lancea, which denoted a light throwing spear or javelin primarily used by Roman auxiliary troops. This weapon was characterized by its slender shaft and was often equipped with a leather thong for improved throwing accuracy, distinguishing it from heavier Roman pila. The origins of lancea remain debated among etymologists, with evidence pointing to possible borrowings from Hispanic (Iberian) languages during Roman expansions into Hispania, as noted by the ancient scholar Varro, though modern scholars often link it to Celtiberian roots.^[9] Alternatively, it may stem from Celtic or Celtiberian roots, given the linguistic context of auxiliary recruits from those regions, potentially linking to Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂k- ("to hit").^[10] A parallel influence appears in Ancient Greek lónkhē (λόγχη), meaning a long or slender spear, which shares phonetic and semantic similarities and may represent a cognate or early Mediterranean borrowing encountered by Romans through interactions with Greek-speaking forces.^[10] By the 12th century, the term had evolved into Old French lance, retaining its meaning as a spear while adapting to medieval chivalric contexts.^[9] It entered Middle English as launce around the late 13th century, introduced through Anglo-Norman French following the Norman Conquest of 1066, which facilitated the influx of French vocabulary into English.^[1]^[9] This adoption solidified "lance" in English by the 14th century, primarily denoting a cavalry thrusting weapon.^[1]

Linguistic Variations

The term "lance" derives from the Latin lancea, a light javelin or spear used by Roman auxiliaries, which entered various European languages through Old French. In French, the word "lance" appears in medieval texts such as the Roman de Renart, where it describes a knight's thrusting weapon in chivalric encounters. Similarly, the German equivalent "Lanze" is documented in 15th-century fencing manuals like those of Hans Talhoffer, referring to a cavalry polearm. The Spanish "lanza" features in chronicles like the Crónica de Enrique IV, denoting lances wielded by mounted warriors during the Reconquista. In Italian, "lancia" is used in Fiore dei Liberi's Flos Duellatorum (ca. 1410), an illustrated treatise on mounted lance combat techniques.^[11] English synonyms for "lance" include "spear" for shorter, throwable variants and "pike" for extended infantry versions, with distinctions based on length and employment.^[12] The phrase "couched lance" specifically appears in English jousting literature, such as Froissart's Chronicles, to describe the under-arm grip for charging impacts.^[13] For comparison, non-European nomenclature includes the Arabic "rumh," a term for a cavalry lance akin to European designs.^[14] In modern heraldry, "lance" symbolizes a knight's active service and devotion to honor, often depicted as a broken lance to signify peace after conflict.^[15]

Design and Construction

Materials and Components

The primary materials used in the construction of lances throughout history included wooden shafts for flexibility and iron or steel tips for penetration. In ancient and early medieval contexts, shafts were commonly crafted from ash (Fraxinus excelsior) due to its strength and elasticity, which allowed it to withstand the stresses of thrusting or throwing. Pine was also employed in some medieval examples for its lighter weight and availability, particularly in regions where ash was scarce. The tips, designed to pierce armor or flesh, were forged from iron in antiquity, evolving to steel in the medieval period for greater durability and sharpness. Balance was achieved with the center of gravity positioned toward the tip (typically 20-30% from the end) to leverage horse momentum while allowing control; materials varied regionally, with ash predominant in Europe and bamboo in some Eastern adaptations.^[16] Key components of a typical lance consisted of the shaft, measuring approximately 3-4 meters in length to suit cavalry charges, a metal ferule at the base for reinforcement against splintering, and a grip area often wrapped in leather for secure handling or featuring a socket for attaching accessories like pennons. The ferule, usually a band of iron or steel, provided structural integrity at the butt end, preventing cracks during impact. Weight distribution was carefully balanced, with the total lance typically weighing 4-9 kg, centering the mass toward the tip for effective momentum in mounted use while maintaining control for the rider.^[13] Lance tips underwent significant evolution to adapt to changing combat styles. Roman cavalry designs, such as the contus, featured pyramidal iron heads for thrusting, without the bending shank of infantry javelins like the pilum. By the medieval era, tips shifted to smoother, leaf-shaped or pyramidal forms in steel, optimized for couching under the arm in charges; these allowed deeper penetration without barbs that could cause the weapon to stick, facilitating reuse or withdrawal. This design emphasized thrusting power over entanglement.^[17] Manufacturing techniques varied by era and material. In antiquity, metal tips were hand-forged using hammers and anvils to shape iron into precise forms, often with tangs or sockets for shaft attachment. Medieval wood shafts were turned on pole lathes to achieve uniform tapering and smoothness, enhancing balance and reducing wind resistance. Rare experiments in the 19th century explored full steel shafts for increased rigidity in military lances, though wood remained predominant due to cost and weight concerns.

Variations in Length and Form

Lances exhibited significant variations in length to suit different combat roles and historical contexts. In medieval heavy cavalry usage, standard lances typically measured between 3.7 and 5 meters, allowing for powerful charges while maintaining balance for two-handed couching under the arm.^[13] Shorter variants, around 2.5-3.5 meters, were used by some ancient light cavalry for maneuverability, while Roman heavy cavalry favored the longer contus (3-4 meters).^[18] These dimensions adapted to the demands of mounted warfare, with longer poles providing reach advantage in formation charges and shorter ones facilitating rapid deployment.^[19] The form of lances also varied based on intended use, particularly in head attachment and overall design. Straight-shafted lances, featuring heads with integral tangs driven directly into the wooden shaft for a seamless, reinforced bond, were optimized for charging impacts where durability under stress was paramount. In contrast, socketed forms, where the shaft inserted into a hollow base on the head, predominated in throwing lances, enabling quicker assembly and replacement for expendable projectiles.^[20] Grip configurations further influenced design; one-handed lances for lighter troops had forward balance points for javelin-like throws, while two-handed versions for heavy cavalry shifted weight rearward to support sustained thrusts.^[17] Specialized lances diverged markedly from battlefield norms to serve ceremonial or competitive purposes. Tournament lances for jousting were often blunted at the tip and fitted with a coronel—a crown-like metal cap of three or more prongs—to diffuse impact and minimize lethality against armored opponents.^[21] Additionally, many lances incorporated pennons, small triangular flags attached near the head, which aided in visual signaling and knight identification during engagements.^[22] Historically, no standardized measurement units existed for lances, leading to approximations derived from surviving artifacts and contemporary illustrations. For instance, 14th-century examples recovered from European sites averaged around 3.8 meters in length, reflecting the era's emphasis on extended reach for knightly combat.^[23] These variations underscore the lance's adaptability, with occasional references to shaft materials like ash contributing to controlled flexibility in longer forms.^[24]

Historical Development

Ancient and Roman Periods

The earliest precursors to the lance in Europe trace back to the Bronze Age (c. 2000–800 BCE), where spears served as versatile weapons for both thrusting and throwing, often extended by atlatls for greater range and velocity in hunting and warfare.^[25] These implements, typically featuring bronze socketed heads hafted to wooden shafts, transitioned gradually toward handheld use as horse domestication advanced in the late Bronze Age, enabling early mounted warriors to wield them in skirmishes across continental Europe.^[26] By the Iron Age, this evolution supported proto-cavalry tactics, with spears functioning as both projectile and melee tools against infantry formations.^[27] In the Roman period, the lancea emerged as a light javelin primarily associated with auxiliary troops from the 1st to 4th centuries CE, distinct from the heavier pilum thrown by legionaries to disrupt enemy shields.^[28] Adopted from Iberian influences—where the term "lancea" likely originated in Celtiberian dialects denoting a light spear—it measured approximately 1.5–2 meters and featured a slender iron or bronze point for reuse after throwing, making it ideal for auxiliaries' flexible roles in scouting and harassment.^[28] Depictions on Trajan's Column (c. 113 CE) illustrate auxiliary cavalry wielding lanceae in coordinated charges during the Dacian Wars, highlighting their integration into legionary operations for flanking maneuvers and pursuit.^[29] Tactically, Roman cavalry employed the lancea or longer contus (up to 3–4 meters) in charges to support infantry lines, exploiting mobility to outflank foes while avoiding direct shock impacts due to the absence of stirrups, which limited stability for couched-lance techniques.^[30] This hybrid infantry-cavalry approach proved effective in battles like those against the Dacians, where mounted auxiliaries disrupted enemy cohesion before legionary advances.^[31] Key archaeological evidence includes iron-tipped lance heads from the 2nd-century CE Vindolanda fort along Hadrian's Wall, part of a cavalry barracks cache that also contained swords and bolts, underscoring the weapon's prevalence in frontier garrisons.^[32] The formalized use of the lancea waned with the Western Roman Empire's collapse in the 5th century CE, as decentralized warfare and the lack of stirrups hindered the development of heavier, charge-oriented cavalry, leading to a shift toward more infantry-reliant forces in post-Roman Europe.^[33]

Medieval Europe

The introduction of stirrups to Europe in the early 8th century by the Franks facilitated the rise of heavy cavalry, allowing knights to brace a lance under the arm in the couched position for delivering devastating shock charges against infantry formations.^[34] This technique transformed the lance into the primary weapon of feudal mounted warfare, emphasizing momentum and impact over individual thrusting.^[34] By the 11th century, it had become central to European military tactics, as exemplified by the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, where knights at the Battle of Hastings employed couched lances to pierce Saxon shield walls and rout foot soldiers.^[35] The lance also served as an organizational term in medieval armies, denoting a tactical subunit typically comprising a knight and 10 to 25 armed retainers, including squires, archers, and foot sergeants, who provided support in battle and logistics.^[36] This structure, rooted in feudal obligations, formed the building block of larger hosts, as detailed in 13th-century chronicles recounting Crusader expeditions, where such lances enabled coordinated cavalry maneuvers.^[36] In the realm of tournaments, the lance evolved into a tool for chivalric display, with blunted coronels replacing sharp points to minimize fatalities during jousts from the 13th to 15th centuries.^[37] These events often followed structured rules, particularly in pas d'armes, where challengers defended a symbolic bridge or tree against attackers, emphasizing skill and honor over lethal combat.^[38] Such spectacles reinforced knightly ideals while honing battlefield techniques. Iconic depictions from the period highlight the lance's centrality: the 11th-century Bayeux Tapestry portrays Norman knights charging with long lances held overarm or couched, underscoring their role in conquest-era warfare.^[35] Similarly, illustrations in the 13th-century Maciejowski Bible (Morgan Library MS M.638) show knights wielding ash-wood lances around 3.5 meters in length during biblical battles reimagined in a contemporary style, capturing the weapon's typical form and use in melee.^[39]

Early Modern Decline and Non-European Uses

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the lance's role in European warfare diminished markedly as military tactics evolved with the proliferation of firearms. Infantry formations increasingly favored bayonets affixed to muskets, rendering polearms like the lance obsolete for foot soldiers due to their reduced mobility and vulnerability to ranged fire. Among cavalry, the weapon was gradually supplanted by pistols and swords, which allowed for more flexible engagements in an era of combined arms tactics; heavy cavalry units such as cuirassiers prioritized firepower over shock charges by the mid-1600s.^[6]^[8] The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) marked one of the final major deployments of lances in Western European cavalry, where units like Swedish reiters and Imperial lancers employed them in shock tactics alongside pistols, but post-war reforms emphasized versatility over specialized polearms. This shift reflected broader doctrinal changes, with Eastern European forces like Polish hussars retaining lances longer due to their effectiveness against lighter foes, yet even there, adoption of carbines accelerated the decline by the late 17th century.^[8]^[40] Outside Europe, the lance persisted and adapted in diverse cultural contexts through the 18th century. Ottoman sipahi cavalry, the empire's feudal heavy horse in the 16th century, wielded lances roughly 3 meters long with ash or wooden shafts, often paired with composite bows and sabers for versatile battlefield roles in campaigns like the Battle of Mohács (1526). These weapons enabled effective charges against European and Persian infantry, maintaining the sipahi's status as a core striking force until firearms dominance grew in the 17th century.^[41]^[42] In the Americas, indigenous Plains tribes such as the Lakota adapted lances for mounted hunting and raids following the diffusion of horses from Spanish colonies in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These weapons, typically 2 meters in length with shafts of wood or reed and tips of bone (including buffalo) or iron, facilitated buffalo hunts and intertribal warfare, emphasizing speed and reach in open terrain. Colonial encounters highlighted contrasts, as 16th-century Spanish conquistadors like those in Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's 1540–1542 expedition armed their cavalry with steel-tipped lances 3–4 meters long, which penetrated native cotton armor and outranged obsidian-edged macuahuitl clubs and atlatl darts during conquests in the Southwest. Limited African parallels emerged in Zulu warfare, where short assegai spears (under 1.5 meters) served in close-quarters infantry assaults by the 18th century, echoing cavalry shock principles through disciplined, thrusting formations despite the absence of horses.^[43]

19th- and 20th-Century Revival and Obsolescence

In the early 19th century, the British Army revived the lance as a primary cavalry weapon, influenced by its effectiveness in Napoleonic campaigns. In 1816, several light dragoon regiments were converted to lancer units, including the 9th, 12th, 16th, and 19th, marking the formal adoption of the weapon across the service.^[44]^[45] These regiments equipped troopers with ash or bamboo shafts topped by steel points, emphasizing shock tactics in open terrain. This resurgence saw active use in the Crimean War (1853-1856), where lancer units like the 17th Lancers participated in the famous Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava on October 25, 1854. Armed with approximately 2.7-meter (9-foot) steel-tipped lances, the 17th suffered heavy losses against entrenched Russian artillery and infantry, highlighting both the weapon's reach in melee and its vulnerabilities to modern firepower.^[46]^[47] Across continental Europe, the lance persisted into mid-century conflicts. Prussian uhlan regiments, light cavalry armed with lances, played reconnaissance and pursuit roles during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), screening advances and harassing French retreats in battles such as Mars-la-Tour. Their mobility complemented infantry firepower, though encounters with rifled muskets began exposing limitations in close-quarters engagements.^[48] The Second Boer War (1899-1902) accelerated the lance's decline, as British lancer regiments encountered Boer commandos wielding superior repeating rifles from concealed positions. Mounted charges proved suicidal against long-range fire, prompting post-war reforms; in 1903, the British Army abolished the lance for combat, relegating it to ceremonial duties amid a shift toward dismounted rifle-armed cavalry.^[49] World War I further demonstrated the lance's obsolescence. Limited lancer charges occurred on the Eastern Front, where Polish and Cossack units—often in Russian service—attempted traditional tactics against entrenched foes. At the Battle of Tannenberg (August 26-30, 1914), small-scale cavalry actions, including lancer elements numbering around 100 in some assaults, faced German machine guns and artillery, resulting in devastating losses and contributing to the Russian Second Army's rout. Cossack lancers similarly charged in early 1914 offensives, but machine-gun nests inflicted prohibitive casualties, rendering such tactics untenable by war's end in 1918.^[50]^[51] Following the war, the lance survived only in ceremonial roles within select armies. In Spain, the Spanish Legion retained mounted lancer units for parades and rural patrols into the 1930s, symbolizing tradition amid modernization, before fully transitioning to motorized and infantry formations.

Specialized and Modern Applications

Ceremonial and Flagstaff Uses

The lance's adaptation as a flagstaff represents a significant shift from its combat origins, where solid wooden shafts served as the foundational structure for attaching banners and standards. In ancient Rome, the vexillum—a square cloth banner typically red and adorned with inscriptions or emblems—was fastened via a horizontal bar to the top of a lance shaft, functioning as a military standard for cavalry units and detachments to signal position and allegiance during maneuvers.^[52] This practice evolved through the medieval period, with lances serving as staffs for gonfalons and pennons—triangular or swallow-tailed banners bearing heraldic devices that denoted a knight's rank or affiliation. Originating among bachelor knights who lacked the privilege of full square banners reserved for nobility, these lance-mounted flags, known as gonfanons in some contexts, facilitated unit cohesion and personal identification on the battlefield while transitioning toward ceremonial symbolism. By the 14th century, such adaptations were prominent in tournaments, where heraldic lances displayed coats of arms and colors, emphasizing pageantry and chivalric identity over lethal combat; events like these transformed the lance into a symbol of noble lineage and honor, with blunted or decorative tips to ensure safety during jousts.^[53]^[54] In modern ceremonial contexts, the lance persists as a flagstaff in military parades, particularly with the British Household Cavalry. Post-1900, regiments such as the Life Guards and Blues and Royals incorporate lances—often bamboo or lightweight wood shafts topped with pennons—during mounted displays like the Musical Ride and state processions, where they replace swords to evoke historical grandeur and maintain traditions of equestrian drill. These lances, typically 2 to 3 meters in length, feature construction modifications for practicality: shafts are hollowed or laminated from split woods like fir or ash to reduce weight, allowing prolonged carrying without fatigue, while finials or sockets at the tip secure flags via clips or ties for stable display.^[55] The lance's ceremonial role endures in cultural reenactments and festivals, preserving its ritualistic essence. In Germany, annual jousting events like the Kaltenberger Ritterturnier, held since the late 20th century at Kaltenberg Castle, feature participants wielding replica lances with attached banners to recreate medieval tournaments, drawing thousands to celebrate heritage through mock combats and heraldic processions. Similarly, the Berlepsch Ritterturney at Berlepsch Castle incorporates lances in jousts and parades, underscoring the weapon's ongoing symbolic value in European folk traditions.^[56]

Mounted Police and Paramilitary Roles

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the lance retained a niche role in paramilitary and auxiliary mounted forces, particularly within the British Empire's colonial structures, where it served as both a practical tool for patrols and a means of projecting authority. The Indian Imperial Service Troops (IST), established in 1888 as volunteer units raised by princely states to support British military operations, exemplified this usage. These cavalry formations, including units like the Jodhpur Lancers, Mysore Lancers, and Hyderabad Lancers, were equipped with lances alongside carbines and swords for escort duties, border patrols, and internal security tasks. The IST's paramilitary role involved maintaining order in remote areas and supporting imperial logistics, with lances emphasizing mobility and visual deterrence in mounted formations. Similar paramilitary applications appeared in other regions, such as Mexico's Rurales (Guardia Rural), a federal mounted force formed in 1861 to combat banditry and secure rural areas during the Porfiriato era (1876–1911). Operating from the 1860s through the 1920s, the Rurales conducted extensive patrols across vast territories, relying on horseback for rapid response; while primarily armed with sabers, carbines, and pistols, their cavalry tactics drew from lancer traditions for intimidation in enforcement actions.^[57]^[58] In metropolitan contexts, such as the British Metropolitan Police's mounted branch—formed in the 1820s and expanded for crowd control—the lance influenced tactical approaches, though direct weapon use waned by the 1890s in favor of batons and swords.^[59] The advent of automobiles after World War I accelerated the obsolescence of lance-equipped mounted units, as motorized vehicles offered superior speed, range, and logistical efficiency for patrols and pursuits. By the 1930s, practical applications had diminished significantly. This transition marked the end of the lance's enforcement role, confining it to symbolic functions in modern contexts.^[60]^[61]

Contemporary and Cultural Contexts

In contemporary sports and reenactment activities, the lance features prominently in mounted games that emphasize equestrian skill and historical simulation. In Portugal, traditional equestrian exercises known as "Joust (Court Games)" involve riders on Lusitano horses simulating charges with lances to strike targets, a practice rooted in 18th- and 19th-century royal equestrian academies and continued today through performances by the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art.^[62] Similarly, the Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA), founded in the 1960s, incorporates jousting in its medieval reenactments using fiberglass-reinforced lances with foam tips for safety, allowing participants to engage in controlled tilts that mimic historical tournaments while minimizing injury risk.^[63] The lance's imagery permeates modern media, shaping cultural perceptions of chivalry and combat. The 1961 epic film El Cid, directed by Anthony Mann and starring Charlton Heston, depicts the Spanish knight Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar wielding a lance in grand battle sequences, portraying it as a symbol of heroic valor against Moorish invaders.^[64] In video games, the Assassin's Creed series integrates lances as versatile weapons in historical settings, from the Spear of Leonidas in ancient Greece to medieval polearms, influencing fantasy tropes where such arms represent extended reach and mounted prowess in narratives of adventure and conflict. These depictions often draw on historical designs as templates for authenticity, reinforcing the lance's enduring iconography in popular entertainment. Cultural preservation efforts highlight the lance through museum artifacts and indigenous revivals. The Wallace Collection in London houses several historical lances, including 16th-century German examples with ornate vamplates, serving as key exhibits that educate visitors on the weapon's evolution and craftsmanship.^[65] In North America, post-1970s cultural revitalization during the American Indian Movement era has seen Plains tribes incorporate ceremonial lances—adorned with feathers and trade cloth—into powwow dances, symbolizing warrior heritage and community pride in events that blend traditional regalia with contemporary gatherings.^[66] Modern innovations have adapted the lance for safe training using advanced materials. In the 21st century, carbon fiber composites have become prevalent in recreational jousting lances, offering lightweight strength and shatter resistance compared to traditional wood, as seen in designs by professional jousters like Andre Renier, which prioritize durability during high-speed impacts.^[67]

Similar Polearms

The pike, an infantry polearm prevalent in European warfare from the 14th to 17th centuries, differed from the lance in its greater length of 5 to 6 meters and its role as a defensive formation weapon to repel cavalry charges by creating impenetrable walls of points.^[68] In comparison, the lance was shorter, typically around 3 meters, and optimized for offensive use by mounted knights in couched charges to deliver maximum impact.^[2] The partisan served as an infantry counterpart to the lance, featuring a broad, double-edged blade on a wooden shaft of similar length to the lance, which allowed for thrusting attacks and parrying while providing reach against armored foes.)^[69] Regionally, the Japanese yari exhibited design and functional overlaps with the lance, consisting of a straight or leaf-shaped metal blade mounted on a bamboo or wooden shaft about 2.5 meters long, enabling both infantry thrusting formations and cavalry shock tactics akin to European mounted assaults.^[70] The Chinese qiang represented a versatile spear-lance hybrid, with a leaf-shaped blade on shafts ranging from 2 to 4 meters, used by both infantry for close-quarters combat and cavalry for charging, emphasizing thrusting but also allowing slashing motions. These polearms shared fundamental traits, including wooden shafts reinforced for durability and metal heads designed for penetration, which facilitated extended reach in battle while minimizing weight for wielders.^[68] However, the lance stood apart in its specialized adaptation for couched-under-arm charging by heavily armored cavalry, maximizing the momentum of horse and rider.^[68] By the 15th century, the halberd, a multi-purpose infantry weapon that incorporated a prominent spear point atop an axe blade and hook on a 2-meter shaft, enhanced its anti-cavalry effectiveness in Swiss and Landsknecht formations.^[71]

Evolutionary Influences

The lance's role as a primary cavalry weapon significantly influenced the evolution of infantry armaments in the 17th century, particularly through the development of the bayonet, which created musket-pike hybrids to counter mounted charges. French fusiliers officially adopted the plug bayonet in 1671, allowing infantrymen to transition seamlessly from firing to melee defense without separate polearms. This innovation addressed the vulnerabilities exposed by lance-armed cavalry, enabling every musketeer to function as a pikeman and ultimately leading to the pike's obsolescence by the early 18th century.^[72] Tactically, the lance's emphasis on shock cavalry charges left a lasting legacy in modern warfare and sports. Concepts of high-speed, momentum-driven assaults evolved from medieval lancer tactics into 20th-century armored warfare, where tank charges in World War II helped to break enemy lines.^[72] Similarly, jousting practices with lances informed contemporary equestrian disciplines, such as tent pegging, a sport recognized by the International Equestrian Federation originating from cavalry training where riders use lances to strike ground targets at speed.^[73] The lance's prominence also shaped defensive infantry tactics during its decline, notably prompting the widespread use of square formations in the Napoleonic Wars to repel lancer threats. These compact, bayonet-ringed squares proved highly effective against cavalry, as long as discipline held, forcing lancers to veer off or suffer devastating volleys from all sides.^[74] Beyond weaponry and tactics, the lance influenced military organization, evolving into the rank of lance corporal in the 16th century as a designation for the lowest non-commissioned officer, derived from the "lancepesade"—a role involving lance-bearing duties in early modern infantry units.^[75] This term, from Italian "lancia spezzata" (broken lance), symbolized the deputized corporal's authority with a half-lance as a badge of office.^[75]

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Aug 6, 2025 · The bronze spearhead at the end of a long shaft is traditionally seen as a thrusting or throwing weapon, as seen in the movies.
[27]
Roman Legionaries: Weapons - Roman Britain
As time progressed, the late Roman army adopted other types of javelins influenced by the weaponry of Italic warriors. Among these were the “lancea” and the “ ...
[28]
Column of Trajan - Smarthistory
The detailed rendering provides a nearly unparalleled visual resource for studying the iconography of the Roman military, as well as for studying the actual ...Missing: cavalry lances
[29]
https://smarthistory.org/column-of-trajan/
[30]
https://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/en-us/blogs/gary-brueggemans-the-roman-army-ancient-warfare/cavalry-standard-model
[31]
Cache of cavalry weapons found at Vindolanda - The History Blog
Sep 10, 2017 · The cache included two cavalry swords, two wooden toy swords, writing tablets, shoes, harness fittings, and other cavalry lances and ballista ...
[32]
The Military Transformation Of Medieval Europe: Stirrups vs Social ...
Dec 13, 2023 · After the decline of the Roman legion, the core of Europe had no infantry force that could withstand a cavalry charge for almost a thousand ...
[33]
[PDF] Heavy Metal in Medieval Europe - UMass ScholarWorks
A few Norman figures, including William the Conqueror, who would conquer England in 1066 AD, have a colored rectangle on the ... with the Frankish adoption of ...
[34]
The Weaponry of 1066 | English Heritage
In the Bayeux Tapestry, some Saxons are shown holding bundles of spears ready for throwing. ... Most Norman knights carried long spears called lances.Missing: depiction | Show results with:depiction
[35]
Lances & Legislation: Knighthood, Kingship, and Tournament during ...
Medieval tournaments were heavily regulated in 13th century England. These regulations did little to quash enthusiasm for tournaments, and in fact may have ...
[36]
https://www.academia.edu/34019340/Lances_and_Legislation_Knighthood_Kingship_and_Tournament_during_the_Reigns_of_Henry_III_and_Edward_I
[37]
[PDF] Storming the Castle: Non-Secular Subversion of the Pas D'Armes in ...
In a pas d'armes, the defense of a lady or ladies was often the reason for the pas to take place.
[38]
The Crusader Bible | | The Morgan Library & Museum
The Crusader Bible, also known as the Morgan Picture Bible, is a great medieval manuscript with Old Testament miniatures, including battle scenes and everyday ...001. MS M.638, fol. 1r · About the Book · 046. MS M.638, fol. 23v · ProvenanceMissing: lances 3.5 ash
[39]
Weaponry: Lancers - HistoryNet
Jun 12, 2006 · Lancers fell into disuse after the Thirty Years' War until Napoleon employed lancer squadrons in his army, and then lance-bearing cavalry remained fixtures of ...
[40]
https://myarmoury.com/feature_lancepistol.html
[41]
Ottomans - Forensic Fashion
"Sipahis were the mainstay of the provincial army (elayet), and the most numerous of the Ottoman armed forces; there were about 40,000 of them in the sixteenth ...
[42]
OTTOMAN SIPAHIS, 14th-15th CENTURIES
One of the earliest Western descriptions of Ottoman military costume is that of Bertrandon de la Brocquière, a Burgundian traveller who visited the Ottoman ...Missing: sipahi | Show results with:sipahi
[43]
[PDF] Spanish Arms and Armor in the Southwest - UNM Digital Repository
Of Coronado's cavalry Mota Padilla is our clearest informant, telling us that they were "armed with lances, swords and other hand-weapons, and some with coats ...
[44]
Aliwal - The Royal Lancers
Jan 25, 2021 · The lance was first adopted by the cavalry of the British Army in 1816, after its effect in the skilled hands of Napoleon's lancers had been ...
[45]
LANCERS-00-0 - UNIFORMOLOGY
The first regiments raised from September 1816 were the 9th, 12th, 16th, 19th and 23rd all converted from Light Dragoons. The 23rd were quickly disbanded in ...
[46]
17TH LANCERS HISTORY - The Royal Lancers
The Crimean War and the Charge of the Light Brigade 1854. It was not until 1854 that the 17th Lancers again found themselves abroad and at war. Russia, under ...
[47]
LANCERS-11 - UNIFORMOLOGY
It was 9 ft long overall and weighed 4lb 8 oz. The spear shaped pointed head was 12 ⅝ ins long and the shoe was 6 ¾ ins long. The leather thong, which was ...
[48]
Franco-Prussian War Armies - German Organisations
Ten cavalry regiments were available for service in 1870: two of Cuirassier, two of Uhlan and six of Cheveaulegeres. Each regiment had five squadrons in ...
[49]
[PDF] building the old contemptibles: british military - DTIC
Jun 17, 2005 · Prior to the Boer War, the British considered the lance the primary cavalry weapon while they considered the sword and carbine secondary weapons ...
[50]
Cossacks and the First World War. Part II, 1914 year - Military Review
Dec 4, 2014 · The newest peak model for the Russian cavalry was approved in 1901, almost simultaneously with the official adoption of the Maxim machine gun.
[51]
The Battle of Tannenburg: Massacre in the Marshes
Jan 15, 2024 · The Russian invasion of East Prussia in August 1914 was going well until German Generals Paul von Hindenburg and Eric Ludendorff took command.
[52]
[PDF] MEMORIAL DE CABALLERÍA Nº 73 JUNIO 2012
Jun 1, 2012 · paje de lanza. Estaban armados de punta en blanco con lanzón de arandela y ristre, maza, estoque y. LOS INSTITUTOS DEL ARMA DE CABALLERÍA.Missing: until | Show results with:until
[53]
[PDF] The Roman vexillum | FIAV.org
The vexillum was a multi-purpose flag: permanent flag of units of cavalry, but perhaps also of infantry; temporary flag of a detachment (vexillatio); signal ...Missing: lancea | Show results with:lancea
[54]
Pennons - Heraldry at Poore House
According to Gayre's Heraldic Standards*, lance-pennons were used by bachelor knights as a mark of their station (as opposed to banners, which were borne by ...Missing: signaling | Show results with:signaling
[55]
Medieval Tournament - World History Encyclopedia
May 7, 2018 · Heraldry, Honour & Pageantry. By the 14th century CE, the tournament had become more a spectacle of pageantry and noble lineage rather than real ...
[56]
Lance Construction - A Commonplace Book
Nov 20, 2011 · Ash, Beech and Pine are all mentioned as lance materials in pre-1600 sources. Chretien de Troyes, writing in the 12th century, often described ash lances.Missing: iron | Show results with:iron<|control11|><|separator|>
[57]
Berlepsch Jousting Tournament, A Medieval Festival Kids Will Love
Apr 26, 2022 · See history come alive at the Berlepscher Ritterturney, a medieval jousting tournament held at Germany's beautiful Berlepsch Castle.Missing: 1990s | Show results with:1990s
[58]
Mexican Law Enforcement, Federal Forces, Rural Protection
Rurales, federal corps of rural police established on May 6, 1861, by the Mexican president Benito Juárez to combat the banditry that threatened travel and ...
[59]
Genesis of the Rurales: Mexico's Early Struggle for Public Security
May 1, 1970 · They never carried the lances called for in the Juárez ... Like most other Mexican police and military forces in this period, the Rurales ...
[60]
Mounted Branch | Metropolitan Police
The Met's Mounted Branch has a long, distinguished history dating back to 1760. It was first introduced to combat the problem of highwaymen in London.Missing: 19th century
[61]
How Cars Transformed Policing - Boston Review
Jun 3, 2019 · Before the mass adoption of the car, most communities barely had a police force and citizens shared responsibility for enforcing laws.
[62]
From colonial cavalry to mounted police: a short history of the ...
Jul 28, 2021 · Mounted police have a long history in Australia. They have certainly been used as a method of crowd control at countless demonstrations in living memory.
[63]
Joust (Court Games) - Portuguese School of Equestrian Art
Two horses simulate a joust with lances. The Court Games served to evaluate the teaching and submission of the horses as well as the dexterity of their riders.Missing: varas | Show results with:varas
[64]
https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/15/archives/screen-spectacle-of-el-cid-opensepic-about-a-spanish-hero-at-the.html
[65]
Screen: Spectacle of 'El Cid' Opens:Epic About a Spanish Hero at ...
El Cid, played by Charlton Heston in his best marble-monumental style, is a figure of noble proportions who, of course, does no wrong, only right. The wrong is ...
[66]
Wallace Collection Online - The Collection | Result
Search the Collection. Quick find: Arms and Armour, Ceramics, Furniture, Paintings, Sculpture, Limoges, Enamels, Glass, Works of Art.
[67]
Treasures: Lakota lance - Buffalo Bill Center of the West
Jun 11, 2014 · This feathered lance, nearly seven feet long, is on display in the newest gallery of the Buffalo Bill Center of the West's Plains Indian Museum.
[68]
Andre Renier Creates a New Jousting Lance
May 16, 2012 · The Model 14 Lance is a modern lance for the modern joust. It is designed to be easier to operate, to allow for easier rotation and easier target acquisition.
[69]
Polearms - Warfare History Network
The medieval lance was the horseman's spear. Along with the sword, it ... In France similar weapons were termed “lance a pousser” and in England “awl pike.Missing: comparison | Show results with:comparison
[70]
The Medieval European Knight vs. The Feudal Japanese Samurai
Each of the two historical warriors in question did fight with equivalent technologies, under fairly similar climates and terrain, and for similar reasons. But ...
[71]
Xian Qiang (線鎗) - Great Ming Military
Xian Qiang (線鎗, lit. 'Line spear' or 'Linear spear') was a lightweight lance or cavalry spear used by Ming cavalrymen in Northern China.
[72]
[PDF] The Halberd and Other Polearms of the Late Medieval Period
By shortening and widening the blade and adding the beak and lengthening the spear, it gradually acquired its final proportions. With the many changes in its.
[73]
FROM HORSES TO TANKS - USAASC
Jun 16, 2025 · The U.S. Army debated horses vs. tanks, but by the end of the decade, mechanization won, and horse cavalry was replaced by tanks.
[74]
https://balagan.info/battalion-line-column-and-square-tactical-formations-during-the-napoleonic-wars
[75]
Battalion line, column, and square - Tactical formations during the ...
Jul 13, 2024 · Squares were used to defend against cavalry. The square provided a hedge of bayonets on all four sides and, in addition, the defenders could ...
[76]
Corporal, Origin of the Name | Royal Irish - Virtual Military Gallery
It is believed that the word Lance Corporal is descended from the 17th century word lancepesade that was derived from the Italian lazzia spezzata (broken lance) ...Missing: bearer 16th