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Oliphant

Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant (8 October 1901 – 10 July 2000) was a British-born Australian physicist and public servant whose research advanced nuclear physics and radar technology during the early 20th century. Born in Adelaide, South Australia, he earned a physics degree from the University of Adelaide before studying at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge under Ernest Rutherford, where he contributed to discoveries in atomic structure and isotopes. Oliphant's team achieved the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion in 1934 by accelerating deuterons into deuterium, producing tritium and helium-3, a breakthrough that illuminated pathways to controlled fusion energy. During World War II, he directed radar development in Australia and advocated urgently for Allied atomic bomb research, warning British officials of German progress and facilitating intelligence that spurred the Manhattan Project. Postwar, Oliphant opposed nuclear proliferation, promoting peaceful applications of atomic energy while serving as the founding director of the Research School of Physical Sciences at the Australian National University and its first chancellor from 1950 to 1963. He became the inaugural president of the Australian Academy of Science in 1954 and later Governor of South Australia from 1971 to 1976, earning knighthoods for his scientific and administrative contributions. Oliphant's career exemplified empirical rigor in experimental physics, from ion acceleration techniques to policy influence on energy and defense, though his later pacifism contrasted with his wartime role in weapon advocacy.

Geography

Places in North America

Oliphant is an unincorporated hamlet in Amabel Township within the municipality of South Bruce Peninsula, Bruce County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the eastern shore of Lake Huron north of Sauble Beach. The community features a long sandy beach with shallow, sheltered waters that attract visitors for recreational activities, particularly kiteboarding due to consistent winds. Adjacent to the beach lies the Oliphant Fen, a rare coastal wetland ecosystem accessible via a boardwalk trail, highlighting unique flora such as orchids and carnivorous plants adapted to calcareous conditions. The name Oliphant derives from Laurence Oliphant, Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, who negotiated Treaty 72 on October 13, 1854, between the Crown and First Nations of the Saugeen Peninsula, facilitating land surrender and subsequent surveys. This treaty followed the 1836 Manitowaning Treaty, which initially transferred the broader peninsula to the Crown, though islands remained under Indigenous control until their formal cession in 1885. Settlement commenced around 1855 after the Rankin Survey laid out the town-plot, with early pioneers including fishermen like Joseph Bellmore and David Cook establishing homes amid prior Indigenous use by Ottawa, Ojibway, and Huron peoples for fishing at sites known as the Ghegheto Islands. Offshore, the Oliphant Islands—formerly Saugeen Islands—comprise over a dozen small landforms in Lake Huron, surveyed in 1899–1900 for homesteading and historically significant for commercial fishing operations dating to the 1820s under figures like Captain Alexander MacGregor. Today, the area supports seasonal cottages and tourism, with no permanent population figures formally recorded, reflecting its status as a rural, recreational outpost rather than a developed town. No other places named Oliphant of comparable note exist in the United States or elsewhere in North America.

People

Surname origin

The surname Oliphant derives from Old French olifard or olifant, terms of uncertain etymology but commonly linked to the word for "elephant" (from Latin elephas), possibly denoting an ivory hunting horn fashioned from an elephant's tusk or serving as a nickname evoking the animal's size, strength, or legendary memory. This association appears in medieval contexts, where olifant referred to both the beast encountered during the Crusades and such ceremonial horns, suggesting the name may have originated as a descriptive byname for a horn-bearer, a physically imposing individual, or someone with exceptional recall. Alternative theories propose derivation from a lost Germanic personal name or Norse elements like Olaf, though these lack the prevalence of the elephant-related interpretation in historical records. Early bearers trace to Norman nobility, with the family first documented in England post-1066 Conquest; Osbert Olifard held lands in Northamptonshire by around 1080, marking the name's Anglo-Norman establishment before its spread to Scotland. In Scotland, David de Olifard, a knight from the English branch, accompanied King David I from Winchester circa 1141, receiving grants in Fife and Lothian that founded the Scottish lineage; the name anglicized progressively from Olifard to Olifaunt and finally Oliphant by the medieval period. The family rose as lowland lairds before integrating into Highland clan structures, with branches like Condie and Rossie enduring into modern times, though the surname now predominates in Scotland and former colonies rather than Normandy. Despite its Norman roots, the Oliphant clan's identity solidified in Scottish feudal society, where heraldic symbols often reinforced the tusk-horn motif without direct elephant imagery.

Historical figures

Sir William Oliphant of Aberdalgie (died 1329), eldest son of Sir Walter Oliphant, Justiciar of Lothian under King Alexander I, emerged as a key figure in the Wars of Scottish Independence. Captured at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, he was imprisoned in England until 1297 before returning to Scotland. Appointed governor of Stirling Castle after its recapture from the English in 1299, he withstood a prolonged siege by King Edward I in 1304, defending the fortress for over three months with a small garrison until surrendering on July 24; Edward refused earlier offers of capitulation, deploying advanced siege engines including trebuchets. Imprisoned in the Tower of London from 1305 to 1308, Oliphant later reconciled with Robert the Bruce, serving as keeper of Perth from 1310 and defending it against Bruce's forces in January 1312 before his release. Bruce rewarded his allegiance with charters for lands including Newtyle and Kippenross in 1317 and Muirhouse and Ochtertyre in 1326; he attended parliaments in 1320 and 1326. His , Oliphant of Aberdalgie and Dupplin, married Elizabeth, of , strengthening Oliphant ties to the Scottish ; likely fought at the in 1314 and co-signed the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320. Earlier in clan , de Olifard, an ancestor, rescued the future King David I during the Battle of Winchester in 1141, earning royal favor and lands in Scotland. In the 15th century, Sir Laurence Oliphant, elevated as 1st Lord Oliphant around 1428–1445, acted as Scottish ambassador to England and France and served as keeper of Edinburgh Castle, while also mediating peace efforts between the realms. Later Lords Oliphant continued martial roles: Colin Oliphant, Master of Oliphant, fell at the Battle of Flodden in 1513; Laurence Oliphant, 3rd Lord (died after 1569), was captured at the Battle of Solway Moss in 1542 and defended Old Wick Castle against a Sinclair siege in 1569; Laurence, 4th Lord (died 1592), supported Mary, Queen of Scots, fighting at the Battle of Langside in 1568. These figures exemplified the clan's recurring involvement in Scottish conflicts and diplomacy.

Modern figures in science and arts

Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant (1901–2000) was an Australian physicist renowned for his pioneering work in nuclear physics during the mid-20th century. At the Cavendish Laboratory under Ernest Rutherford, Oliphant co-discovered tritium (hydrogen-3) and helium-3 in 1934 through experiments using particle accelerators, advancing understanding of light nuclei interactions. He conducted early demonstrations of nuclear fusion, including deuteron-deuteron reactions that informed later atomic energy research. In 1939, Oliphant alerted American scientists to the potential of uranium fission for weaponry, contributing to the initiation of the Manhattan Project. During World War II, he led developments in radar technology, including the cavity magnetron, and worked on electromagnetic isotope separation methods. Postwar, Oliphant established the Research School of Physical Sciences at the Australian National University in 1950 and served as the first president of the Australian Academy of Science from 1954 to 1957. In the arts, Patrick Bruce Oliphant (born 1935), an Australian-born editorial cartoonist based in the United States, has been a prominent figure since the mid-20th century. Beginning his career in Adelaide, Oliphant relocated to the U.S. in 1964 to work for the Denver Post, later syndicating his work nationally and internationally. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1967 for his incisive political satire targeting figures across the ideological spectrum. Oliphant earned the National Cartoonists Society's Editorial Cartoon Award seven times and the Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year twice, in 1968 and 1972. Beyond cartoons, he has produced bronze sculptures and experimented with multimedia, maintaining an output that critiques power structures through visual commentary as of 2024.

Contemporary figures in politics and other fields

Robert Oliphant (born June 7, 1956) is a Canadian politician serving as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Don Valley West in Toronto since his initial election in 2008 and re-elections in 2015, 2019, and 2021.) Ordained as a minister in the United Church of Canada, Oliphant holds a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of Toronto and previously worked as a systems accountant in industry. Appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2019, he has contributed to shaping Canada's foreign policy amid global challenges, including multilateral engagements and diplomatic initiatives. In business, Laura Oliphant founded Stand, a UK-based communications consultancy specializing in behavior change campaigns and corporate communications, after a decade leading consumer PR at Kindred agency. Her work emphasizes building brand belief and addressing modern comms challenges like impact relations and stakeholder engagement. Mike Oliphant (born May 19, 1963) is a former American professional football running back who played in the NFL from 1988 to 1992 for teams including the Washington Redskins, Cleveland Browns, and Cincinnati Bengals, following a third-round draft selection in 1988. Over his career, he amassed 968 rushing yards on 175 attempts with 10 touchdowns, alongside 1,160 receiving yards on 85 catches and 6 receiving scores.

Arts, entertainment, media, and fiction

Literature and poetry

In the medieval epic poem The Song of Roland, composed in Old French around 1100 AD, the olifant serves as the ivory hunting horn wielded by the Frankish knight Roland during the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778 AD; Roland delays blowing it until fatally wounded, summoning Charlemagne's army too late and symbolizing themes of heroism, pride, and sacrifice in one of the earliest chansons de geste. J.R.R. Tolkien incorporated the English "oliphaunt" for into his 16-line poem "Oliphaunt," first drafted in as "Iumbo, or ye Kinde of ye " and later recited by in : (), where it whimsically evokes the mûmakil beasts of amid the novel's Ithilien sequences. Among poets surnamed Oliphant, Oliphant, Nairne (1766–1845), stands out for her contributions to Scottish and , including Jacobite-themed works like "The Hundred Pipers" () and "Caller Herrin'" (ca. ), which blend humor, , and cultural preservation in over compositions set to traditional airs. William Oliphant (1920–2004), a Glasgow-based poet, explored themes of labor, mortality, and urban realism in pieces such as "The Mating of Dinosaurs," broadcast on BBC radio and anthologized in the 1980s and 1990s, reflecting mid-20th-century Scottish proletarian experience without romantic idealization. Contemporary poet Dave Oliphant (born 1938), a Texas-based writer and translator, has produced volumes like Summing Up: Selected Poems 1962–2022 (2025), alongside renditions of Chilean poets including Enrique Lihn's Figures of Speech (1999), merging personal introspection with cross-cultural linguistic innovation.

Music

The oliphant, a medieval signaling horn fashioned from an elephant tusk, functioned as an early wind instrument producing loud, penetrating blasts through end-blown vibration of the player's lips against the tusk's aperture. Crafted typically from African elephant ivory imported via trade routes, these horns measured 1 to 2 meters in length and were valued for their acoustic projection in open terrains, serving primarily non-musical roles in hunting, warfare, and feudal announcements before evolving influences on later horn designs. Surviving artifacts, such as those from 11th-century Sicily and France, demonstrate carving techniques including decorative motifs and metal fittings for reinforcement, with sound characteristics akin to primitive natural horns limited to fundamental tones and overtones. In musical contexts, oliphants appear in historical reconstructions of medieval ensembles, where their blasts simulated calls in epic narratives or ceremonial signals, though lacking valves or crooks for chromatic play unlike modern horns. Academic analyses trace their transition to brass equivalents around the 17th century, as ivory's scarcity and fragility prompted metal adaptations in French hunting traditions, influencing the cor de chasse. No standardized notation exists for oliphant performance, but ethnographic parallels from African tusk horns suggest idiomatic use of rhythmic patterns for communication rather than melodic development. Notable musicians with the Oliphant surname include Thomas Oliphant (1799–1873), a Scottish composer who penned choral works and lyrics, including contributions to wedding music for British royalty. Contemporary figures encompass hornist Matthew Oliphant, active in Chicago-based new music ensembles like Ensemble Dal Niente since the 2010s, performing avant-garde repertoire on modern French horn. Film composer Richard Blair-Oliphant has scored over 40 projects, including documentaries on scientific themes, blending orchestral and electronic elements.

Games and fantasy creatures

In J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, oliphaunts—known in the Black Speech as mûmakil—represent colossal, elephant-like war beasts harnessed by the Haradrim during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields on March 15, 3019 Third Age. These creatures stand approximately 50 feet at the shoulder, possess hides impervious to all but the strongest arrows except at the eyes, and bear howdahs accommodating dozens of archers and warriors; only precise shots to the eyes or severing mahout lines could fell them reliably. The term "oliphaunt," derived from archaic Westron folklore, evokes rarity and awe, as exemplified in Samwise Gamgee's poem recited to Gollum in Ithilien, portraying the beast as a grey-skinned giant with tusks "like trees" and a trunk "like a serpent." Oliphaunts feature in licensed adaptations of Tolkien's works across gaming media. In Games Workshop's Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game (launched 2001, updated through editions to 2024), players deploy oliphaunt models as high-point units with crewed howdahs, simulating charges that can trample infantry and hurl debris, balanced by vulnerabilities like fear tests for opposing forces. Video games such as The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II (2006) include controllable mûmakil in real-time strategy battles, where they rampage through Rohirrim lines with area-of-effect stomps and archery support, drawing directly from Tolkien's descriptions of their Pelennor Fields deployment. Beyond Tolkien adaptations, "oliphant" denotes independent fantasy creatures in role-playing games. In Dungeons & Dragons (notably 3.5 edition supplements like Monster Manual III, 2005), the oliphant is a neutral huge animal akin to a mastodon, 20 feet long with curving tusks, omnivorous habits, and trainability for siege roles, possessing intelligence sufficient for basic commands and attacks dealing massive bludgeoning damage via gore or trample. Pathfinder RPG (1st and 2nd editions, from 2009 onward) features oliphaunts as colossal herbivores with DC 17 Dexterity saves against tusk sweeps inflicting 35 bludgeoning damage in a 20-foot cone, emphasizing their rarity in settled lands and use in caravan defense or warfare. Collectible card games like Magic: The Gathering's Universes Beyond: Lord of the Rings set (June 2023) include an "Oliphaunt" card as a 5/6 green creature granting trample to allies upon combat damage, cycling for recursion in decks focused on large threats.

Historical artifacts

Olifant hunting horn

An olifant, derived from the Old French word for elephant, refers to a medieval hunting horn fashioned from a carved elephant tusk, typically African ivory, valued for its acoustic properties and rarity in Europe. These instruments exploited the tusk's natural curvature, with the tip serving as a mouthpiece often fitted with mounts, producing a resonant tone suitable for long-distance signaling. Production peaked in southern Italy and Sicily during the 11th and 12th centuries, where workshops, including those under Arab influence, crafted them with intricate relief carvings of fantastical creatures, vines, warriors, or biblical scenes, blending functionality with high-status artistry. Primarily employed by nobility and knights for hunting and military purposes, olifants emitted a powerful blast audible over distances exceeding a mile, aiding coordination in dense forests or battlefields without reliance on fragile metal horns. Their prestige stemmed from the exotic material—elephant ivory imported via trade routes from Africa—and elaborate decoration, positioning them as symbols of wealth and martial prowess rather than mere tools. Surviving examples, such as those in museum collections, often feature silver or gilded mounts added later for protection and ornamentation, with some repurposed as reliquaries containing saintly remains or biblical artifacts. Notable artifacts include an 11th-century olifant in the Walters Art Museum, carved with animals in vine scrolls and associated with St. Hubert, patron of hunters, measuring approximately 50 cm in length. Another, held by the Cleveland Museum of Art, originates from a probable Arab ivory workshop in Sicily or southern Italy, depicting hunting motifs and dated to the 11th century, with a flared bell end mimicking natural tusk growth. The British Museum preserves a pre-1753 olifant with an animal-head mouthpiece inlaid with metal, exemplifying West African ivory sourced for European markets. These horns' durability—ivory resisting cracking unlike horn or wood—ensured their longevity, though trade disruptions after the 12th century diminished production. Literary depictions, such as Roland's olifant in the 11th-century Chanson de Roland, portray it as an ivory signal horn blown in desperation during the 778 Battle of Roncevaux Pass, underscoring its cultural resonance as a heroic emblem despite the epic's fictional embellishments on historical events. Archaeological and artistic evidence confirms olifants' basis in reality, with over 50 medieval examples cataloged across European institutions, though authenticity debates persist due to later alterations.

Nobility and titles

Scottish clan and hereditary titles

Clan Oliphant is a Highland Scottish clan with Norman origins, its progenitor David de Olifard having been granted lands in Scotland by King David I in 1141 and appointed hereditary Justiciar of the Lothians. The clan acquired estates such as Aberdalgie through marriage in the 12th century and expanded holdings including the barony of Kellie by 1360 via alliance with the Bruce family. Early chiefs supported Scottish independence, exemplified by Sir William Oliphant, the 10th chief, who defended Stirling Castle against English forces in 1304 and affixed his seal to the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320. The chiefly succession follows the male line, documented from David Olifard as the first chief through 34 subsequent holders, with the line shifting among branches such as Gask and Condie after the primary Aberdalgie line's attenuation. Laurence Oliphant, the 15th chief and laird of Aberdalgie, was elevated to the Peerage of Scotland as Lord Oliphant no later than 1455, serving as Keeper of Edinburgh Castle and Lord of Parliament. The Lords Oliphant remained loyal to the Stewart monarchy, participating in conflicts including support for Mary, Queen of Scots and the Jacobite risings, with the 9th Lord fighting at Killiecrankie in 1689. The peerage became dormant in 1751 upon the death without male issue of the 10th Lord Oliphant, who had returned from exile after Culloden in 1763 but predeceased the title's effective lapse. A related Nova Scotia baronetcy, granted in 1629 to a branch member, also lapsed around 1700. Chiefship devolved to cadet lines, with Laurence Oliphant of Gask recognized in the 19th century before passing to the Condie branch, noted for producing ambassadors and military officers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Richard Eric Laurence Oliphant of that Ilk, descended in the male line from the Condie Oliphants, was matriculated as the 34th Chief of the Name and Arms of Oliphant by the Lord Lyon King of Arms on 12 June 2003, marking the first formal recognition of a chief since 1751. The clan's arms feature a dexter hand holding an olive branch, with the motto Tout pouvoir est de Dieu ("All power is from God"), reflecting its historical emphasis on feudal loyalty and divine-right governance.

Vehicles

Nautical and other vehicles

The De Witte Oliphant ("White Elephant") was a Dutch merchant vessel of the mid-18th century, represented by a detailed wooden ship model dated to 1755 and housed in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. The model's broad hull, tall masts, and stern decorations depicting African figures indicate its likely use in the transatlantic slave trade, a common design feature for such ships to accommodate human cargo. Scaled at approximately 1:22, the reconstructed full-scale dimensions suggest a length of about 30.91 meters and beam of 9.33 meters, typical for Dutch East India Company or slaving vessels of the era. The Oliphant is a chemical and oil products tanker (IMO 9286061) constructed in 2004 with a gross tonnage of 25,400 and deadweight tonnage of 40,037. Initially registered under the Singapore flag with MMSI 564199000 and callsign 9V8855, it later operated under South African (MMSI 601232500) and Nigerian (as ST Walga, MMSI 657191200) flags, reflecting standard reflagging practices in commercial shipping. The vessel's design supports the transport of hazardous liquids, aligning with international maritime standards for such carriers. The Olifant series comprises upgraded main battle tanks serving as the South African National Defence Force's primary armored vehicles, derived from the British Centurion tank with modifications beginning in 1976 and Israeli technical assistance. The Olifant Mk1A features enhanced fire control systems, a 105 mm rifled gun, and improved mobility over the original Centurion, entering service in the late 1970s. Subsequent variants like the Mk1B and Mk2 incorporate composite armor, a 120 mm gun in later models, and advanced electronics, making the Mk2 the heaviest vehicle in South African service at over 60 tons combat weight. These upgrades addressed operational needs during border conflicts and internal security operations in the 1980s.

Businesses and brands

Fashion and design

Oliphant is a contemporary women's ready-to-wear fashion brand founded by designer Cara Hotchkiss in 2012, initially emphasizing jewelry before expanding into apparel. The brand originated in Litchfield, Connecticut, where Hotchkiss opened a boutique showcasing her designs, which blend whimsy with sophistication to appeal to travelers seeking versatile, color-rich pieces. Hotchkiss's design philosophy draws from her nomadic upbringing, love of global travel, and affinity for vibrant palettes, resulting in collections featuring bold prints, clever color combinations, and breezy silhouettes such as maxi dresses, blouses, mini dresses, and tops. These garments prioritize day-to-night functionality, incorporating handcrafted elements like block printing, beading, and embroidery on high-quality fabrics to evoke timeless yet modern appeal. Production occurs in small batches by artisans across the world, focusing on sustainable practices and the preservation of ancient techniques to maintain quality and ethical standards. Oliphant's pieces are distributed through select boutiques and online retailers, gaining recognition for their playful sophistication and vacation-ready versatility.

Brewing and beverages

Oliphant Brewing is a craft brewery located in Somerset, Wisconsin, established in 2014 by Matt Wallace and head brewer Trevor Wirtanen in a former 7-Up bottling facility. The brewery operates as brewer-owned and brewer-operated, emphasizing experimental and irreverent beer styles to produce "craft beer companions for everyday drinking." The brewery's core offerings include a range of beers such as hazy IPAs (e.g., Lumberjack Baes), cream ales, brown ales, sours, and specialty lagers like Pickle Beer, a brined lager with 4% ABV featuring pickle flavors. Its taproom maintains 25 rotating taps with diverse styles, including IPAs and sour beers, catering to varied preferences. In addition to traditional beers, Oliphant produces THC-infused beverages using hemp-derived Delta-9 THC, introduced following legalization, with options like 25 mg THC per 12 oz can in flavors such as strawberry lemonade, tropical citrus, and seltzers designed for mild euphoria. These non-alcoholic drinks, including lemonades and craft sodas, complement their beer lineup and undergo lab testing for cannabinoid content, such as 10 mg THC with 5 mg CBD variants. The brewery's expansion into these products reflects a focus on bold, full-flavored innovations over the past decade.

Other uses

Scientific and technical terms

The Oliphant equation, developed by F. N. Oliphant in a 1915 United States Geological Survey report on natural gas production, is an empirical formula for estimating the volumetric flow rate of low-pressure natural gas in pipelines, particularly applicable to systems operating below 1 psig (approximately 7 kPa gauge) at standard conditions. It assumes isothermal flow and simplifies calculations for short pipelines or gathering systems where pressure drops are minimal, using the form Q = 42 E \sqrt{\frac{(P_1^2 - P_2^2) S}{L}}, where Q is the flow rate in cubic feet per hour, E is an efficiency factor, P_1 and P_2 are inlet and outlet absolute pressures in psia, S is the specific gravity of the gas, and L is the pipeline length in feet. This equation provides reasonable accuracy for undulating terrain and low Reynolds number flows but is less precise than general flow equations like Weymouth or Panhandle for higher pressures, often requiring empirical adjustments for real-world deviations such as gas composition variations. The Spitzglass equation, sometimes referenced alongside Oliphant's for complementary low-pressure scenarios, extends similar principles for even lower differentials (e.g., 1 to 3 psig), incorporating diameter-dependent corrections: Q = \left[ \frac{88.5}{1 + 0.09144/D + 1.1811 \cdot D} \right]^{0.5} \sqrt{(P_1^2 - P_2^2) D^5 / (L \cdot S \cdot T \cdot Z)}, where D is pipe diameter in inches, T is temperature in Rankine, and Z is the compressibility factor. Both formulas prioritize computational simplicity in petroleum engineering applications, predating modern computational fluid dynamics, and remain in use for preliminary sizing of gas distribution networks despite limitations in handling non-ideal gas behavior or multiphase flows. Their empirical origins reflect early 20th-century reliance on field data from U.S. gas fields, with Oliphant's derivation grounded in observed production rates rather than first-principles derivations from Navier-Stokes equations.

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