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Mobile

Mobile is a city in southwestern Alabama, United States, and the county seat of Mobile County.^[1] Located at the mouth of the Mobile River on Mobile Bay, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico, it is the second-most populous city in the state with an estimated population of 201,367 as of July 1, 2024.^[2] Founded by French colonists in 1702 as Fort Louis de la Mobile, it is Alabama's oldest permanent European settlement and the original capital of the French colony of Louisiana.^[3] Throughout its history, Mobile has been shaped by successive colonial powers, beginning with French control from 1702 to 1763, during which it hosted the first Mardi Gras celebration in North America in 1703.^[4] The city was ceded to the British after the French and Indian War, then captured by the Spanish in 1780 amid the American Revolutionary War, before being annexed by the United States in 1813 following the Battle of Fort Bowyer.^[3] By the mid-19th century, Mobile had grown into one of the nation's busiest cotton-exporting ports, ranking as the third-largest U.S. seaport by the onset of the Civil War, and it remained a vital Confederate stronghold until Union forces captured it in 1865.^[3] The post-war era brought economic recovery through the lumber industry and shipbuilding, bolstered by the city's strategic waterfront position, while its multicultural influences—French, Spanish, British, Creole, African, and others—fostered a rich architectural and cultural legacy evident in its historic districts and traditions like the annual Mardi Gras festivities, which originated here and continue to draw visitors worldwide.^[3] In the modern era, Mobile serves as a key economic driver for Alabama, anchored by the Port of Mobile, which generated an economic impact of $98.3 billion statewide in 2022 through global trade, logistics, and related activities.^[5] The city's diverse economy also encompasses major industries such as aerospace manufacturing—with Airbus's A320 assembly line as a cornerstone—maritime services, healthcare, and advanced manufacturing, supporting a metropolitan area with a population of 412,339 as of July 1, 2024.^[6]^[7] Known for its resilient spirit and coastal charm, Mobile blends historical preservation with contemporary growth, including ongoing port expansions that position it as one of the fastest-growing U.S. ports by tonnage over the past decade.^[8]

Places

Settlements

Mobile, Alabama, is a major port city and the second-most populous city in the state of Alabama, United States, situated on the western shore of Mobile Bay at the mouth of the Mobile River. Founded in 1702 by French colonists under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville as Fort Louis and initially serving as the capital of the French colony of Louisiana, the city played a pivotal role in early colonial trade and later became a central hub for the 19th-century cotton economy, exporting vast quantities through its deepwater port—second only to New Orleans among Gulf Coast cities by 1860.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] During the American Civil War, Mobile remained one of the last major Confederate ports open to blockade runners until Union forces under Admiral David Farragut captured Mobile Bay in August 1864, though the city itself held out until April 1865; this naval engagement marked the final significant maritime battle of the war.^[13]^[14] The 2020 United States Census recorded a population of 187,041 for the city, estimated at 201,367 as of July 1, 2024, amid ongoing urban annexation and regional growth.^[15] Mobile County, Alabama, encompasses the city of Mobile and surrounding areas, forming a key administrative division in southwestern Alabama established on December 18, 1812, as one of the original counties of the Mississippi Territory shortly before Alabama's statehood. Covering 1,644 square miles of coastal plain, river delta, and bayfront terrain, the county serves as a vital economic center for shipping, manufacturing, and petrochemical industries tied to the Port of Mobile.^[16] Its population stood at 414,809 according to the 2020 Census, declining slightly to 411,411 by 2022 before recovering to an estimated 412,339 as of July 1, 2024; it remains the third-most populous county in Alabama.^[17]^[16] Mobile, Newfoundland and Labrador, is a small rural community and designated place on the Avalon Peninsula in eastern Canada, approximately 32 kilometers south of St. John's along the Southern Shore. Originally settled around 1705 with a recorded population of six families, it developed as a coastal outpost with historical ties to fishing and seasonal resource use, though modern economic activities include limited commercial fishing amid the province's evolving fisheries management. The 2016 Census of Canada reported a population of 435 residents living in 183 of 403 private dwellings, while the 2021 census reported 256; marking a decline in this local service district characterized by its scenic bayfront location and proximity to the Irish Loop driving route.^[18]^[19]

Geographical features

Mobile Bay is an estuary in southwestern Alabama, United States, where the Mobile and Tensaw Rivers discharge into the Gulf of Mexico, forming a vital component of the region's coastal ecosystem. Stretching approximately 35 miles (56 km) northward from its mouth, the bay covers an area of about 413 square miles (1,070 km²) and ranks as the sixth-largest estuary in the continental United States.^[20]^[21] Its shallow waters, averaging 10 feet (3 m) in depth, support a dynamic mix of freshwater and saltwater influences, fostering nutrient-rich conditions that sustain extensive fisheries and wetland habitats.^[22] Historically, Mobile Bay served as the site of the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, a pivotal naval engagement during the American Civil War in which Union forces under Rear Admiral David Farragut captured the bay from Confederate defenders, effectively closing a major Southern port and contributing to the eventual fall of the Confederacy.^[23] Ecologically, the bay is renowned for its biodiversity, hosting over 300 species of fish, numerous migratory birds, and unique phenomena like the "jubilee" events where marine life surges onto shores, reflecting its role in one of the most species-rich regions east of the Mississippi River.^[24]^[25] Conservation efforts, led by organizations like the Mobile Bay National Estuary Program, emphasize protecting its marshes and oyster reefs from habitat loss and pollution to maintain this ecological balance.^[26] The Mobile River, Alabama's principal waterway, originates from the confluence of the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers approximately 30 miles north of Mobile Bay and flows 45 miles southward to empty into the estuary. Draining a vast basin of 44,000 square miles (114,000 km²)—the sixth-largest watershed in the United States—the river collects runoff from parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and Tennessee, transporting sediments and nutrients that shape the coastal plain.^[27]^[28] Navigationally, the Mobile River is critical for commerce, maintained as a deepwater channel that accommodates oceangoing vessels up to 45 feet (14 m) in draft, facilitating the transport of goods like steel, chemicals, and agricultural products through the Port of Mobile and supporting the regional economy.^[27] Its flow, averaging over 60,000 cubic feet per second, influences salinity levels in Mobile Bay and sustains downstream wetlands, though it faces challenges from sedimentation and upstream development that affect water quality and flow regimes.^[22] The Mobile Peninsula, a narrow coastal landform in southwestern Alabama, extends along the eastern shore of Mobile Bay, separating it from the Mississippi Sound and forming part of the Gulf Coast barrier system. This approximately 20-mile-long strip of land, characterized by sandy beaches, dunes, and maritime forests, plays a key role in protecting inland areas from storm surges and erosion while providing habitat for coastal species.^[29]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music

Mobile has a vibrant live music scene influenced by its Gulf Coast location and multicultural history, featuring genres from rock and R&B to soul and classical. Key venues include the Saenger Theatre, a historic performing arts center hosting concerts and events since 1927, and the Soul Kitchen Music Hall, which presents national and local acts in a restored 1920s building.^[30] The city also supports classical music through the Mobile Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1955, and the Mobile Opera, offering performances year-round.^[31] Annual events like the Alabama Deep Sea Fishing Rodeo, which includes live music, and the Hangout Music Festival in nearby Gulf Shores draw crowds, contributing to the region's reputation as a southern music hub.^[32]

Film, television, and literature

Mobile serves as a filming location for movies and television due to its diverse architecture, waterfront, and historic sites, supported by the Mobile Film Office established by the city to assist productions.^[33] Notable films shot in the area include Forrest Gump (1994), with scenes featuring the city's oak-lined streets, and Big Fish (2003), utilizing local bayous and downtown.^[34] The University of South Alabama offers a Digital Film and Television Production major, training students in storytelling and production techniques.^[35] Television productions have included episodes of The Wire and various commercials, leveraging the city's port and cultural landmarks.^[36] In literature, Mobile has inspired works by authors like Winston Groom, whose novel Forrest Gump (1986) is partly set in the city, and it hosts the annual Mobile Literary Festival since 2015, featuring panels, workshops, and author readings at the Ben May Main Library.^[37] The city's literary heritage includes the historic Leinkauf neighborhood, where streets are named after writers like Shakespeare and Longfellow, and books such as Mobile: City by the Bay explore its cultural history.^[38] Local institutions like the Mobile Public Library promote reading through events tied to Alabama's broader literary tradition, including connections to authors like Harper Lee.^[39]

Military and law enforcement

Military uses

Mobile has a rich military history dating back to the colonial era, with significant roles in major American conflicts. During the American Civil War, the city was a key Confederate port, culminating in the Battle of Mobile Bay in August 1864, where Union Admiral David Farragut famously declared "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead" while capturing the bay from Confederate forces.^[14] Key sites include Fort Morgan at the bay's entrance, which fell to Union forces, and Fort Gaines on Dauphin Island, both part of the Mobile Bay Military Heritage Trail.^[40] Further inland, the Battle of Fort Blakeley in April 1865 was one of the war's last major engagements, leading to the city's surrender in May 1865.^[41] In World War II, Mobile contributed significantly to the war effort through Brookley Field, established in 1940 as an Army Air Corps base and redesignated Brookley Air Force Base in 1947. It served as a major maintenance and logistics hub for aircraft, supporting global operations until its closure in 1969 amid controversy over economic impacts. The site was later redeveloped into the Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley, focusing on aerospace manufacturing.^[42] Today, Mobile hosts several active military facilities. The U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Training Center Mobile, established in 1966, trains aircrew and rescue swimmers on helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft, covering the Gulf Coast region.^[43] Nearby, U.S. Coast Guard Sector Mobile oversees maritime security, search and rescue, and port operations for over 190 miles of coastline.^[44] The Alabama National Guard maintains Fort Whiting in south Mobile, used for training in areas like water survival and joint operations.^[45] The USS Alabama Battleship Memorial Park preserves WWII-era vessels, including the battleship USS Alabama and submarine USS Drum, honoring the state's naval contributions.^[46]

Law enforcement uses

Law enforcement in Mobile is primarily handled by the Mobile Police Department (MPD), established in the 19th century and serving the city with over 400 sworn officers as of 2023. The MPD focuses on community policing, traffic enforcement, and crime prevention, reporting a 40-year low in crime rates since 1986.^[47]^[48] The Mobile County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) provides services for the unincorporated areas of Mobile County, including jail operations, civil process, and warrant execution. Led by Sheriff Tony Nero since 2011, it manages the Metro Jail and supports regional investigations.^[49] State-level support comes from the Alabama Law Enforcement Agency (ALEA), which operates a driver license office and troopers in Mobile for highway patrol and investigations.^[50] Additional agencies include federal entities like the FBI field office in Mobile and the U.S. Coast Guard for maritime law enforcement. The Mobile County Communications District coordinates 9-1-1 emergency responses across multiple local agencies.^[51]

Science

Earth and environmental science

In earth and environmental science, the term "mobile" describes dynamic processes involving the movement of materials within natural systems, particularly in geological and ecological contexts. Mobile particles refer to sediment grains or materials that are readily entrained and transported by environmental agents such as wind, water, or ice, playing a central role in erosion and landscape evolution.^[52] These particles become mobile when external forces exceed the threshold of stability, initiating transport modes like rolling, sliding, or saltation, which redistribute sediment across landscapes and contribute to the formation of depositional features.^[53] The mobilization of sediment particles is a fundamental process in erosion, where shear stress from flowing water or wind dislodges loose material from beds, banks, or slopes, leading to downstream or downwind transport. In fluvial environments, particles transition from rest to mobility when fluid forces overcome gravitational and frictional resistance, often quantified by parameters like the Shields criterion, with finer sands (e.g., 0.1–2 mm diameter) being particularly susceptible.^[54] This process drives the sculpting of river channels and coastal zones, while in aeolian settings, wind-induced mobilization of sand particles forms expansive dune fields, such as those in the Sahara Desert, where particles hop and avalanche to build barchan or longitudinal dunes over time.^[52] Ecologically, mobile particles influence habitat dynamics by altering sediment budgets, affecting benthic organisms in rivers and promoting biodiversity in dune ecosystems through periodic burial and exposure.^[53] In geology, mobile zones, also known as mobile belts or orogenic belts, denote elongated regions of the Earth's crust characterized by intense tectonic deformation and instability, contrasting sharply with rigid, ancient stable cratons. These zones arise from interactions at plate boundaries, where lithospheric plates converge, diverge, or slide past one another, resulting in folding, faulting, and metamorphism over millions of years.^[55] Unlike the stable interiors of continents, mobile zones exhibit ongoing crustal mobility, with deformation rates reaching several millimeters per year, facilitating the recycling of continental material through subduction and collision.^[56] Mobile zones are hotspots for geological hazards, including frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity, due to the accumulation and release of strain along faults and the upwelling of magma in convergent settings. The Pacific Ring of Fire exemplifies a modern mobile zone, encircling the Pacific Ocean basin where the subduction of oceanic plates beneath continental margins generates over 75% of the world's active volcanoes and 90% of its earthquakes.^[57] In environmental terms, these zones influence global biogeochemical cycles by exposing fresh rock surfaces through uplift and erosion, which can briefly enhance the mobility of elements like carbon and nutrients in weathering processes, though detailed chemical aspects extend beyond large-scale earth dynamics.^[58] Over geological timescales, the evolution of mobile zones has shaped mountain ranges like the Andes, driving biodiversity hotspots and modulating climate through weathering feedbacks.^[56]

Chemistry and physics

In chromatography, a fundamental separation technique in analytical chemistry, the mobile phase serves as the carrier fluid that transports the sample components through or over the stationary phase, facilitating their differential partitioning and thus enabling separation based on physical and chemical properties. This phase is typically a liquid or gas that percolates through the stationary bed in a defined direction, ensuring continuous movement of analytes while minimizing dispersion. The choice of mobile phase is critical, as it influences solubility, elution order, and resolution; common examples include organic solvents like hexane or acetonitrile in liquid chromatography, or inert gases such as helium in gas chromatography.^[59] Two primary modes of liquid chromatography—normal-phase and reverse-phase—differ in the relative polarities of the mobile and stationary phases, dictating their applications in separating polar versus non-polar compounds. In normal-phase chromatography, the stationary phase is highly polar (e.g., silica with silanol groups), while the mobile phase is non-polar (e.g., hexane or chloroform), allowing polar analytes to interact more strongly with the stationary phase and elute later. Conversely, reverse-phase chromatography employs a non-polar stationary phase (e.g., octadecylsilane-bonded silica) and a polar mobile phase (e.g., water-methanol mixtures), which is widely used for its robustness in analyzing hydrophobic biomolecules and pharmaceuticals, as non-polar analytes retain longer on the hydrophobic surface.^[60] These configurations exploit the principle that analyte mobility depends on partitioning coefficients between phases, with gradient elution often adjusting mobile phase composition to optimize separation efficiency. In solid-state physics, mobile electrons are the delocalized valence electrons in conductors, such as metals, that are free to move under an applied electric field, forming the basis of electrical conductivity by enabling current flow through collective drift. This mobility arises from the partial filling of conduction bands, where electrons behave like a classical gas, scattering off lattice ions and impurities but contributing to charge transport on average.^[61] The Drude model, proposed in 1900, provides a classical framework for understanding this phenomenon, treating electrons as particles accelerated by the field between collisions, with mean free time τ determining their response. Central to the Drude model is electron mobility μ, defined as the ratio of drift velocity v_d to applied electric field E, expressed as μ = v_d / E, which quantifies how effectively electrons move in response to the field and relates to conductivity via σ = n e μ, where n is electron density and e is the elementary charge. In metals like copper, typical mobilities range from 10 to 100 cm²/(V·s) at room temperature, reflecting low scattering rates that allow high conductivity, though the model overlooks quantum effects like wave nature and Pauli exclusion, later refined by Sommerfeld's free electron theory. This concept extends to semiconductors, where doping controls mobile carrier density, but in pure metals, it underscores the near-free electron behavior essential for applications in wiring and electronics.^[61]

Technology

Telecommunications and computing

Telecommunications in Mobile, Alabama, is supported by major national providers offering broadband, wireless, and fiber services to residents and businesses in the metropolitan area. Companies such as AT&T, Verizon, Spectrum, and T-Mobile maintain significant presence, providing cellular coverage, high-speed internet, and enterprise solutions, bolstered by the city's strategic location near the Port of Mobile for infrastructure connectivity.^[62] Local firms like Cytranet deliver specialized voice, data, cloud, and managed IT services to over 1,000 businesses, nonprofits, and government entities on the Gulf Coast as of 2025.^[63] The computing sector in Mobile is part of an emerging technology ecosystem, with growth in software development, cybersecurity, and IT services. As of 2025, top companies by employment include homegrown firms like CPSI (healthcare IT solutions) and TruBridge (revenue cycle management software), alongside CGI's onshore delivery center providing enterprise services.^[64]^[65] In August 2025, Prism Systems, a global leader in automation and software solutions, relocated its headquarters and lab operations to downtown Mobile, creating 52 new jobs and emphasizing custom software for industrial applications.^[66] Additionally, Ai-OPs, a Mobile-based startup founded in 2023, develops industrial AI and automation tools, scaling operations to support manufacturing and port logistics as of May 2025.^[67] These developments contribute to Alabama's technology sector growth, with Mobile fostering IT cybersecurity and software services.^[68]

Other technologies

Mobile's economy integrates other advanced technologies, particularly in aerospace, maritime, and manufacturing, leveraging the city's port and industrial base. The Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley hosts Airbus's A320 assembly line, incorporating cutting-edge aerospace technologies like composite materials and digital manufacturing processes, employing thousands as of 2025.^[69] In maritime technology, ST Engineering and other firms advance shipbuilding with innovations in automation and green propulsion systems, driven by the Port of Mobile's expansions.^[6] The region also supports oil and gas technologies, including mobile drilling rigs for Gulf of Mexico operations, with local service providers ensuring compliance with post-Deepwater Horizon safety standards enforced by the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE).^[70] Emerging fields like Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence are prominent, with incubators supporting startups in cybersecurity and data analytics, positioning Mobile as a hub for innovation in Alabama's technology landscape as of 2025.^[71]

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Aug 3, 2024 · (2012) stated that “a resting particle was considered entrained when it moved a complete particle diameter, while a mobile particle was ...
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https://innovatealabama.org/stories/2025/05/from-mobile-to-the-control-room-ai-ops-scales-industrial-ai/
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Mobile belt - Oxford Reference
mobile belt. Quick Reference. A synonym for orogenic belt, most often used for those earlier (i.e. early Precambrian) belts where ...
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[PDF] Subduction zone backarcs, mobile belts, and orogenic heat
Subduction zone backarcs have hot, thin, weak lithospheres, which are linked to mobile belts and the heat of continental collision orogeny. Mobile belts are ...
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What is the "Ring of Fire"? | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov
The circum-Pacific Ring of Fire, where the Pacific Plate meets many surrounding tectonic plates. The Ring of Fire is the most seismically and volcanically ...Missing: mobile | Show results with:mobile
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Definition of mobile belt - Mindat
Definition of mobile belt: An elongated zone of the Earth's crust subjected to relatively great structural deformation.
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Chromatography - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Jan 11, 2024 · In liquid chromatography (LC), the mobile phase is a liquid in which the sample with ions and molecules is dissolved. The 2 most common forms of ...
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Column chromatography - Columbia University
Stationary phases are usually very polar, while mobile phases vary widely in polarity, but are less polar than the stationary phase. This is called normal phase ...
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[PDF] τ τ ε - bingweb - Binghamton University
Feb 3, 2020 · In the Drude model, each atom is assumed to contribute one electron (or possibly more than one) to the gas of mobile conduction electrons. The ...
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History of the Two-Way Radio | Radio Communications of Virginia
Nov 2, 2021 · Two-way radios are those that can both send and receive messages. They contain an audio transceiver, a transmitter, and a receiver all in one device.Missing: aviation maritime FCC regulation
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Then and Now: The History of Two-Way Radio Communication
Dec 16, 2019 · The use of two-way radios in aviation began in 1910. Soon thereafter, both military and commercial ships were transmitting and receiving ...
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[PDF] A Short History of Radio - Federal Communications Commission
Today, maritime, aviation, and land-based mobile radio systems remain among the most important non- broadcast uses of the radio spectrum. But mobile radio isn' ...Missing: portable | Show results with:portable
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Types Of Drilling Rigs In Oil & Gas
Mar 22, 2022 · Land rigs are generally either wheel-mounted portable types or a component system that must be moved by trucks and cranes. The drilling floor ...
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Types of Drilling Rigs - Jcdrill
Jul 7, 2022 · Drilling rigs can be classified as fixed or mobile. These terms describe the ability of a drilling rig to leave the drilling site quickly when necessary.
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How the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Changed Regulations
Regulations changed to separate the Safety Bureau, require third-party inspections of Blowout Preventers, and 24/7 onshore monitoring.
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What is Mobile Web? - BrowserStack
Mobile web refers to browsing the internet using a web browser on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet. This can include accessing websites, ...Missing: 2010s 2015
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Responsive Web Design - A List Apart
May 25, 2010 · In this excerpt from Chapter 5 of his new book, Responsive Design: Patterns & Principles , Ethan Marcotte explores the philosophical and ...
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Introducing the Accelerated Mobile Pages Project, for a faster, open ...
Oct 7, 2015 · The AMP Project aims to dramatically improve the performance of the mobile web, so webpages with rich content like video, animations and ...