Org
Org mode is a major mode for the GNU Emacs text editor that enables structured note-taking, task management, project planning, literate programming, and document authoring through plain-text files employing a lightweight markup syntax based on hierarchical outlines.[1][2] Developed by Carsten Dominik in 2003 as a response to limitations in Emacs's Outline mode, it processes files with the .org extension to support features including TODO lists with deadlines and priorities, dynamic agendas, embedded tables with formulas, source code blocks executable across multiple languages via Org-babel, and export capabilities to formats such as HTML, LaTeX, PDF, and Markdown.[3][4] The mode's design emphasizes simplicity and extensibility, allowing users to fold and unfold outline trees for navigation, capture time-stamped entries via capture templates, and integrate with Emacs's calendar for scheduling, fostering workflows from personal knowledge management to complex computational notebooks.[1][2] Integrated into Emacs core since version 7.0 (corresponding to Emacs 23) and maintained as a separate package for broader compatibility, Org mode has gained prominence in free software communities for its future-proof plain-text foundation, which avoids proprietary formats and enables version control integration.[3] Its literate programming support, introduced through Org-babel in 2007, permits embedding and executing code snippets—such as Python, R, or shell scripts—directly within documents, with results captured inline for reproducible research.[4] Notable for its grassroots evolution rather than top-down specification, Org mode continues active development under the Org Mode community, with releases hosted on the official site and contributions via mailing lists, reflecting its adaptation to diverse applications like static site generation and self-publishing while preserving backward compatibility in syntax.[5][3]Internet and Computing
.org top-level domain
The .org top-level domain (TLD) is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet, derived from the abbreviation for "organization" and originally designated for non-commercial entities such as non-profits and cooperatives.[6] It was one of the initial six gTLDs established in early 1985, alongside .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, and .net, to categorize domain registrations based on intended use.[7] Unlike restricted TLDs like .gov or .mil, .org imposes no eligibility requirements, allowing registration by any entity worldwide, which has led to its broad adoption beyond strictly non-profit purposes.[8] The TLD's creation traces to January 1985, when Jon Postel, as the manager of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), delegated it within the nascent DNS framework developed under U.S. Department of Defense contracts.[6] The first .org domain, mitre.org, was registered on July 10, 1985, to the MITRE Corporation, a U.S. non-profit providing systems engineering support to government agencies.[9] Early administration fell under the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (ISI), which handled initial DNS operations, before transitioning to Network Solutions Inc. (NSI) in 1991 as commercial registration expanded.[8] By 2002, amid growing domain volumes and ICANN's oversight of gTLDs, the Internet Society (ISOC) established the Public Interest Registry (PIR), a 501(c)(3) non-profit, to assume management effective January 1, 2003, with the explicit aim of preserving .org's role for public-benefit groups.[10] PIR, headquartered in Reston, Virginia, continues to operate the registry, handling over 11 million active .org domains as of 2025.[11] .org domains are widely used by mission-driven organizations, including non-profits, advocacy groups, educational initiatives, and open-source projects, due to their perceived trustworthiness and neutrality compared to commercial TLDs like .com.[12] Global registrations have grown steadily, with .org comprising about 5-6% of all gTLDs and showing a 0.39% year-over-year increase in 2025, adding approximately 42,515 domains.[13] Notable examples include sites like wikipedia.org (though hosted under a non-profit foundation) and redcross.org, underscoring its association with credible, non-commercial online presences.[11] ICANN's 2019 removal of PIR's price caps on wholesale fees—intended to align .org with market dynamics—raised concerns about affordability for smaller registrants, though no widespread hikes materialized post-decision.[14] A major controversy erupted in November 2019 when ISOC announced the sale of PIR to Ethos Capital, a private equity firm, for an undisclosed sum exceeding $100 million, prompting fears of profit-driven price increases, censorship risks, and erosion of .org's non-profit ethos among civil society groups.[15] Critics, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, argued the deal contradicted PIR's founding principles, potentially burdening resource-constrained NGOs with higher costs amid already rising domain fees.[16] After public backlash and ICANN review, the transaction was terminated in April 2020, with PIR remaining under ISOC control to maintain stability.[17] This episode highlighted tensions between non-profit stewardship and commercial pressures in TLD governance, reinforcing ICANN's role in scrutinizing registry changes for public interest alignment.[18]Org-mode in GNU Emacs
Org-mode is a major mode for GNU Emacs designed for structured note-taking, document authoring, task management, project planning, and literate programming, utilizing plain-text files ending in the.org extension and a lightweight markup syntax based on hierarchical outlines.[1] It supports embedding executable source code blocks, tables with spreadsheet-like formulas, timestamps for scheduling, and export to multiple formats including HTML, LaTeX, PDF, and Markdown.[4] Distributed as part of GNU Emacs since version 22.1 released in 2007, Org-mode has become integral to the Emacs ecosystem, with independent development releases maintaining pace with or ahead of the bundled version.[2]
Originating from the personal needs of its creator, Carsten Dominik, Org-mode development began in 2003 as an enhancement to Emacs' outline-mode for better organization of notes and tasks, evolving through community contributions into a versatile tool by its first public releases around that time.[19] Dominik served as lead maintainer until 2013, after which Bastien Guerry took over, with ongoing development hosted on the Org-mode Git repository and coordinated via the org-mode mailing list.[19] As of version 9.7, released in 2024, it includes enhancements like improved shell command security and arbitrary code execution controls to mitigate risks in untrusted files.[20]
Core syntax revolves around asterisks for heading levels (e.g., * Heading for level 1), with content indented beneath; TODO items marked via keywords like TODO or DONE, and properties drawers for metadata such as deadlines (DEADLINE: <2025-10-27>).[21] Tables are defined with pipe-separated rows, supporting column alignment, formulas (e.g., #+TBLFM: @>$2=$1*1.1), and references across cells.[21] Source code integration via Org Babel allows blocks like:
which can be executed tangle to files, with results inserted inline, supporting over 70 languages including Python, R, and Lisp.[4] Agenda views aggregate tasks across files based on tags, priorities, and time stamps, enabling dynamic queries and custom reports.[4] Export functionality leverages backends for publishing, with customization via header arguments and templates, producing structured outputs while preserving semantic elements like links (#+begin_src python print("Hello, Org-mode") #+end_src#+begin_src python print("Hello, Org-mode") #+end_src
[[](https://orgmode.org/)[Org site]]) and images.[21] Capture templates streamline rapid entry of notes or tasks into predefined structures, integrating with Emacs' agenda for workflow management.[4] While praised for its extensibility and plain-text durability, Org-mode requires familiarity with Emacs keybindings, such as C-c C-t for TODO cycling and C-c C-c for execution, which can present a learning curve for newcomers.[22]
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Organization
"Org" is the conventional abbreviation for "organization" in English, representing a clipped form of the noun denoting a structured group of people or entities united for a common purpose.[23] This usage emerged as a shortening of the full term, with first recorded instances dating to 1935–1940.[24] Unlike acronyms formed from initial letters, "org" functions as a syllabic abbreviation, capturing the word's initial three letters for brevity in writing and speech.[25] The abbreviation appears frequently in informal and professional contexts, such as business cards, organizational charts, nameplates, and administrative documents, where space constraints or stylistic preferences favor conciseness.[25] For the plural, "orgs" or "orgs." is standard, extending the singular form without additional modification.[26] In crossword puzzles and similar word games, "org." explicitly clues "organization," reflecting its widespread recognition in abbreviated form.[27] Although "org" can denote "organic" in scientific or chemical notation, its primary non-technical application aligns with "organization," often implying nonprofits or structured entities in everyday usage.[24] This distinction underscores the abbreviation's contextual dependence, with organizational meanings prevailing outside specialized fields like chemistry.[23]Music and Entertainment
Org Music record label
Org Music is an independent record label based in Los Angeles, California, specializing in high-quality vinyl reissues of classic albums from major catalogs and new releases from contemporary artists across genres such as jazz, rock, punk, soul, and funk.[28][29] The label prioritizes audiophile-grade production, sourcing original analog master tapes for remastering by engineers like Dave Gardner, pressing on 180-gram vinyl at facilities including Pallas in Germany and Furnace Record Pressing, and restoring original artwork for limited-edition runs targeted at collectors and independent retailers.[30][29] With over 500 releases to date, Org Music licenses repertoire from entities like Universal, Sony, and Warner, while also supporting active imprints such as Clenched Wrench, founded by bassist Mike Watt for punk and experimental projects.[28][31] Established in 2009 as an offshoot of the Original Recordings Group, the label was initially overseen by Jeff Bowers, a former vinyl executive at Warner Bros. Records, who established its framework for archival reissues.[29] Andrew Rossiter joined as general manager and A&R director in 2011, recruited through Warner connections, and subsequently became a co-owner with partners including Eric Astor, who contributed catalogs like Black Lion Jazz.[29][30] Early efforts focused on high-profile rock and jazz titles, such as Nirvana's catalog and Sonic Youth reissues, evolving into broader partnerships with labels including Sun Records, Delicious Vinyl, Brunswick Records, and Westbound Records.[30][28] The company distributes domestically through AMPED and, as of July 2025, globally via Secretly Distribution to enhance international availability of its physical and digital offerings.[32] Key reissues include Thelonious Monk's Criss-Cross, Solo Monk, and Underground; John Coltrane's My Favorite Things; Miles Davis classics; Sly and the Family Stone albums; and Antônio Carlos Jobim's Stone Flower, all remastered from original tapes to appeal to vinyl enthusiasts.[29] Recent archival series feature Westbound Records' Detroit funk catalog, such as Eramus Hall's Lost and Found (1968), and Brunswick soul titles like Jackie Wilson's Higher and Higher (1967), overseen by Grammy-winning archivist Catherine Vericolli.[33][34][35] Org Music participates in events like Record Store Day, releasing exclusive editions such as Descendents' Milo Goes to College and various 2023 titles, while fostering new music from artists including Adam Green, Andrew Bird's Bowl of Fire, and Pluralone.[36][37][38]Geography and Places
Org, Turkey
Org is a small village in the Siirt Province of southeastern Turkey, situated in the Kurdish-majority region known for its mountainous terrain and rural communities. The area is characterized by traditional agricultural practices, with local economy relying on livestock herding and subsistence farming, typical of many villages in the Southeastern Anatolia region. Population data for Org specifically is limited, but villages in Siirt Province generally have populations under 1,000 residents, reflecting depopulation trends due to migration to urban centers like Siirt city or Istanbul. Note that while Turkish government sources list numerous villages, Org's remote location contributes to sparse documentation, and claims of its existence are based on regional village directories rather than detailed census reports. The village has been affected by broader regional issues, including the Turkey-PKK conflict, which has led to village evacuations and security operations in southeastern Turkey since the 1990s, though specific incidents in Org are not publicly detailed in open sources. Local governance falls under the muhtar system, with basic services provided by the provincial administration.[39]File Formats and Extensions
.org file extension
The.org file extension identifies plain text files employing the Org syntax, a markup language integrated with GNU Emacs for structured document authoring, note-taking, task management, and project planning. Developed as part of Org mode, these files use simple, hierarchical conventions to represent outlines, metadata, and embedded elements, enabling features like folding, searching, and export to formats such as HTML, LaTeX, PDF, and Markdown.[1][40] The format prioritizes readability in raw text while supporting programmatic processing, with Emacs automatically activating Org mode for files bearing this extension.[2]
Org syntax structures content around headings marked by leading asterisks (* Heading for level 1, ** Subheading for level 2, up to six levels), forming an outline tree that can be expanded or collapsed.[41] Metadata directives begin with #+ (e.g., #+TITLE: Document Title or #+DATE: 2023-01-01), while task states use keywords like TODO or DONE prefixed to headings (e.g., * TODO Review report).[41] Lists employ - or + for unordered items and 1. for ordered ones; tables are delimited by | pipes with + for horizontal rules (e.g., | Name | Age |); and source code blocks are enclosed in #+BEGIN_SRC language and #+END_SRC tags, supporting literate programming via Org Babel for execution and result insertion.[40] Links follow [[target][description]] patterns, and emphasis uses *bold*, /italic/, or ~verbatim~.[40]
Introduced with Org mode's initial release on August 5, 2003, by Carsten Dominik, the .org format has evolved through contributions from the Emacs community, becoming a core feature in Emacs distributions since version 22.1 (2007).[3] Its plain-text nature facilitates version control compatibility (e.g., with Git) and portability across editors, though full functionality requires Emacs or compatible tools like Org-roam for extensions.[1] Applications extend to agendas via time-stamped entries (e.g., <2025-10-27>), property drawers (:PROPERTIES:\n:ID: unique\n:END:) for metadata, and export backends for publishing.[41] As of Org mode version 9.6.16 (released March 2024), the syntax remains backward-compatible with enhancements for greater expressivity, such as greater/lesser blocks for custom elements.[1]