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MLS SuperDraft

The MLS SuperDraft is an annual draft event in (MLS) in which the league's clubs select eligible amateur players, primarily from programs, to bolster their professional rosters and integrate young talent into the league. Introduced in 1996 alongside the league's inaugural season, the SuperDraft evolved from an initial combination of separate allocation, supplemental, and college drafts into a unified process that promotes competitive parity by determining pick order in reverse of the previous season's standings, with tiebreakers based on points per game and postseason performance. The event typically features three rounds, allowing each of MLS's 30 teams one selection per round—subject to trades—with a four-minute clock per pick in the first round and three minutes thereafter, plus one three-minute timeout per team. Player eligibility encompasses NCAA sophomores and above who declare for the draft, contract holders who forgo college eligibility, former college athletes who have turned professional since the prior season, and select players made available by the league, such as pre-signed seniors or international prospects; drafted players who remain unsigned enter a priority list for their selecting club until the end of the following year. Over nearly three decades, the SuperDraft has yielded impactful talents, including forward (first overall allocation pick, 1996, ), who scored 62 goals in 161 MLS appearances, midfielder Matt McKeon (first overall college pick, 1996, Kansas City Wiz), with 172 matches played, and forward (17th overall, 2006, ), who became one of the league's all-time leading scorers. While its role has diminished with the rise of alternative pathways like the reserve league and direct European transfers, the SuperDraft remains a foundational rite for collegiate stars entering professional soccer.

History

Inception and Early College Drafts (1996–1999)

Major League Soccer (MLS) launched its inaugural season in 1996 with 10 teams, establishing the College Draft as the central process for allocating domestic amateur talent to professional rosters, much like the player drafts in established U.S. leagues such as the National Football League (NFL) and National Basketball Association (NBA). This mechanism aimed to foster league growth by integrating college-educated players into the professional ranks, ensuring a supply of skilled American and Canadian athletes amid the league's nascent expansion efforts. The draft complemented earlier allocation processes, such as the 1996 Inaugural Player Draft, by focusing specifically on recent college graduates to build competitive squads from the ground up. The College Drafts from 1996 to 1999 were structured around strict eligibility criteria, limited exclusively to players who had completed their collegiate careers—primarily graduating seniors from , II, or III programs, as well as NAIA institutions. Each draft featured three rounds, allowing teams to select up to three players per round, though trades and passes occasionally altered the total selections; for instance, the 1996 draft resulted in 29 picks across the 10 teams. Selection order for the inaugural 1996 event was preset in a sequence starting with , followed by the MetroStars and San Jose Clash, but subject to extensive pre-draft trades that reshuffled priorities. In later years (1997–1999), the order reversed the previous season's standings to prioritize rebuilding for underperforming clubs, enhancing competitive balance as the league grew to 12 teams by 1998. Key events underscored the draft's foundational role, particularly the March 4, 1996, College Draft in , where the Kansas City Wizards, via a trade with , selected versatile midfielder Matt McKeon from as the first overall pick—a selection that exemplified the draft's emphasis on immediate roster contributors. Other notable early picks included defender (second overall, 1996, by via trade) and forward Ante Razov (27th overall, 1996, by ), who went on to become key figures in the league's development. These drafts were instrumental in populating initial rosters during expansion, providing over two dozen players per year to support the league's rapid growth from 10 to 12 franchises while prioritizing homegrown talent over international signings. Complementing the College Draft was the separate Supplemental Draft, which targeted underclassmen retaining college eligibility and non-college amateurs, such as those from lower-tier domestic leagues, thereby addressing gaps in the primary system's scope but resulting in a disjointed overall approach to amateur recruitment. This bifurcated structure highlighted early challenges in talent distribution, paving the way for the 2000 merger into a unified SuperDraft format.

Evolution to SuperDraft and Modern Changes (2000–present)

In 2000, introduced the SuperDraft as a unified annual event, merging the existing College Draft for graduating seniors with the Supplemental Draft for non-college amateurs and other eligible prospects. This consolidation expanded the talent pool to include underclassmen who opted for early professional entry through the program, alongside traditional college graduates and international amateurs, streamlining player allocation and promoting league-wide access to emerging talent. Held on February 6 in , the inaugural SuperDraft featured six rounds and 72 selections across the league's 12 teams, marking a shift from the fragmented pre-2000 drafts that had limited efficiency in talent distribution. Subsequent modifications reflected the league's evolving structure and priorities. The program, established in 1997 to support early signings for high-potential underclassmen without implications, saw deeper integration by 2007, allowing selected players to enter the draft pool directly and accelerating their path to professional rosters. Round structures adjusted with league growth: reduced to four rounds in 2005 amid to 12 teams, temporarily to three in 2011 with a reinstated three-round Supplemental Draft for flexibility, expanded back to four in 2014 by absorbing the supplemental selections, and then shortened to three rounds starting in 2021 to focus on higher-impact picks amid roster rule refinements. In 2024, eligibility criteria broadened significantly to include college sophomores alongside juniors and seniors, aiming to capture younger talent earlier while preserving amateur development pathways. but use official: As MLS grew from 12 teams in 2000 to 30 by 2025, the SuperDraft adapted to accommodate larger selection pools and expansion dynamics, with new franchises like in 2023 receiving priority allocation to build competitive rosters quickly. The prompted operational shifts, converting the 2020 and 2021 drafts to fully virtual formats via conference calls and online streaming to ensure safety while maintaining the event's momentum. For the 2025 SuperDraft, the three-round structure was reaffirmed, incorporating a four-minute selection clock for the first round (three minutes thereafter), one team timeout per club, and non-binding selections that serve as invitations to training camps rather than guaranteed contracts, emphasizing evaluative flexibility in a maturing league ecosystem.

Player Eligibility

College and University Players

The primary pool of eligible players for the MLS SuperDraft consists of current and former athletes from U.S. and Canadian competing in NCAA-sanctioned programs. Rising seniors, defined as fourth-year students who have exhausted their four years of NCAA eligibility, automatically qualify for the draft-eligible list upon completion of their . Since the 2024 SuperDraft, this pool has expanded to include underclassmen—specifically sophomores and —who may also be nominated for eligibility, allowing clubs to select with remaining college years for potential . The eligible player list is compiled annually by in consultation with college coaches, the NCAA, and other stakeholders, with nominations focusing on standout performers. For the 2025 SuperDraft, MLS announced a list of 477 players representing 150 schools on December 18, 2024, following the conclusion of the 2024 college season. This process does not require a formal player declaration like in other drafts; instead, inclusion is based on recommendations. If selected, underclassmen may return to school if unsigned, but doing so forfeits future draft eligibility. International students attending eligible U.S. colleges are included in the pool provided they meet the same academic and athletic eligibility standards as domestic players, such as maintaining full-time enrollment and complying with NCAA rules during their college tenure. Post-draft, players with remaining NCAA eligibility who are selected but not signed by an MLS club may return to their university, but they are placed on the drafting team's protected list and cannot be selected by another club without waivers. The typical annual pool size ranges from 400 to 500 players, with strong representation from powerhouse conferences such as the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and Big Ten, which contributed 21 and 16 draftees, respectively, in the 2025 SuperDraft as indicative of their talent depth. Select college standouts may also integrate with the Generation adidas program, which allows top underclassmen to sign pre-draft contracts while forgoing remaining eligibility.

Non-College Amateurs and Special Categories

In addition to college players, the MLS SuperDraft eligibility includes non-college amateurs, such as high school graduates or international equivalents who have not signed professional contracts and maintain amateur status by being unaffiliated with MLS clubs. These players, often from youth development programs or amateur leagues like the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), represent a minor portion of the eligible pool but offer pathways for talent bypassing the university system. For instance, in the 2025 SuperDraft, 14 NPSL alumni were selected across various rounds, highlighting the occasional inclusion of such amateurs who have foregone or never pursued college soccer. US youth international players not enrolled in college are eligible if they have not signed professional contracts, typically those emerging from the or similar programs without homegrown agreements. These individuals must adhere to amateur status rules and are generally under the age thresholds aligned with league youth policies, providing an alternative entry for promising talents focused on national team rather than academics. Former form another key , encompassing those who have exhausted their NCAA eligibility without graduating, transferred out prior to completion, or departed with remaining eligibility to pursue domestic opportunities since the end of the prior . Eligibility requires no prior MLS experience, though limited play in lower domestic like USL may be permitted if the forgoes further and is approved by . This group bridges the gap between and full professionalism, ensuring exhausted or interrupted academic paths do not bar access. The program represents a prominent special category, enabling MLS to pre-sign top underclassmen—primarily from but occasionally highlighting non-traditional paths—before the , granting them immediate professional status, exemption, and developmental benefits while assigning them to teams via draft selection. In 2025, four such players were announced, underscoring the program's role in accelerating elite talent integration regardless of exact academic trajectory. Overall limitations exclude active professionals, those with excessive paid amateur appearances, or anyone previously drafted; eligibility for all non-college categories ultimately requires League approval to preserve amateur integrity and prevent circumvention of standard pathways.

Draft Procedures

Determining Selection Order

The selection order for the MLS SuperDraft is primarily determined by the reverse order of the standings from the previous MLS , with adjustments for postseason performance to promote league by favoring underperforming teams. Non-playoff teams receive the earliest picks following any expansion priority, ranked by fewest (picks 2–13 for the 12 non-playoff teams). Playoff teams are then ordered by the round of their elimination in the —starting with teams eliminated in the Conference Quarterfinals, followed by conference semifinal losers, conference final losers, the loser, and ending with the champion—with teams within each elimination group ranked by reverse ; the champion receives the final selection (pick 30). This methodology applies uniformly across the SuperDraft's three rounds. Expansion clubs are granted the highest priority to build their rosters quickly, receiving the No. 1 overall pick in every round regardless of the standard order. For instance, in the 2025 SuperDraft, newcomer secured the first selection in all three rounds as the league's 30th team. In cases of tied records, the order is resolved using the tie-breaking procedures outlined in the MLS Competition Manual, which include factors such as , goals scored, and head-to-head results, without a separate lottery system. The league has not employed a full blind lottery for overall draft order since the early years, relying instead on performance-based criteria. Teams may trade draft picks before and during the SuperDraft, often in exchange for general allocation money (GAM), targeted allocation money (TAM), or players, allowing flexibility in roster building while the league tracks all transactions to maintain order integrity. Historically, the 1996 MLS College Draft—the precursor to the SuperDraft—featured a selection order influenced by the league's inaugural allocations and team priorities rather than strict reverse standings, but by 1997, the process had evolved to a performance-based system that forms the foundation of the current methodology.

Format, Rounds, and Selection Rules

The MLS SuperDraft consists of three rounds, a structure implemented starting in 2011 after previously featuring four rounds. Each of the league's 30 clubs receives one pick per round, resulting in up to 90 selections, though trades can alter this number. The draft focuses exclusively on domestic eligible players, with no integration of international selection processes. The event occurs annually in December, with the 2025 edition held on December 20, 2024, in a virtual format. Selections proceed according to the pre-determined order, with teams allotted four minutes for each first-round pick and three minutes for picks in the second and third rounds. Inter-round breaks last 10 minutes, and each team receives one three-minute timeout for the entire draft. If a team exceeds its time limit without selecting, it forfeits the pick and must wait until after the next selection to submit its choice. Teams must choose from the official list of eligible players released prior to the event, which for 2025 included 479 prospects scouted through events like the MLS College Showcase held in November. Passes are permitted but uncommon, as any team passing on a pick is prohibited from making further selections in that draft. Trades of picks require commissioner approval and are announced only after verification. The draft operates on a non-binding basis, meaning clubs are under no obligation to sign selected players. Unsigned draftees are placed on the selecting team's SuperDraft Priority List, granting the club exclusive negotiating rights until December 31 of the following year—for instance, until December 31, 2026, for 2025 selections. Undrafted players immediately enter unrestricted free agency and may sign with any MLS club. The 2025 SuperDraft was tracked live via MLSsoccer.com, without a traditional television broadcast.

Role and Impact

Contribution to League Parity and Talent Development

The MLS SuperDraft serves as a key mechanism for promoting league parity by allocating the highest draft picks to the lowest-performing teams from the previous season, mirroring systems in the and to facilitate competitive balance. This reverse-order selection process allows struggling franchises to acquire promising young talent, potentially accelerating rebuilds and preventing prolonged dominance by perennial contenders. For instance, in the 2010s, the leveraged high draft picks, such as forward Danny Mwanga (No. 1 overall in 2010) and midfielder (No. 7 overall in 2010), to bolster their expansion roster and contribute to early competitive progress amid a challenging rebuild phase. As a talent pipeline, the SuperDraft integrates with MLS academies and the reserve league, providing a structured for collegiate and amateur players into professional soccer. Annually, approximately 34% of draftees across recent classes (2020–2022) have signed professional contracts with MLS or affiliate teams, helping maintain the league's youthful rosters with an average player age of 26.13 as of mid-2024. This influx supports talent development by offering lower-round selections opportunities in , where many transition to first-team roles, fostering a sustainable flow of domestic players without relying solely on international signings. The SuperDraft's role has evolved significantly since its inception, initially emphasizing college talent to build league stability in the late 1990s and early 2000s when academies were underdeveloped. Post-2010, the introduction and expansion of the Homegrown Player Rule in 2007–2008 enabled clubs to sign academy products directly, reducing reliance on the draft for core roster spots to only about 10–15 first-team positions league-wide each year. This shift has positioned the SuperDraft as a supplementary tool rather than the primary talent source, complementing academy systems that now produce a majority of young professionals. In the context of the 2025 season with 30 teams, the SuperDraft generated 90 selections across three rounds, yet a substantial portion remained unsigned, underscoring its supplemental nature amid expanded pathways like . Many players opted to return to or pursue other opportunities, highlighting how the draft enhances depth and competition without overwhelming first-team integration. The MLS SuperDraft has produced several standout players who achieved significant success in the league and beyond, highlighting its occasional role in identifying top talent. Notable first overall selections include , chosen by in 2007, who earned MLS Rookie of the Year honors and went on to a distinguished career with multiple clubs, including a stint in Europe. Similarly, , selected first by in 2015, became the league's all-time leading Canadian goal scorer before transferring to European clubs. Other high-impact picks, such as (eighth overall by the in 2004), underscore the draft's potential for mid-round gems; Dempsey won Rookie of the Year, secured multiple selections, and represented the U.S. national team over 140 times. However, success rates remain low, with only about 34% of players selected in the 2020–2022 drafts signing professional MLS contracts, reflecting the challenge of translating college performance to professional levels. Over time, the SuperDraft's influence has waned, particularly since 2015, as MLS clubs increasingly prioritize academy development and homegrown signings over draft selections. Approximately 75% of players aged 21 or younger in the league now originate from MLS academies, bypassing the draft entirely through direct contracts that allow earlier professional integration. This shift is evident in recent drafts; for instance, the 2024 SuperDraft saw limited first-team contributions from selections, with many top prospects opting for international moves or academy paths instead. Recent drafts, including 2025, have continued this trend, with approximately one-third of selections resulting in signed contracts based on historical patterns. Criticisms of the SuperDraft center on its diminishing relevance and structural flaws, often labeling it a "dying formality" that fails to deliver substantial first-team talent. Analyses from 2025 indicate that fewer than 10% of recent draftees achieve meaningful MLS minutes, with the event serving more as a scouting formality than a core roster-building tool. A key issue is the non-binding nature of selections: teams must invite drafted players to preseason, but there is no obligation to offer contracts, leading to widespread free agency for unsigned prospects and potential poaching by other clubs or international teams. Additionally, the draft's focus on U.S. college players inherently underrepresents international talent, limiting its scope in a globalized league where direct signings from abroad or academies dominate young player acquisition. Looking ahead, MLS has implemented reforms such as the 2023 expansion of eligibility to include sophomores and juniors, which broadened the talent pool and increased signing rates. Other proposals include tighter integration with systems and enhanced global scouting to address underrepresentation of international prospects, though a shift to weighted lotteries for order—similar to other —has not yet gained traction. These changes aim to align the with the league's evolving emphasis on and youth development without overhauling its foundational role.

Historical Drafts

MLS College Drafts (1996–1999)

The MLS College Drafts, held annually from 1996 to 1999, served as Soccer's primary method for allocating college-eligible players to its expansion teams during the league's early years, focusing exclusively on U.S. collegiate talent to build rosters amid rapid growth. These drafts typically consisted of three rounds per team, with selection order determined by the previous season's standings or for newcomers, allowing clubs to add young domestic prospects to complement their inaugural allocations. By 1999, with the league at 12 teams, the process highlighted emerging American soccer stars, though limitations in scope—such as excluding non-college amateurs—led to its merger into the more inclusive SuperDraft in 2000. In the inaugural 1996 MLS College Draft, conducted on March 4 with 10 teams participating, Kansas City selected midfielder Matt McKeon from as the first overall pick; the event spanned three rounds and resulted in 29 total selections after one team passed in the final round. Notable outcomes included defenders (second overall, ) and Steve Ralston (18th overall, ), both of whom debuted in MLS that season and went on to long professional careers. Forward Ante Razov, taken 27th overall by the , also debuted and became one of the league's top scorers in subsequent years. The 1997 draft, held on February 1 with the same 10 teams, aimed to expand rosters following the inaugural season's challenges by adding depth through college selections; chose defender Tahj Jakins from UCLA first overall, yielding 20 selections across three rounds amid several passes. Goalkeeper , selected 10th overall by the , debuted in MLS and later earned honors, exemplifying the draft's role in identifying key contributors. By 1998, with two new teams ( and ) bringing the total to 12, the February 1 draft introduced slightly more diverse college profiles, including players with international experience at U.S. universities; picked defender Leo Cullen from the University of Maryland first overall, completing three rounds with 36 selections. Standouts like midfielder Pablo Mastroeni (13th overall, ) and forward (20th overall, ) debuted in MLS, with Mastroeni becoming a U.S. national team regular and Cunningham a prolific goal scorer. The final College Draft in 1999, conducted February 6-7 with 12 teams, saw select midfielder Jason Moore from the first overall, followed closely by defender (second overall, via trade); it featured three rounds and 36 selections, marking the end of the college-only format. Heaps, who earned MLS Rookie of the Year honors after debuting, and forward Richard Mulrooney (third overall, San Jose Clash) highlighted the draft's success in producing immediate impact players.
Year#1 Pick (Team)Total PicksNotable Outcomes
1996Matt McKeon (Kansas City Wiz)29 and Steve Ralston debuted and built Hall of Fame-caliber careers; Ante Razov became a multiple-time league scoring leader.
1997Tahj Jakins ()20 debuted as a and later set MLS records.
1998Leo Cullen ()36Pablo Mastroeni and debuted, with Mastroeni earning 80+ U.S. caps and Cunningham scoring over 100 MLS goals.
1999Jason Moore ()36 won Rookie of the Year and played 10+ MLS seasons; Richard Mulrooney contributed to multiple championships.

MLS SuperDrafts (2000–2025)

The MLS SuperDraft, inaugurated in 2000, marked a significant evolution from the prior College Drafts by broadening eligibility to include non-college amateurs alongside collegiate players, aiming to bolster league parity through a centralized selection process. The first SuperDraft consisted of four rounds across the league's 12 teams, resulting in 48 total selections, with UCLA Steve Shak chosen first overall by the New York/New Jersey MetroStars. As MLS expanded from 12 to 30 teams over the subsequent decades, the SuperDraft adapted to the growing league, maintaining four rounds until a reduction to three in to align with modern roster dynamics and international scouting trends. Mid-era highlights include the 2004 draft, where selected 14-year-old prodigy first overall from , drawing widespread media attention and underscoring the draft's potential for high-impact talents. Expansion influences were evident in 2014, when the , preparing for their new stadium, picked UConn goalkeeper first overall amid preparations for league growth. In recent years, the draft has reflected the league's maturation, with 2024 seeing select Lipscomb forward Tyrese Spicer first overall among 29 teams, yielding 87 picks in three rounds. The 2025 SuperDraft, the first with 30 teams following FC's addition, featured UC Santa Barbara midfielder Manu Duah as the top choice by the expansion side, totaling 90 selections and emphasizing the event's role in integrating new franchises. From 2000 through 2025, the SuperDrafts have generated over 1,500 total selections, providing an essential pathway for amateur talent despite varying success rates in professional transitions. Recent analyses indicate that about one-third of draftees sign MLS contracts, though this figure has hovered around 25-34% historically, with many others pursuing opportunities in MLS Next Pro or abroad. Notable later-round gems illustrate the draft's unpredictability, such as Nick Rimando (fourth round, 2000, Miami Fusion), who became an MLS goalkeeping legend with over 350 appearances; Clint Dempsey (fourth round, 2004, D.C. United), evolving into a U.S. national team star and MLS scoring leader; and Sean Johnson (fourth round, 2010, Chicago Fire), a longtime MLS goalkeeper with multiple All-Star nods.
Year#1 Pick (Player, College/Academy, Team)Total Selections
2000Steve Shak (UCLA, NY/NJ MetroStars)48
2001Chris Carrieri (, )48
2002Chris Gbandi (UConn, Dallas Burn)48
2003 (, )48
2004 (, )48
2005Nikolas Besagno (, )56
2006Marvell Wynne (UCLA, )56
2007 (, )60
2008Chance Myers (UCLA, Kansas City Wizards)64
2009Steve Zakuani (, )64
2010Danny Mwanga (Oregon State, Philadelphia Union)68
2011Omar Salgado (, )76
2012Andrew Wenger (Duke, Montréal Impact)76
2013Andrew Farrell (Louisville, )76
2014 (UConn, )76
2015 (UConn, )80
2016Jack Harrison (Wake Forest, )80
2017Abu Danladi (UCLA, )88
2018João (, LAFC)92
2019Frankie Amaya (UCLA, )96
2020Robbie Robinson (Clemson, )77
2021Daniel Pereira (, )79
2022 (, )71
2023Hamady Diop (Clemson, )84
2024Tyrese Spicer (Lipscomb, )87
2025Manu Duah (UC , )90

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