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NOS

NOS is a three-letter acronym with multiple meanings. It may refer to: == Science and technology ==
  • [[Nitric oxide synthase]]
  • [[Nitrous oxide system]]
  • [[Network operating system]]
  • [[Not otherwise specified]]
== Organizations ==
  • [[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]]
  • [[National Ocean Service]]
  • [[National Occupational Standards]]
== Music ==
  • [[Nos (band)]]
  • [[N.O.S. (rapper)]]
  • [[The Nose (opera)]]
== Other uses ==
  • [[New old stock]]
  • [[Numbers]]

Science and technology

Nitric oxide synthase

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS; 1.14.13.39) is a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of to (NO) and L-citrulline, utilizing molecular oxygen (O₂) and the electron donor NADPH as substrates. This reaction requires several cofactors, including (FAD), (FMN), (BH₄), and , and is facilitated by binding in the presence of calcium for certain isoforms. NOS enzymes function as homodimers, with each subunit containing an N-terminal oxygenase domain for substrate binding and catalysis, and a C-terminal reductase domain that transfers electrons from NADPH. There are three main isoforms of NOS in mammals: neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS1), inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS2), and (eNOS or NOS3). nNOS is constitutively expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in , where it plays key roles in , , and regulation of blood flow. iNOS is primarily inducible in response to inflammatory stimuli, such as cytokines or bacterial products, and is found in macrophages, cells, and hepatocytes; it produces large amounts of NO for antimicrobial defense and immune modulation but can contribute to tissue damage in . eNOS is constitutively active in endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, and platelets, where it maintains vascular through NO-mediated , inhibition of platelet aggregation, and prevention of leukocyte adhesion. The discovery of NOS occurred in the late 1980s, building on the identification of (EDRF) in 1980 by Furchgott and Zawadzki, which was later confirmed to be NO. In 1988, Palmer et al. demonstrated NO synthesis from L-arginine in endothelial cells, leading to the purification and characterization of NOS by 1989. This revelation established NOS as a central component of the NO signaling pathway, with isoforms cloned and distinguished in the early . NOS plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular health, particularly through eNOS-derived NO, which promotes endothelial integrity and reduces risk; dysregulation, such as eNOS uncoupling, is implicated in and ischemic diseases. Therapeutically, NOS isoforms are targets for modulating NO bioavailability: selective nNOS inhibitors are explored for and neurodegeneration, iNOS inhibitors for and , while strategies to enhance eNOS activity—such as statins, inhibitors, or L-arginine supplementation—improve outcomes in cardiovascular disorders.

Nitrous oxide system

A nitrous oxide system (NOS) is an modification that injects (N₂O) gas into the intake manifold to temporarily boost engine power. The system works by leveraging the chemical properties of nitrous oxide, which decomposes under heat to release additional oxygen, enabling more efficient fuel combustion and increased power output without permanent engine alterations. This technology provides temporary performance enhancements, often used in scenarios for short bursts of . The core mechanism involves storing pressurized in a bottle, typically made of aluminum and filled to around 900 psi, which is then released through valves controlled by an activation switch, such as a wide-open microswitch. Key components include the nitrous bottle, valves for precise metering, injectors or additional delivery lines to maintain the proper air- ratio, lines and fittings for gas distribution, and safety features like purge systems to clear air from lines and prevent premature activation. These systems are prevalent in and other motorsports, with origins tracing back to the when was first used as a in high-altitude engines during . The brand Nitrous Oxide Systems (NOS), founded in 1978 by Mike Thermos and Dale Vaznaian, revolutionized automotive applications by developing reliable kits and popularizing "wet" injection methods—where and are injected together—and "dry" methods, where only is added and the engine's compensates. These innovations allowed for power gains of up to 50-100% during activation, depending on the kit size and engine setup, making NOS a staple in professional , including the first sub-six-second quarter-mile runs in the 1980s. However, improper tuning can lead to risks such as engine detonation from lean mixtures, potentially causing severe damage like failure or cracked blocks, emphasizing the need for professional installation and high-octane .

Network operating system

A (NOS) is specialized software that enables multiple computers to connect and share resources over a (LAN), such as files, printers, and applications, while providing centralized management for users and devices. Unlike standalone operating systems designed for single-user environments, a NOS emphasizes networked operations, including and communication protocols to facilitate without requiring direct hardware modifications. This distinction allows NOS to operate on server hardware, coordinating client devices in a distributed setup. Historically, Novell's emerged in the 1980s as a dominant NOS, offering robust file and print services for PC-based LANs and holding a significant through the until its decline in the . Microsoft's , introduced in the late 1980s, provided similar capabilities on and early Windows platforms, supporting multi-user access and basic networking. In modern contexts, equivalents include Microsoft's , which integrates advanced networking into its core architecture for enterprise environments, and open-source solutions like on distributions, enabling cross-platform compatibility with Windows clients via SMB/CIFS protocols. Key functions of a NOS include support for communication protocols such as TCP/IP for reliable data transmission and for name resolution and session management in legacy environments. Directory services, exemplified by in , maintain centralized user , resource catalogs, and policy enforcement to streamline . Security features encompass user mechanisms, access permissions, and to protect shared resources from unauthorized access. Over time, NOS has evolved to support client-server models in enterprise IT, shifting from simple to scalable architectures that integrate with cloud services and virtualized environments for enhanced reliability and management.

Not otherwise specified

In medical and psychiatric diagnostic classifications, "NOS" is an abbreviation for "," denoting conditions or diagnoses that do not fully meet the criteria for a more precise category but warrant clinical attention. This term appears in systems like the and the , where it serves as a residual code for atypical presentations. For instance, in the DSM, examples include ", not otherwise specified" for cases exhibiting schizophrenic symptoms without meeting full subtype criteria, while in reports under the ICD, ", NOS" is applied to malignant tumors lacking identifiable histologic features distinguishing them from specific subtypes. The NOS category was formally introduced in the DSM-III, published in 1980 by the , to accommodate or provisional cases that fell outside established diagnostic criteria, thereby providing flexibility in a newly operationalized, criteria-based system aimed at improving reliability over prior descriptive approaches. This innovation allowed clinicians to code clinically significant disorders without forcing them into ill-fitting categories, but it has faced criticism for diminishing diagnostic precision, fostering overuse (with NOS diagnoses comprising up to 20-30% of cases in some studies), and hindering research comparability due to heterogeneous groupings. In , particularly for oncologic reporting aligned with ICD-O (a derivative of ICD for neoplasms), NOS is commonly used for tumors where microscopic examination reveals malignancy but insufficient differentiation to assign a subtype, such as in or lung carcinomas without further specification; this ensures comprehensive data capture for registries like while noting diagnostic limitations. The World Health Organization's , adopted in 2019 and effective from 1 January 2022, addresses longstanding issues with residual categories like NOS by expanding granular subcodes and digital tools to promote more specific classifications, thereby reducing reliance on unspecified terms and enhancing global health data utility. As of 2025, it includes updates like FHIR API integration for better data interoperability, with adoption progressing globally—over 50 countries reporting using it for mortality coding—though full implementation in some nations, such as the , is anticipated between 2025 and 2027.

Organizations

Nederlandse Omroep Stichting

The (NOS), established on May 29, 1969, through the merger of the Netherlands Radio Union (founded in 1947) and the Netherlands Television Foundation (established in 1951), serves as the primary public broadcaster for news, sports, and major events in the . As part of the , the NOS is tasked with delivering reliable, independent, and round-the-clock coverage across television, radio, and digital platforms to inform all inhabitants of the country. Its programming emphasizes objective reporting on national and international developments, ensuring and as mandated by its foundational role. Governed by the Dutch Media Act, which outlines requirements for public broadcasters to provide diverse, non-commercial content focused on , the NOS operates independently from influence while contributing to the broader landscape of public service media. Funding primarily comes from public fees collected through the national media system, supplemented by limited commercial revenues to support its operations without compromising editorial freedom. The organization adheres to a strict editorial charter that prioritizes factual, unbiased , with around 850 full-time staff dedicated to (450 employees), (190), and events (20), headquartered in . Key programs include the NOS Journaal, a flagship daily news bulletin broadcast multiple times, including the prominent Eight O'Clock News edition that attracts approximately two million viewers per airing, and NOS Jeugdjournaal tailored for younger audiences. In sports, NOS Studio Sport provides comprehensive coverage of domestic leagues like the Dutch , as well as international events; the NOS has held for the since 1964, delivering extensive live and highlight programming for both Summer and Winter editions. For major national events, such as elections, the NOS coordinates live debates, results reporting, and analysis through collaborative efforts like , co-produced with the Netherlands Institute for Public Broadcasting (NTR), ensuring comprehensive public access to democratic processes. Since the 2000s, the NOS has expanded digitally with the launch of its website (nos.nl) and mobile applications, enabling access to news, sports clips, and live streams via smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and social media platforms. This multi-platform approach has enhanced its reach, allowing real-time updates and interactive features while maintaining the core principles of impartiality and .

National Ocean Service

The National Ocean Service (NOS) is an office within the (NOAA), the U.S. federal agency responsible for oceanographic and . Established in 1970 as part of NOAA's formation under President , NOS evolved from the National Ocean Survey, which reorganized the historic U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. That survey, founded in 1807 by President as the Survey of the Coast to map U.S. waterways for and defense, conducted the nation's first scientific hydrographic surveys and produced early nautical charts. In 1983, the National Ocean Survey was renamed the National Ocean Service to reflect its expanded role in ocean and . NOS's core responsibilities center on supporting safe marine navigation, coastal resource management, and environmental protection across U.S. waters, including oceans, coasts, and the . It produces and updates over 1,000 nautical charts and provides real-time tide and current predictions through its Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS), essential for maritime commerce, , and emergency response. Additionally, NOS administers the Coastal Zone Management Program under the 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act, offering grants and technical assistance to states for , , and pollution control in coastal areas. The agency also leads efforts in habitat restoration, such as and wetland recovery, and coordinates responses to like oil spills and erosion through its Office of Response and Restoration. NOS operates critical observatories and monitoring networks to track ocean changes and mitigate risks. The National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON), comprising over 200 tide stations, delivers continuous data on water levels for , port operations, and . In the , NOS has advanced tsunami warning capabilities via NOAA's National Tsunami Warning Center, integrating seismic and sea-level data for rapid alerts that have protected coastal communities during events like the 2011 Japan . Furthermore, through partnerships like the U.S. Interagency Task Force, NOS contributes to sea level rise monitoring and scenario modeling, informing adaptation strategies for vulnerable shorelines with projections showing potential rises of 0.3 to 2.5 meters by 2100 in U.S. regions.

National Occupational Standards

National Occupational Standards (NOS) in the represent a framework for defining the skills, knowledge, and understanding required for competent performance in various job roles, developed collaboratively by the and sectors since the early . This initiative emerged from competence-based reforms in vocational training, with the first standards piloted through lead bodies and sector skills councils to establish performance outcomes tailored to specific occupations across diverse industries, such as and healthcare. The standards emphasize observable behaviors and results rather than theoretical knowledge alone, ensuring alignment with employer needs and workplace realities. NOS serve as the foundation for a range of vocational qualifications, including National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs), apprenticeships, and ongoing programs, enabling consistent of nationwide. They are maintained and updated by sector-specific organizations, such as Skills for Care for the adult social care sector, which oversees revisions to reflect evolving job demands and regulatory changes. With over 900 suites encompassing more than 23,000 individual standards across over 70 sectors, NOS provide comprehensive coverage for roles from entry-level to advanced, facilitating , , and career progression. Following the 2017 apprenticeship reforms, responsibility for approving and maintaining NOS in shifted to for Apprenticeships and (IfATE), which enhanced through online repositories and tools for employers and training providers; effective 1 June 2025, these functions were transferred to Skills . Standards are reviewed periodically—typically every three to five years—based on consultations to ensure relevance, with approved versions published on platforms like the Standards repository; ongoing sectoral reviews, such as in , continued through 2024-2025. This structured approach has influenced vocational training frameworks internationally, promoting similar competence-based systems in countries seeking to align with labor market needs.

Music

N.O.S. (rapper)

N.O.S., whose real name is Andrieu, is a rapper born in 1989 in , a suburb south of . He forms one half of the hip-hop duo PNL alongside his older brother Ademo (Tarik Andrieu), with the group name standing for "Peace N' Lovés." PNL debuted in 2015 with the mixtape Le Monde Chico, released independently through their QLF Records label, which established their signature atmospheric sound and aversion to traditional media promotion. N.O.S.'s contributions to PNL blend aesthetics with melodic elements, featuring hazy, ethereal production, Auto-Tuned vocals, and that evoke a dreamlike . The duo's often incorporates cinematic shot in their hometown of , highlighting the stark realities of life, including , , and , as seen in tracks like "Le Monde ou Rien," which critiques dilapidated housing projects and systemic neglect. Their style draws briefly from broader urban trends, emphasizing emotional over aggressive bravado. While N.O.S. has released limited solo material, such as the track "" in 2018, his primary output remains within PNL, where the duo has achieved significant independent success. By 2020, PNL's catalog had amassed over 100 million streams on platforms like , with singles like "Au DD" becoming the most-streamed track in at the time. Their planned tours, including shows at , were postponed due to the , delaying live performances amid their rising popularity. After a , PNL returned in December 2023 with the single "" in collaboration with Un jour de paix, addressing themes of and , but as of November 2025, no further albums or tours have been announced.

The Nose (opera)

The Nose is Dmitri Shostakovich's debut opera, a satirical work in three acts composed in 1928 when the composer was 22 years old. The libretto, adapted by Shostakovich along with Yevgeni Zamyatin, Georgi Ionin, and Aleksandr Preis, draws from Nikolai Gogol's 1836 short story of the same name, which mocks the absurdities of Russian society and bureaucracy. The opera received its incomplete concert premiere on June 16, 1929, at the Maly Opera Theater in Leningrad, followed by the full stage premiere on January 18, 1930, at the Small Opera Theater (now Mikhailovsky Theater) in the same city, directed by Nikolai Smolich and conducted by Samuil Samosud. The plot unfolds as an absurdist narrative centered on Collegiate Assessor Kuzmich , a minor St. Petersburg official who awakens to find his has detached, grown to human size, and assumed a higher social rank, parading independently through the city. Desperate to reclaim it, Kovalyov encounters bureaucratic obstacles, including indifferent and a that refuses his advertisement, while the nose is eventually captured and mysteriously reattaches itself. Scored for a large featuring unconventional percussion (such as , balalaikas, and domras), chorus, and sequences, the blends vocal , Sprechstimme, and orchestral effects to heighten its chaotic humor and social critique, requiring up to 82 singing and speaking roles that can be reduced to 14 soloists. After initial performances, The Nose was largely suppressed during the Stalin era for its avant-garde style and perceived frivolity, receiving no major Soviet productions for over four decades. It was revived in the post-Stalin thaw with a significant 1974 staging at the Musical Chamber Theater, marking its return to the repertoire and highlighting Shostakovich's early modernist innovations. The opera has since influenced theater through its bold satire, rhythmic vitality, and integration of speech and song, with notable recordings including Gennadi Rozhdestvensky's 1979 version featuring the Chamber Opera Theater, which captures the work's frenetic energy.

Other uses

New old stock

New old stock (NOS) refers to merchandise that was manufactured years or decades ago but has remained unsold and unused, typically originating from closed factories, surplus inventory, or excess production runs that were never distributed to end consumers. These items are still in their original, pristine condition, often sealed in factory packaging, and are no longer in active production by the manufacturer. NOS is particularly prevalent in collectible categories such as , automotive parts, and , where it represents a direct link to past eras without any signs of wear or alteration. The term NOS emerged within mid-20th-century and channels, where manufacturers overproduced to meet anticipated , leading to stockpiles that accumulated as products were discontinued. It gained particular traction in the among automotive hobbyists, coinciding with the growing interest in during an era when original replacement parts were increasingly scarce. Legally, NOS items are classified as new but aged products; sellers and manufacturers generally have no ongoing obligations for age-related , such as or , though some policies may still apply if the item was stored under proper conditions. This lack of underscores the importance of buyer , as functionality cannot be guaranteed despite the "new" status. The value of NOS derives primarily from its rarity and preserved , with intact original enhancing appeal for collectors seeking unaltered historical artifacts. Unlike refurbished items, which undergo repair or reconditioning and may include modern components, NOS remains entirely untouched and true to its original specifications, appealing to purists who prioritize exact historical fidelity over updated performance. Popularity surged in the post-2000s era with the rise of online marketplaces like , where global access to auctions and specialty sellers facilitated easier discovery and bidding, driving up demand and prices for high-quality examples in niche markets. While most associated with automotive and electronics sectors, NOS appears across various industries as a means to repurpose surplus without compromising originality.

Numbers

In English, "nos." serves as a common abbreviation for the plural form of "number," often used in lists, catalogs, legal documents, and technical writing to denote multiple items identified by sequential or enumerated identifiers. For instance, it might appear as "Nos. 1–5" to refer to items numbered from one to five, providing a compact way to indicate a range without spelling out the full phrase. This usage derives from the Latin "numero," the ablative form of "numerus" meaning "number," which historically influenced abbreviations in English documentation. (Oxford English Dictionary entry on "no.") The is particularly prevalent in formal contexts such as bibliographies, parts lists in manuals, and legislative references, where precision and brevity are essential. In style guides, it is recommended to follow "Nos." with a period and to use an en dash for ranges (e.g., Nos. 10–12), while may vary slightly in punctuation but retains the core form. (, 17th ed.) Unlike "No." for singular, "nos." avoids repetition when citing multiples, enhancing in dense texts.

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