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Leafhopper

Leafhoppers are small, wedge-shaped insects in the family Cicadellidae, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha, infraorder Cicadomorpha, and superfamily Membracoidea.^[1]^[2] They typically measure less than 1/4 inch (6 mm) in length, though some species like sharpshooters can reach up to 1/2 inch (12 mm), and exhibit a range of colors including green, yellow, brown, gray, or even bright patterns.^[2] Characterized by their roof-like wings held over the body at rest and enlarged hind legs equipped with rows of spines for jumping, leafhoppers are highly active and capable of leaping several times their body length when disturbed.^[2]^[3] As one of the largest and most diverse insect families, Cicadellidae comprises approximately 23,000 described species worldwide.^[4] These species are distributed globally across nearly all terrestrial habitats supporting vascular plants, from tropical rainforests and temperate grasslands to arid deserts and arctic tundra.^[5] Leafhoppers play key ecological roles as primary consumers in plant-insect food webs, serving as herbivores that influence plant health and community dynamics, while also acting as prey for predators, parasitoids, and birds.^[5] However, many species are economically significant due to their feeding habits and ability to vector phytopathogens, contributing to crop losses in agriculture and horticulture.^[2] Leafhoppers exhibit hemimetabolous development, progressing through three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult, without a pupal phase.^[6] Females lay eggs by inserting them into plant tissues using an ovipositor, and nymphs—wingless and resembling miniature adults—undergo five molts (instars) before maturing into winged adults.^[2] Both nymphs and adults feed exclusively on plant sap via specialized piercing-sucking mouthparts (stylets), which they use to penetrate phloem or xylem vessels, often resulting in visible damage such as leaf stippling, curling, or scorching.^[2]^[5] Some species excrete honeydew, a sugary waste that promotes sooty mold growth, and certain leafhoppers produce faint sounds using abdominal tymbals for communication.^[2] Notable for their rapid, sideways scuttling or explosive jumps as escape mechanisms, leafhoppers often reside on the undersides of leaves to evade detection.^[2]

Taxonomy and Systematics

Classification and Phylogeny

Leafhoppers belong to the family Cicadellidae within the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha, infraorder Cicadomorpha, and superfamily Membracoidea, representing the largest family in Auchenorrhyncha with the majority of its species diversity concentrated in this group.^[7]^[4] This placement reflects their shared characteristics with other sap-feeding insects, including piercing-sucking mouthparts and hemelytrous forewings.^[8] Phylogenetically, Cicadellidae is traditionally considered the sister group to the treehoppers (family Membracidae), supported by morphological synapomorphies such as the bladelike ovipositor adapted for egg-laying in plant tissues and specialized hind leg structures, including enlarged femora with macrosetae rows that enable powerful jumping.^[9] However, recent phylogenomic studies have suggested that treehoppers may be nested within leafhoppers, rendering Cicadellidae paraphyletic unless Membracidae is subsumed, though the core leafhopper clade remains well-supported.^[10] These relationships highlight the evolutionary adaptations within Membracoidea for plant sap feeding and host plant interactions.^[11] The taxonomic history of leafhoppers began with initial descriptions by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, who established the genus Cicadella in Systema Naturae, naming several species based on European specimens.^[12] Major revisions occurred in the 20th century, particularly through Z. P. Metcalf's comprehensive catalogs in the 1960s, which compiled over 11,000 species descriptions up to 1955 and facilitated global systematic studies.^[13] In the 2010s, molecular phylogenies incorporating genes like 18S rRNA and COI reinforced the monophyly of Cicadellidae (excluding treehoppers) and resolved higher-level relationships within the family, integrating morphological data for robust clade definitions.^[14]^[15] As of 2025, Cicadellidae encompasses approximately 23,500 described species across about 2,800 genera, with projections estimating a total of 60,000 or more species when accounting for undescribed diversity, particularly in tropical regions.^[16]^[4] This vast diversity underscores the family's evolutionary success and ongoing taxonomic challenges.^[17]

Diversity and Subfamilies

The family Cicadellidae encompasses approximately 23,500 described species distributed across about 2,800 genera and 23 subfamilies, making it the most species-rich family within the order Hemiptera and accounting for roughly 20% of all known hemipteran species.^[16]^[18] This extraordinary diversity underscores the family's ecological adaptability, with species inhabiting virtually every terrestrial ecosystem from arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.^[19] Among the subfamilies, Deltocephalinae stands out as the largest, comprising over 6,600 species in nearly 900 genera, many of which are specialized grass-feeders and vectors of plant pathogens.^[20] Typhlocybinae ranks second in size, with more than 5,000 species in about 470 genera, characterized by small, delicate forms that often exploit herbaceous vegetation in diverse habitats.^[21] Cicadellinae, known for including the sharpshooter group notorious for transmitting Xylella fastidiosa bacteria, contains around 3,100 species in 350 genera, with many exhibiting robust bodies adapted to xylem-feeding.^[21] Other notable subfamilies include Agalliinae, featuring wedge-shaped leafhoppers typically associated with temperate grasslands, and Coelidiinae, with over 1,300 species in 126 genera that show high diversity in tropical forests.^[21] Cicadellid diversity peaks in tropical regions, where more than half of all species occur, particularly in the Neotropical and Oriental realms, which together host over 50% of the family's known taxa due to favorable climatic conditions and plant abundance supporting specialized feeding guilds.^[22] In contrast, temperate zones exhibit lower richness, with North America alone recording over 3,000 species but far fewer undescribed forms compared to the tropics.^[23] Biogeographic patterns reveal significant endemism and regional radiations; for instance, Ulopinae displays notable diversity in Australia, with several endemic genera adapted to arid and sclerophyllous environments, reflecting ancient Gondwanan origins.^[24] Similarly, African radiations are evident in subfamilies like Drakensbergeninae, confined to the Drakensberg Mountains, highlighting localized evolutionary hotspots.^[21] Recent expeditions in Southeast Asia from 2020 to 2024 have uncovered new genera, such as within Iassinae, expanding our understanding of Oriental diversity and underscoring ongoing taxonomic revisions informed by molecular phylogenies.^[25] These updates, building on foundational work like Zahniser and Dietrich's 2013 analysis, continue to refine subfamily boundaries through integrated morphological and genomic data.^[20]

Morphology and Physiology

External Features

Leafhoppers exhibit a distinctive wedge-shaped or elongate body form, typically measuring 3 to 12 mm in length, which facilitates their movement among plant foliage.^[3] This compact structure, combined with cryptic coloration in shades of green, brown, yellow, or gray, provides effective camouflage against plant surfaces, aiding in predator avoidance.^[26] The overall body is dorsoventrally flattened, enhancing their ability to navigate narrow spaces between leaves.^[27] The head features prominent compound eyes positioned laterally for wide visual coverage, along with three ocelli arranged in a triangular formation on the vertex to detect light intensity changes.^[21] Mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking plant fluids, consisting of elongated stylets enclosed within a beak-like rostrum that allows precise insertion into vascular tissues for sap extraction.^[28] These stylets, formed by modified mandibles and maxillae, enable efficient feeding on phloem or xylem without damaging surrounding plant cells.^[29] Leafhoppers possess two pairs of wings: the forewings are uniformly membranous and held roof-like over the abdomen at rest, while the hindwings are similarly membranous and folded beneath.^[4] The legs are adapted for agility, with the hind pair notably enlarged; the femora and tibiae feature powerful extensor muscles and rows of spine-like setae on the hind tibia for traction during locomotion.^[4] Jumping is powered by rapid, synchronous depression of the hind trochanters and femora, achieving take-off accelerations up to 93 m s⁻² and velocities of 4.3 m s⁻¹ through direct muscle action rather than a stored-energy catapult.^[30] Sexual dimorphism is evident in the male genitalia, where specialized claspers and the aedeagus facilitate sperm transfer during mating.^[31] Additionally, wing polymorphism occurs in certain species, with brachypterous (short-winged) forms reducing flight capability but potentially enhancing reproductive output in stable habitats.^[32]

Internal Anatomy and Physiology

The digestive system of leafhoppers is highly specialized to process their primary diet of dilute phloem sap, which is rich in sugars but low in nitrogenous compounds. A prominent adaptation is the filter chamber, a compact structure formed by the intimate apposition of the foregut, anterior midgut, and hindgut, creating a recycling loop that facilitates rapid fluid throughput while concentrating nutrients. In this mechanism, ingested sap passes quickly through the filter chamber, where excess water is reabsorbed via the hindgut into the hemolymph, allowing the midgut to focus on digesting and absorbing essential solutes without overload from the voluminous, watery intake. This efficient system, observed in species like Bucephalogonia xanthophis, consists of a thin epithelial sheath surrounding a filter organ composed of anterior and posterior midgut sections closely pressed against the foregut, enabling diuresis rates up to 100 times the body volume per hour.^[33]^[34] The circulatory system in leafhoppers is of the open type, featuring a hemocoel—a spacious body cavity filled with hemolymph that bathes the organs directly—and a dorsal vessel serving as the primary pumping organ. The dorsal vessel comprises a seven-chambered heart located in the abdomen, which propels hemolymph anteriorly through an aorta extending into the head, while ostia in the heart walls allow passive return flow from the hemocoel.^[35] This arrangement supports nutrient distribution and waste removal, adapted to the insect's active lifestyle despite lacking a closed vascular network. Respiration occurs via a tracheal system, a network of air-filled tubes that branch from external spiracles to deliver oxygen directly to tissues, bypassing the circulatory system for gas exchange. Leafhoppers possess two thoracic spiracles (on the meso- and metathorax) and eight pairs of abdominal spiracles, which open into atria that connect to main tracheae branching into finer tracheoles. This system is efficient for their small size and high metabolic demands during flight and feeding, with spiracular valves regulating airflow to minimize water loss.^[36] Excretion and osmoregulation are primarily handled by the Malpighian tubules, blind-ended structures extending from the hindgut junction into the hemocoel, which secrete primary urine rich in potassium and uric acid to eliminate nitrogenous waste while conserving water. In leafhoppers, these tubules—typically four in number—play a critical role in managing the ionic and osmotic challenges of their sugar-laden, nitrogen-poor diet, actively transporting ions to form uric acid crystals that precipitate in the hindgut for dry fecal output, thus preventing dehydration. Gene expression studies in species like Psammotettix striatus reveal regional heterogeneity in the tubules, with proximal sections focused on ion transport and distal regions on waste modification, enhancing overall homeostasis.^[37]^[38] Sensory physiology in leafhoppers includes mechanoreceptors on the antennae, such as campaniform sensilla and hair plates, which detect substrate vibrations for communication and predator avoidance. Recent genomic analyses have identified key chemosensory genes, including odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and olfactory receptors (ORs), that mediate host plant detection; for instance, in the tea leafhopper Empoasca onukii, transcriptome studies revealed 11 OBPs and 11 ORs, with several overexpressed in antennae to bind plant volatiles like green leaf alcohols. A 2022 study on genomic variations in E. onukii further linked expansions in chemosensory gene families to adaptations for tea plant specialization, underscoring their role in olfaction-driven host selection.^[39]^[40]

Life Cycle and Reproduction

Developmental Stages

Leafhoppers (family Cicadellidae) undergo hemimetabolous, or incomplete, metamorphosis, characterized by three primary life stages: egg, nymph, and adult, without a pupal phase.^[6] This developmental pattern allows nymphs to resemble adults in form and function, gradually acquiring adult features through molting.^[41] Eggs are typically laid singly or in clusters within plant tissues, such as stems, veins, or leaf epidermis, by ovipositing females using their needle-like ovipositor; this often results in visible scars or galls on the host plant.^[6] Hatching occurs after 4–10 days, depending on temperature and species, with first-instar nymphs emerging already capable of feeding.^[3] In some species, such as the white apple leafhopper (Typhlocyba pomaria), eggs enter diapause and overwinter, terminating only after exposure to cold temperatures to synchronize hatching with spring growth.^[42] Nymphs are wingless and smaller than adults, progressing through five instars via five molts over 2–6 weeks, influenced by temperature, humidity, and host plant quality.^[41] Early instars are pale and highly mobile relative to their size, while later instars develop external wing pads that enlarge progressively, indicating impending adulthood; feeding occurs via piercing-sucking mouthparts similar to adults, though nymphs are less dispersive and more vulnerable to predation.^[3] The entire nymphal period shortens in warmer conditions, enabling faster development.^[43] The full life cycle from egg to adult typically spans 1–2 months in temperate regions, with multiple generations per year, but can be as short as 3–4 weeks in tropical environments or under optimal warmth.^[41] Recent studies indicate that climate warming may accelerate leafhopper development, leading to shorter cycles and increased generational turnover in Nearctic species, potentially exacerbating pest pressures.^[43] Upon reaching the final molt, nymphs emerge as winged adults, fully mature and reproductively capable within days. While most leafhoppers reproduce sexually, parthenogenesis—production of offspring from unfertilized eggs—occurs rarely in certain species, such as some Empoasca populations influenced by bacterial endosymbionts, resulting in all-female broods.^[44]

Mating and Parental Care

Leafhoppers exhibit diverse courtship behaviors primarily mediated by acoustic signals in the form of substrate-borne vibrations produced by males using specialized tymbal organs located on the abdominal terga. These vibrations, often frequency-modulated calls, typically range from 50 to 300 Hz and serve for species recognition and mate attraction, with females responding via duetting signals to confirm compatibility.^[45]^[46] Mating systems in most leafhopper species are polygynous, allowing males to copulate with multiple females, while sperm is transferred directly through the male's aedeagus during copulation, which can last from minutes to hours depending on the species. In some species, such as the tea leafhopper Empoasca onukii, males engage in post-copulatory guarding behaviors, remaining in close proximity to the female to prevent interference from rival males and ensure paternity.^[47]^[48] Oviposition occurs when females use their saw-like ovipositor to insert eggs either singly or in small clusters into plant stems, leaves, or bark, often sealing the insertion site with a protective secretion. While extensive parental care is absent in leafhoppers, limited guarding of egg masses by females has been observed in certain species to deter predators.^[2]^[49] Reproductive output varies by species but typically ranges from 20 to 100 eggs per female over her adult lifespan, with fecundity influenced by host plant quality, as nutrient-rich plants enhance egg production and viability. Recent genetic studies, including a 2023 chromosome-level genome assembly of the aster leafhopper Macrosteles quadrilineatus, confirm the XO sex determination system in males, where the single X chromosome contributes to sex-specific reproductive traits without dosage compensation mechanisms.^[49]^[50]^[51]

Ecology and Behavior

Habitat and Distribution

Leafhoppers (family Cicadellidae) exhibit a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all continents except Antarctica and inhabiting virtually every terrestrial ecosystem where vascular plants are present.^[4] They are absent from Antarctica but present in subpolar and Arctic regions where suitable vegetation exists, though with lower diversity in extreme cold environments.^[52] Their diversity is highest in tropical and subtropical regions, with nearly 3,000 described species in the Nearctic region spanning from Mexico to the Arctic, and significantly greater numbers in the Neotropics, where Mexico alone hosts over 1,400 species, many endemic.^[43]^[53] Most leafhopper species prefer terrestrial habitats on vegetation, including grasses, shrubs, and trees, where they are often associated with specific plant communities in forests, grasslands, agricultural fields, and urban areas.^[54] Some species occupy moist environments on herbaceous vegetation in wet wooded or herbaceous areas, such as those in the subfamily Neocoelidiinae.^[55] These preferences reflect their dependence on phloem-feeding niches, with adaptations allowing exploitation of diverse plant hosts across biomes from rainforests to arid grasslands. Adult leafhoppers are strong fliers capable of short- to long-distance dispersal, with some species covering hundreds of kilometers during seasonal migrations.^[56] For instance, the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) undertakes wind-assisted migrations northward in North America, traveling with southerly weather systems to reach new breeding grounds annually.^[57] Human-mediated spread via international trade and transport has facilitated the introduction of non-native species, such as the Neotropical leafhopper Curtara insularis to West Africa.^[58] Recent studies from 2021 to 2025 indicate that climate change is driving range expansions of invasive leafhoppers, including species in the genus Erythroneura (synonym Erasmoneura), which has spread into European vineyards since its detection in Italy in 2004, potentially aided by warmer temperatures.^[59]^[43] Such shifts are projected to increase leafhopper richness and distribution in temperate regions, altering agroecosystems as polyvoltine and invasive taxa benefit from extended growing seasons. As of 2025, ongoing research, including preprints, continues to document increased parasitism rates and range expansions in response to warming.^[60]^[61]

Feeding and Interactions

Leafhoppers are primarily phloem sap feeders, though some species feed on xylem sap, using their specialized mouthparts known as stylets to penetrate plant vascular tissues and extract nutrient-rich sap.^[62] This feeding process involves inserting the stylets into the phloem sieve elements, where they form a salivary sheath to maintain access while ingesting sap, often for periods ranging from minutes to hours.^[63] As a byproduct of this diet, which is high in sugars but low in amino acids, leafhoppers excrete excess carbohydrates as honeydew, a sticky substance that can accumulate on plant surfaces and promote fungal growth if unmanaged.^[64] The excretion of honeydew frequently leads to mutualistic interactions with ants (Formicidae), where ants tend leafhopper colonies in exchange for the sugary reward, providing protection from predators and enhancing leafhopper survival.^[65] For instance, species such as Dalbulus quinquenotatus exhibit obligatory mutualism with ants, relying on them to remove honeydew and prevent suffocation of eggs or fungal overgrowth.^[65] Such ant-leafhopper associations are documented across multiple leafhopper genera, with ants from various subfamilies actively foraging on the honeydew.^[66] Leafhoppers display a range of host specificities, from polyphagous species that feed on hundreds of plant types to monophagous ones restricted to single hosts. The potato leafhopper Empoasca fabae, for example, is polyphagous, attacking nearly 200 plant species including legumes, potatoes, and alfalfa.^[41] During feeding, leafhoppers inject saliva containing enzymes such as pectinases and cellulases that disrupt plant cell walls and tissues, leading to characteristic damage like leaf stippling, yellowing, and hopperburn—a necrosis that stunts plant growth.^[67]^[68] Leafhoppers face significant predation and parasitism from various organisms, which regulate their populations. Predators include spiders, which ambush nymphs and adults on foliage; birds, such as songbirds that consume them as part of their insectivorous diet; and lacewings (Chrysopidae), whose larvae actively hunt soft-bodied leafhoppers.^[69]^[54]^[70] Parasitoids, particularly pipunculid flies (Pipunculidae) that oviposit into nymphs and dryinid wasps (Dryinidae) that target both nymphs and adults, can impose high mortality, with parasitism rates reaching up to 50% in some populations during peak seasons.^[61]^[71]^[72] Internally, leafhoppers rely on symbiotic bacteria for nutritional supplementation, as their phloem diet lacks sufficient essential amino acids. The ancient endosymbiont Candidatus Sulcia muelleri (Bacteroidetes) is ubiquitous in leafhoppers, retaining genes to synthesize eight essential amino acids, complemented by co-symbionts like Nasuia deltocephalinicola (Betaproteobacteria) that provide the remaining two.^[73]^[74] Recent metagenomic studies from 2024 have identified variations in fungal gut communities in related hemipterans, such as the brown planthopper, potentially contributing to detoxification and responses to environmental stressors.^[75]

Economic and Agricultural Significance

Pest Status

Leafhoppers inflict significant direct damage to crops through their piercing-sucking mouthparts, which extract plant sap from leaves and stems, leading to characteristic symptoms such as stippling, chlorosis (yellowing), leaf curling, and reduced photosynthetic capacity. This feeding disrupts plant vigor, often resulting in stunted growth, premature leaf drop, and hopperburn—a condition where leaves turn yellow or brown at the tips and edges due to vascular damage and toxin injection. In severe infestations, defoliation can occur, compromising fruit quality and yield, particularly in high-value crops like grapes, alfalfa, and maize.^[76]^[77]^[78] Economically, leafhopper damage translates to substantial losses worldwide, with regional examples highlighting the scale. In the United States, potato leafhoppers (Empoasca fabae) cause average annual losses of about $15 million to alfalfa production in Pennsylvania alone, through reduced yields and forage quality. In Argentina, the corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis) led to maize yield reductions estimated at $1.3 billion in 2024, underscoring the pest's impact on food security and export revenues; this species has also spread to new U.S. states including Nebraska, Minnesota, and Kentucky in 2024-2025.^[79]^[80]^[81] Grape leafhoppers (Erythroneura spp.) in California vineyards similarly reduce photosynthesis and cause defoliation, potentially lowering fruit quality and vine productivity in untreated areas. Key pest species include Erythroneura spp. on grapes in the USA, Circulifer tenellus (beet leafhopper) on beets and related crops, where feeding causes shriveled leaves and minor direct injury, and Dalbulus maidis on maize in South America, where sap extraction directly injures plants beyond any pathogen transmission.^[77]^[82]^[76] Outbreaks of leafhoppers are often driven by agricultural practices and environmental factors, with population explosions common in monoculture systems that provide abundant host plants and limited natural enemies. Warm, dry weather conditions, such as droughts, exacerbate these dynamics by favoring leafhopper reproduction and migration while stressing plants, making them more susceptible. For example, unusual hot and dry springs in California have been linked to increased beet leafhopper activity and associated crop damage in vegetable fields. Recent integrated pest management (IPM) efforts have demonstrated success in mitigating these outbreaks; biocontrol using Anagrus spp. wasps, which parasitize leafhopper eggs, achieved parasitism rates of 10-30% in vineyards, leading to economic control of subsequent generations and population reductions of up to 70% in targeted studies from 2018-2023.^[83]^[76]^[84]

Disease Vectors and Management

Leafhoppers are significant vectors of plant pathogens, facilitating the spread of diseases that impact agriculture worldwide. They transmit phytoplasmas, such as the aster yellows phytoplasma, primarily through species like the aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus), which acquires the pathogen during feeding on infected hosts and inoculates it into healthy plants across over 300 species in 38 plant families.^[85] Similarly, the corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis) vectors pathogens causing maize stunt disease, including the bacterium Spiroplasma kunkelii and the maize rayado fino virus, leading to stunting, reddening, and reduced yields in corn crops.^[86]^[87] Additionally, the blue-green sharpshooter (Graphocephala atropunctata) efficiently transmits Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease in grapevines, where the bacterium clogs xylem vessels, resulting in leaf scorch, dieback, and vine death.^[88] Transmission by leafhoppers typically occurs during phloem or xylem feeding, with pathogens acquired from infected plant tissues and later inoculated into new hosts via saliva. Most leafhopper-vectored pathogens, including phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and Xylella fastidiosa, follow a persistent circulative mode, where the pathogen enters the vector's hemocoel, multiplies or persists, and crosses salivary glands before transmission; a latent period of 1-2 weeks in the vector is common for full infectivity.^[89]^[90] Some viruses may involve non-persistent transmission, but circulative propagation dominates, enabling lifelong vector competence after an initial acquisition access period of several hours to days.^[91] Management of leafhoppers as disease vectors integrates cultural, chemical, biological, and regulatory approaches to minimize pathogen spread. Cultural strategies emphasize host plant resistance, such as the deployment of Pierce's disease-resistant grape varieties and rootstocks developed through breeding programs since the 2010s, which limit Xylella fastidiosa colonization.^[88] Crop rotation, removal of volunteer hosts, and timed planting further disrupt vector populations and disease cycles. Chemical control relies on systemic insecticides like neonicotinoids (e.g., imidacloprid), applied as foliar sprays or soil drenches to target nymphs during early infestation; however, resistance has intensified in species such as Dalbulus maidis and Amrasca biguttula post-2020, with resistance ratios up to over 100-fold in some D. maidis field populations and up to 20-fold in A. biguttula due to enhanced detoxification enzymes.^[76]^[92]^[93] Biological management leverages natural enemies, including predatory insects like lacewings (Chrysoperla spp.), lady beetles, and spiders, which can suppress leafhopper densities by 50-70% in integrated systems; conservation of these predators through reduced pesticide use enhances efficacy.^[76] Emerging biological techniques, such as the sterile insect technique (SIT), involve mass-releasing irradiated males to disrupt reproduction, with pilot trials demonstrating potential for vector population suppression in contained settings.^[94] Regulatory measures include strict quarantines on invasive vectors, such as the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), which is listed as a quarantine pest in the European Union to prevent entry via plant material and avert Xylella fastidiosa outbreaks.^[95] Recent advancements in genetic tools, including 2022 CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in H. vitripennis, support ongoing research toward gene drive systems for targeted population control, though field applications remain in early development as of 2025.^[96]

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Species Diversity in the Leafhopper Genus Batracomorphus Lewis ...
May 26, 2021 · In external morphology, most species of Batracomorphus are remarkably uniform, differing only slightly in overall size and proportions. Thus ...
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Dispersal Polymorphisms in Insects - jstor
LEAFHOPPERS AND PLANTHOPPERS Wing polymorphism is common among species of Auchenorrhyncha (186). Attempts to understand the control of wing development in ...
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The digestive system of the leafhopper Bucephalogonia xanthophis ...
Aug 10, 2025 · The filter chamber consists of two parts: a very thin sheath and a filter organ. The filter organ is composed of the anterior and posterior ends ...
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Morphology and histology of the digestive system of the vector ...
The esophagus, a narrow and slender tube, runs through the whole thorax extending into the filter chamber and connecting with the anterior midgut. The midgut ...Missing: anatomy | Show results with:anatomy
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Morphology of the Alimentary Canal of the Leafhopper Cicadella ...
Aug 5, 2025 · The circulatory system consists of a dorsal vessel, formed by a 7-chambered heart in the abdomen and an aorta extending from the heart into ...
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[PDF] Phylum Arthropoda - IPM for landscape, nursery, and greenhouse
thorax. • Tracheal respiratory system- composed of tubes with holes (spiracles) through the body that admit air. ... Leafhopper. Page 56. Class Insecta: Order.
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Gene expression profiles in Malpighian tubules of the vector ... - NIH
Jan 21, 2022 · The alimentary tract and salivary glands of vector leafhoppers have been shown to attribute to insect immunological response in the resistance ...Missing: anatomy | Show results with:anatomy
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(PDF) Gene expression profiles in Malpighian tubules of the vector ...
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Identification of the genes in tea leafhopper, Empoasca onukii ...
Chemosensory behaviors are important in the life cycle of E. onukii, especially for detecting plant odorants during host localizations. In this process ...
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Genomic Variations in the Tea Leafhopper Reveal the Basis of Its ...
The chemosensory system is essential for herbivorous insects to orient toward and locate potential host plants [22], potentially indicating how herbivorous ...
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Potato Leafhopper on Ornamental Plants
Nymphs are similar in shape to the adults but are smaller and lack wings. They develop through five nymphal stages in about 2 weeks. Adults live about one month ...
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(PDF) Modeling Postdiapause Egg and Nymphal Development of ...
Constant-temperature development studies were conducted with overwintering postdiapause eggs and first-generation nymphal stages of white apple leafhopper, ...
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[PDF] SUBSTRATE-BORNE VIBRATIONAL SIGNALS IN INTRASPECIFIC ...
Vibrational signals in leafhoppers are low-frequency bending (or flexural) waves produced by the abdominal tergal plate (aka. Tymbal). Signals are transmitted ...Missing: modulated | Show results with:modulated
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Transmission of the frequency components of the vibrational signal ...
Aug 23, 2019 · Their vibrational signal exhibits a dominant frequency between 80 and 120 Hz, with higher frequency, lower intensity harmonics occurring ...
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Jun 17, 2005 · During transfer, sperm are pumped from the vesicles into the ejaculatory duct to the complex aedeagus.
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Mating and post-copulation behavior in the tea leafhopper ... - Frontiers
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Potato Leafhopper on Vegetables - Penn State Extension
Jun 19, 2023 · Eggs are deposited within the plant. Most are in the upper more succulent tissue. On alfalfa, eggs are laid in the top 17 cm or upper one fourth ...
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Effects of insect longevity and drought conditions on aster ...
Jul 2, 2025 · Aster leafhopper females lived between 35 and 84 d, and their fecundity gradually decreased over time (Fig. 1). Each female laid an average of ...Materials And Methods · Aster Leafhoppers · ResultsMissing: stems ovipositor care
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Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the aster leafhopper ...
Dec 26, 2023 · In the context of leafhoppers that display this XO sex determination, these selection pressures may lead to a lack of sex chromosome ...
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Biogeographical evaluation and conservation assessment of ...
Mar 13, 2021 · Mexico harbours a diverse fauna comprising more than 1,400 leafhopper species, 60% of which appear to be strictly endemic, with many apparently ...
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Leafhoppers (Homoptera Cicadellidae) Information | Earth Life
Oct 31, 2023 · ... eggs into leaves, stems, bark, or other live plant tissues. Parental care after oviposition is rare among leafhoppers. Natural Enemies.
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Leafhopper FAQ
Approximately 23,000 species have been described (making Cicadellidae one of the 10 largest families of insects), but many new species are being discovered each ...
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Neocoelidia tumidifrons - Hoppers of North Carolina
Habitats and Life History. Habitats: Has been found in grassy, brushy habitat; reportedly common in moist wooded areas where herbaceous growth is abundant ...
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Potato Leafhopper Damage to Alfalfa – Team Forage - Extension
Adults can fly hundreds of miles nonstop during this migration, which is wind-assisted, and adult potato leafhoppers also tend to be very dispersive locally ...
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Potato Leafhopper Management in Alfalfa (G1136)
It is believed that long distance movement is only possible when large scale weather systems are present to assist them. They travel with the same winds that ...
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Invasion and spread of the neotropical leafhopper Curtara insularis ...
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Sep 5, 2018 · Like other vascular feeders, this species uses specialized needle-like mouthparts called stylets to penetrate plant tissues and suck the sap.
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Leafhoppers usually engage in phloem sap ingestion for only 5–30 min at a time but will occasionally ingest phloem sap for several hours.,, The ...
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[PDF] Feeding Behavior of <i>Nephotettix virescens</i> (Homoptera
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Obligatory Mutualism Between Dalbulus quinquenotatus (Homoptera
Many aphid (Aphidae) and treehopper (Membracidae) species depend on ants (Formicidae) for their survival, but few leafhopper (Cicadellidae) species have been ...
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[PDF] A novel relationship between ants and a leafhopper (Hymenoptera
Ten ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from three subfamilies feed on honeydew excreted by nymphs of the leaf- hopper Balclutha punctata (Hemiptera: ...
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[PDF] Insects and Mites that feed on Maple Trees
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[PDF] FIELD CROPS INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE
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Maintaining spiders, and predatory insects such as ladybugs, or lacewings in your garden is an effective natural way of controlling leafhoppers. Fun fact. The ...
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Common Green Lacewing Biocontrol Agent Factsheet - Cornell CALS
Lacewing larvae are beneficial to farmers and gardeners. They feed on a variety of soft-bodied insect pests; caterpillars, thrips, mealybugs, leafhoppers, ...
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Study on the gut symbiotic microbiota in long- and short-winged ...
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Leafhoppers, including variegated, Virginia creeper, and western grape, are pests of grapes. They cause pale yellow spots and may cause leaf drop.Missing: USA | Show results with:USA
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Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa - Penn State Extension
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Managing Grape Leafhoppers on New Mexico Grape Vines
Diapausing adult grape leafhoppers usually overwinter in tangles of weeds, grasses, fallen leaves, mulches, and other ground debris in and around vineyards or ...
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The impact of leafhoppers on maize crops in Argentina - SpringHaus
Jul 11, 2024 · In addition to economic losses, the pest also affects agricultural production and food security. The reduction in maize crop yields can have a ...
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Unusual outbreaks of curly top disease in processing tomato fields ...
These outbreaks were associated with proximity of fields to foothills and unusually hot, dry, and windy spring weather conditions, possibly by altering ...Missing: monocultures droughts
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[PDF] Exploring New Control Methods for Leafhoppers in Grapes
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Aster leafhopper and aster yellows - Agricultural Biology
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Corn Leafhopper Leads to Corn Stunt Disease Across Oklahoma
Aug 12, 2024 · We documented and confirmed the first reports of corn leafhoppers, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott), and corn stunt disease in parts of Oklahoma this past ...
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[PDF] Leafhopper Transmission and Host Range of Maize Rayado Fino ...
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Pierce's Disease / Grape / Agriculture - UC IPM
Pierce's disease, caused by Xylella fastidiosa, shows symptoms like yellowing leaves, shrivelled fruit, and "matchsticks" on chronically infected vines. It's ...
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Transmission of Viruses by Leafhoppers and Thrips - SpringerLink
Most leafhopper vectors transmit viruses in a circulative manner and many of these viruses are propagative in their vector.
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LEAFHOPPER AND PLANTHOPPER TRANSMISSION OF PLANT ...
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Leafhopper - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
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Unraveling imidacloprid resistance in Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera
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[PDF] Insecticide Susceptibility Monitoring In Leafhopper A. biguttula ...
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Addition of Homalodisca coagulata to the EPPO Alert List
All three species are listed as quarantine pests in the EU Annexes. ... Glassy-winged sharpshooter news and information service. http://www.cfbf.com ...
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Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome modification of the glassy ...
Apr 19, 2022 · We report the establishment of genetic analysis in the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis, which is a significant leafhopper pest.<|control11|><|separator|>