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Pont Neuf

The Pont Neuf is the oldest extant bridge over the Seine River in Paris, France, linking the Left Bank to the Île de la Cité and then to the Right Bank at the western tip of the island.^[1] Spanning approximately 232 meters (761 feet) in length, it consists of two separate sections: one with five arches connecting the Left Bank to the island, and another with seven arches extending to the Right Bank, for a total of twelve arches.^[2] Designed by architect Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau and constructed primarily from stone, the bridge was initiated in 1578 under King Henry III with the laying of the first stone on May 31, but faced interruptions due to religious wars and political instability before its completion and inauguration by King Henry IV in 1607.^[3] Unlike previous Parisian bridges cluttered with houses and shops, the Pont Neuf was revolutionary for its open design without buildings atop it, wide sidewalks accommodating both pedestrians and carriages, and decorative elements including over 380 mascarons—grotesque sculpted faces—adorning the piers and parapets.^[4] This architectural innovation marked a shift in urban planning during the late Renaissance, emphasizing visibility of the river and public accessibility, and it quickly became a bustling social hub for vendors, performers, and promenaders.^[3] At its downstream end on the Île de la Cité stands the prominent equestrian statue of Henry IV, first erected in 1614, destroyed during the French Revolution in 1792, and restored in 1818, symbolizing the king's contributions to Parisian infrastructure.^[4] Classified as a historical monument in 1889 and part of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Banks of the Seine since 1991, the bridge has undergone several restorations, including major works in the 20th century and ongoing efforts completed in December 2024 to preserve its structure against pollution and weathering.^[4] In modern times, it gained international fame in 1985 when artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude temporarily wrapped it in golden fabric as part of a large-scale public art installation, drawing millions of visitors and highlighting its enduring cultural significance.^[1]

History

Construction

The construction of the Pont Neuf was initiated in 1578 under the reign of King Henry III, who decreed the need for a new bridge to connect the Île de la Cité's western tip to both banks of the Seine River, replacing outdated wooden structures prone to flooding and fire.^[5] The first stone was laid on May 31, 1578, marking the start of what would become Paris's first entirely stone bridge, designed to endure as a permanent fixture.^[6] Architect Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau, a prominent French designer from a noted architectural family, oversaw the initial phases, blending Renaissance aesthetics with practical engineering to create a structure spanning approximately 232 meters in length and featuring 12 arches divided into two independent sections: five arches linking the Left Bank to the island and seven arches linking the island to the Right Bank.^[6]^[7] Progress was severely disrupted by the French Wars of Religion, which halted work around 1588 amid political instability and violence, leaving the foundational arches partially built for over a decade.^[5] Upon ascending the throne in 1589, King Henry IV prioritized urban renewal, resuming construction in 1599 after the Edict of Nantes restored relative peace in 1598; he financed the project through a tax on wine entering Paris, emphasizing its role in modernizing the city's infrastructure.^[5] The project was then overseen by engineers Guillaume Marchant and François Petit, who modified the original design. Engineers addressed the Seine's challenging currents by employing cofferdams and segmental arch construction, innovative for the era, which allowed for wider spans—up to 18 meters—and a total width of about 22 meters, including the first dedicated pedestrian sidewalks that introduced the concept of separated foot traffic from carriages.^[5] The bridge opened to traffic in 1604, though final detailing continued until its full completion in 1607, when Henry IV inaugurated it as a symbol of stability and progress.^[7] Unlike preceding bridges lined with houses, the Pont Neuf was built without encroachments, featuring open parapets and semi-circular alcoves to enhance views and airflow, a design choice that set a precedent for future Parisian spans.^[5] This fireproof stone edifice, constructed primarily from local limestone, has withstood centuries of floods and wear, undergoing restorations but retaining its original form as the city's oldest surviving bridge.^[7]

Early Use and Modifications

Upon its completion in 1607, the Pont Neuf quickly became a central hub for Parisian social and commercial life, marking the first time a Seine bridge fully connected the city's left and right banks without interruption. Unlike preceding bridges cluttered with residential buildings, it was designed without habitations, allowing open space for pedestrians and fostering its role as a public promenade. The bridge's wide expanse, including Paris's inaugural sidewalks, attracted crowds of locals and visitors who gathered to socialize, view the river, and engage in street performances by jugglers, mountebanks, and quacksalvers.^[8]^[9]^[10] From the early 17th century, the bridge's semicircular alcoves—built above the piers—served as niches for vendors' stalls, transforming it into an impromptu marketplace where merchants sold books, clothing, food, perfumes, and even early printed news sheets known as canards. This commercial vitality persisted for centuries, with records indicating over 20 such stalls by the mid-18th century, drawing diverse crowds and contributing to the bridge's reputation as the "heart of Paris." The 381 unique stone mascarons adorning its cornices, depicting mythological figures like satyrs and deities, added a protective and decorative element, symbolizing warding off evil in line with ancient traditions.^[9]^[11] Modifications began in the 18th century to address wear from heavy use and floods. In 1775, architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot oversaw repairs to the parapets, lowered and narrowed the footway for better traffic flow, and installed 20 stone rotundas in the alcoves to formalize the vendor spaces, enhancing safety and aesthetics. The equestrian statue of Henri IV at the bridge's center, erected in 1614 to commemorate the king who completed the project, was dismantled and melted down in 1792 during the French Revolution for cannon production. It was recast and reinstalled in 1818, with the surrounding Place du Pont-Neuf reconstructed between 1810 and 1820 to improve access and integrate the monument more harmoniously.^[9]^[8]^[10] By the early 19th century, the stalls and informal commerce were gradually phased out amid broader urban reforms, though the bridge retained its pedestrian focus. Major renovations in the 1850s under Baron Haussmann reduced the steep slopes, rebuilt arches, and renewed footpaths and parapets, preserving its structural integrity while adapting to modern traffic. Classified as a historical monument in 1889, these early alterations underscored the Pont Neuf's evolution from a novel public space to an enduring symbol of Parisian resilience.^[9]^[8]

Architecture and Features

Overall Design

The Pont Neuf, designed by architect Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau, is a stone masonry arch bridge spanning 232 meters in length and 22 meters in width across the Seine River at the western tip of the Île de la Cité.^[12]^[13] It consists of two distinct sections: a shorter upstream span with five arches linking the Left Bank to the island, and a longer downstream span with seven arches connecting the island to the Right Bank, creating a total of twelve arches.^[3] This asymmetrical layout was engineered to navigate the river's flow and the island's contours, with arch spans varying from approximately 15 to 19 meters to optimize structural stability.^[14] A key innovation in its design was the absence of buildings along its length, unlike contemporary Parisian bridges that were lined with houses, shops, and workshops; this open configuration provided unobstructed views of the Seine and prioritized public circulation over private development.^[3] The bridge features wide sidewalks separated from the central roadway by balustrades, accommodating both pedestrian and vehicular traffic—including carriages at the time of construction—and semi-circular bastions protruding from the piers to deflect river currents and protect against erosion.^[12] These bastions, combined with the robust stone construction, marked a departure from wooden bridges prone to fire and flooding, establishing a durable model for urban infrastructure.^[15] The overall aesthetic blends late Renaissance elements with practical functionality, featuring a flat parapet and subtle ornamentation that emphasizes the bridge's role as a monumental yet utilitarian link between Paris's riverbanks.^[12] This design not only facilitated commerce and movement but also symbolized Henri IV's vision for a modernized capital, integrating engineering prowess with symbolic grandeur.^[16]

Decorative Elements and Monuments

The Pont Neuf features a rich array of decorative elements that enhance its Renaissance architectural style, primarily consisting of stone mascarons and a prominent equestrian statue. These elements were integrated during the bridge's construction in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, serving both aesthetic and symbolic purposes, such as warding off evil spirits and commemorating royal legacy.^[2]^[17] The most distinctive decorative feature is the 381 stone mascarons, grotesque masks carved into the keystones of the bridge's arches and cornices. Attributed to the French Renaissance sculptor Germain Pilon, these masks date to the late 16th century and depict mythical figures including satyrs, sylvans, and other forest divinities from Greco-Roman mythology. Each mascaron is unique, varying in facial expressions, beards, and hair, and they function as protective motifs rooted in ancient traditions to repel malevolent forces. Positioned along the sides and undersides of the bridge, they contribute to its whimsical yet robust appearance, with some originals preserved while others have been restored over time.^[17]^[2] At the center of the Pont Neuf stands the equestrian statue of King Henry IV, a bronze monument that serves as the bridge's primary sculptural focal point. Commissioned in 1603 by Queen Marie de Médicis to honor her late husband, the statue was designed by the Italian sculptor Giambologna (Giovanni da Bologna), who died in 1608 before completion; his assistant Pietro Tacca finished the work and cast it in 1614. The original was erected on the bridge that year, marking the first equestrian statue in Paris and symbolizing Henry IV's role in completing the bridge's construction. Destroyed during the French Revolution in 1792, it was recast in 1818 from a surviving mold by the sculptor François-Frédéric Lemot, using bronze recycled from melted statues of Napoleon I and his marshals, and reinstalled under Louis XVIII to evoke national reconciliation.^[18]^[16]^[19]^[20] The statue depicts Henry IV in Roman-inspired armor, holding a scepter and laurel wreath, mounted on a rearing horse, overlooking the Seine.^[20] Additional minor decorative elements include reliefs and corbels along the parapets, added or restored in the 19th century during Haussmann's urban renovations, which emphasized the bridge's historical integrity without introducing major new monuments. These subtle embellishments, such as floral motifs and structural accents, complement the mascarons and statue, maintaining the Pont Neuf's cohesive Renaissance character.^[2]

Cultural Significance

Role as Paris's Central Landmark

The Pont Neuf serves as a pivotal geographical and symbolic nexus in Paris, linking the Right Bank, Left Bank, and the western tip of the Île de la Cité, thereby facilitating essential connectivity across the Seine River at the historic core of the city. Completed in 1607 under King Henry IV, it was the first stone bridge in Paris without residential buildings, featuring wide pedestrian sidewalks that encouraged public gathering and commerce, transforming it into a bustling thoroughfare that integrated the city's divided quarters. This design innovation not only improved urban flow but also positioned the bridge as a foundational element in Paris's spatial organization, often described as the "heart" of the capital due to its proximity to landmarks like the Louvre and Notre-Dame.^[7]^[4] Symbolically, the Pont Neuf embodies themes of reconciliation and political continuity, erected in the aftermath of the French Wars of Religion to signify national unity under Henry IV's reign. The equestrian statue of Henry IV, first installed in 1614 and replaced in 1818 after its destruction during the French Revolution, stands as a enduring emblem of royal benevolence and the bridge's role in bridging societal divides, with the structure itself hosting ceremonies and events that mirrored shifts in power from the Revolution to the Restoration. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it functioned as a dynamic public space for political expression, where mobs enforced oaths of allegiance, statues were toppled in revolutionary fervor, and replacements celebrated monarchical revival, underscoring its centrality in the narrative of French political identity.^[21] In contemporary terms, the Pont Neuf reinforces Paris's cultural identity as an iconic landmark, designated a historical monument in 1889 and integrated into the UNESCO World Heritage listing for the Seine banks in 1991, which highlights its role in framing the city's panoramic vistas and historical silhouette. It continues to draw millions of visitors annually, serving as a vantage point for viewing the river's flow and the urban fabric, while its mascarons—grotesque faces carved into the stone—evoke the bridge's lively past as a hub for street performers and vendors. This enduring prominence cements its status as more than a mere crossing; it is a living testament to Paris's evolution from medieval fragmentation to modern cohesion.^[4]

Notable Historical Events

In 1614, the equestrian statue of Henry IV was erected at the center of the Pont Neuf by Marie de Médicis, marking the first public equestrian monument in Paris and symbolizing the stability of the Bourbon dynasty following years of religious wars.^[22] This installation transformed the bridge into a focal point for royal commemoration, with the bronze figure crafted by Giambologna and transported from Florence.^[23] During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Pont Neuf emerged as a vibrant social hub, particularly known for its gatherings of charlatans and quacks who performed theatrical spectacles to attract crowds and sell remedies. These itinerant performers, operating from makeshift stages in the bridge's alcoves, staged free comedic routines and demonstrations, blending entertainment with commerce in a manner that influenced early modern street theater.^[23] The bridge's open design facilitated such activities, drawing merchants, pickpockets, and spectators, including notable visitors like Tsar Peter the Great in 1717, who remarked on its lively chaos as the most curious sight in Paris.^[24] The French Revolution brought dramatic upheaval to the site in 1792, when revolutionaries toppled the Henry IV statue amid accusations that Louis XVI was conspiring with foreign powers, using the act as a symbol of rejecting monarchical legacy.^[22] The bridge itself served as a backdrop for revolutionary fervor, hosting public gatherings and processions that underscored its role as Paris's central artery. In 1818, during the Bourbon Restoration, Louis XVIII commissioned a replacement statue of Henry IV, recast from melted-down figures of Napoleon and General Desaix, reaffirming the bridge's ties to royal heritage and urban renewal.^[4] This event inspired cultural responses, including a prize-winning poem by a young Victor Hugo in 1820, which celebrated the statue's return as a beacon of national reconciliation.^[22] During the Paris Commune of 1871, the Pont Neuf witnessed violence on May 24, when a Versaillais agent was executed in one of its niches for allegedly betraying Communard leader General Dombrowski, highlighting the bridge's recurring role in moments of political conflict.^[22] By 1889, the structure was officially classified as a historical monument, ensuring its preservation amid the city's modernization under Haussmann.^[4]

Artistic Interventions

Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Wrapping

In 1975, artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude conceived the project to wrap the Pont Neuf, Paris's oldest standing bridge, as part of their series of large-scale environmental wrappings that transformed public monuments into temporary sculptures.^[25] The idea evolved from their earlier wrapped bridge projects, but realization required a decade of planning and negotiations with French authorities, including the City of Paris, the Department of the Seine, and the state, to secure permissions without altering the historic structure.^[25]^[26] These discussions addressed concerns over potential damage to the 16th- and 17th-century limestone and ensured compliance with preservation standards, such as avoiding nails or bolts.^[26] The installation occurred from September 22 to October 7, 1985, lasting 14 days, during which the entire bridge—including its arches, parapets, sidewalks, 44 street lamps, and adjacent embankment—was enveloped.^[25] A team of 300 professional workers, supported by 12 engineers, completed the wrapping over seven days, using 41,800 square meters (approximately 450,000 square feet) of shimmering, golden sandstone-colored woven polyamide fabric, secured by 13 kilometers (8 miles) of rope and 12.1 tons of steel chains anchored underwater.^[25]^[27]^[28] The fabric, treated to be flame-retardant, was draped and fastened meticulously to maintain the bridge's functionality for pedestrians, vehicles, and river traffic, with rock climbers assisting in securing sections up to three feet below the waterline at the arch bases.^[26] An additional 600 monitors, organized in crews of 40, oversaw the site during the exhibition to manage public access and safety.^[25] The project was entirely self-funded by the artists through sales of their preparatory drawings and collages, costing around $2.5 million, with no public or corporate sponsorship.^[25]^[26] The wrapping abstracted the bridge's form, creating a unified, ethereal silhouette that shimmered in the light reflecting off the Seine, evoking a sense of metamorphosis in line with the Pont Neuf's long history of transformations.^[27] As the artists stated, "Wrapping the Pont-Neuf continued this tradition of successive metamorphoses by a new sculptural dimension and transformed it, for 14 days, into a work of art."^[25] The installation drew approximately three million visitors, who engaged with it through gatherings, performances, and intimate moments, turning the site into a communal spectacle despite initial skepticism from some officials.^[26] Dismantling required over 3,500 person-hours, after which all materials were recycled, leaving the bridge intact.^[26] This project marked a pinnacle in Christo and Jeanne-Claude's oeuvre, highlighting their approach to site-specific art that emphasized temporality, public participation, and the interplay between everyday infrastructure and monumental sculpture.^[27] Its legacy endures through documentation, including photographs by Wolfgang Volz, and recent commemorations, such as the 2025 renaming of Place du Pont-Neuf to Place du Pont-Neuf—Christo et Jeanne-Claude and an outdoor exhibition along the Seine.^[28]

Recent Commemorations and Projects

The year 2025 marked the 40th anniversary of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's iconic The Pont Neuf Wrapped project from 1985, prompting several commemorative initiatives across Paris. On October 3, 2025, the city inaugurated Place du Pont-Neuf—Christo et Jeanne-Claude, renaming a central square adjacent to the bridge in honor of the artists' transformative intervention, emphasizing their lasting impact on public art and urban landscapes.^[29]^[28] This dedication was part of broader efforts to celebrate the duo's environmental and temporary artworks, with the square serving as a permanent tribute near the site of their 1985 installation.^[28] Complementing these efforts, an outdoor exhibition titled Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Paris Projects was presented along the River Seine from September 6 to October 30, 2025, featuring large-scale reproductions of the artists' preparatory drawings, models, and photographs related to their Pont Neuf wrapping and other Seine-side proposals.^[30]^[31] Organized in collaboration with the Christo and Jeanne-Claude Foundation and the City of Paris, the display highlighted the couple's visionary approach to site-specific art, drawing visitors to reflect on the bridge's role in their oeuvre.^[31] Artist JR's Projet Pont Neuf, envisioned as a temporary transformation of the bridge into an immersive urban grotto using photographic rock formations to evoke Paris's stone quarrying heritage, was originally slated for September 2025 as a direct homage to the 1985 wrapping but postponed to summer 2026 to allow space for the anniversary events.^[32] This project aims to continue the tradition of ephemeral interventions on the landmark, blending contemporary street art with historical reverence.^[33]

Access and Preservation

Transportation and Visitor Access

The Pont Neuf is readily accessible via Paris's extensive public transportation network, making it convenient for visitors from across the city and beyond. The nearest metro station is Pont Neuf on Line 7, with direct exits leading just a few meters to the bridge's northern end.^[4] Nearby stations include Cité on Line 4, approximately a 5-minute walk to the south, and the major hub Châtelet (Lines 1, 4, 7, 11, and 14), about a 3-minute walk away, offering connections to RER lines A, B, and D for regional travel.^[34] Bus services are also plentiful, with lines 27, 58, 70, and 72 stopping at Pont Neuf - Quai du Louvre, a 2-minute walk from the bridge, while lines 21, 38, and 85 serve stops within a few minutes' walk.^[34] These options integrate with the RATP network, where Metro-Train-RER single tickets cost €2.50 (allowing transfers within 100 minutes across the network, excluding airports) and Bus-Tram tickets cost €2.00, as of 2025.^[35]^[36] For those preferring scenic or leisurely approaches, walking and cycling provide direct access along the pedestrianized Seine quays, which link Pont Neuf to landmarks like the Louvre Museum (5-minute walk) and Notre-Dame Cathedral (10-minute walk).^[4] Vélib' bike-sharing stations are abundant nearby, including one at 1 Place du Pont Neuf on the Île de la Cité and others along the quays near the Louvre and Saint-Germain-des-Prés.^[4] Water-based transport offers a unique arrival via the Batobus, a hop-on-hop-off service on the Seine with a stop at the Louvre/Pont Neuf dock, allowing easy disembarkation steps from the bridge; tickets start at €19 online or €23 onboard for a day pass.^[37] The bridge itself is open 24 hours a day, free to all visitors, with no entry requirements beyond standard pedestrian access.^[4] Driving to Pont Neuf is possible but discouraged due to heavy traffic and limited street parking in the 1st and 6th arrondissements; instead, use nearby public garages such as Indigo Saint-Michel at 27 Quai des Grands Augustins (75006 Paris) or Louvre Samaritaine at 1 Place du Louvre (75001 Paris), both within a 5-10 minute walk.^[4] For visitors with disabilities, the surrounding Seine riverbanks have been enhanced for accessibility since the Parc Rives de Seine project, featuring smoother paths, ramps at key points, and connections to adapted public transport.^[38] While the bridge's historic structure includes some steps, wheelchair users can access lower levels via ramps on the quays (e.g., near 36 Quai des Orfèvres for nearby boat services) and benefit from priority seating on accessible buses and metros; free entry and companion privileges apply at adjacent sites like the Louvre.^[39]^[38] Temporary closures for events should be checked via official Paris tourism channels.^[4]

Maintenance and Restoration Efforts

The Pont Neuf, as Paris's oldest surviving bridge, has required ongoing maintenance and periodic restorations to combat erosion from the Seine's floods, urban pollution, and heavy pedestrian traffic since its completion in 1607. Early efforts focused on structural reinforcements following natural disasters, such as the devastating floods of the 17th and 18th centuries, which necessitated repairs to arches and piers, though detailed records from these periods are sparse. By the 19th century, systematic interventions began to address accumulated damage, marking a shift toward preservation as a cultural icon.^[40] A significant restoration occurred between 1851 and 1854 under the Second Empire, during which the bridge's mascarons—ornamental stone faces—were replaced with high-quality copies crafted by sculptors Hippolyte Maindron and Hubert Lavigne to restore aesthetic and structural integrity. This work was part of broader urban renewal initiatives that also involved reinforcing the foundations and reshaping some arches into elliptical forms for improved stability, ensuring the bridge could withstand modern loads. Classified as a historical monument in 1889, the Pont Neuf benefited from increased state oversight, which facilitated further repairs amid Haussmann's transformations of Paris. In 1991, its inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage listing for the Seine banks underscored the need for sustained conservation.^[40] The late 20th century saw a comprehensive overhaul from 1989 to 2007, spanning 18 years, during which all 12 arches were meticulously renovated to repair erosion, replace deteriorated stonework, and clean decorative elements while adhering to original 16th- and 17th-century designs. This project addressed long-term wear from vehicular and foot traffic, restoring the bridge's seven piers and ensuring seismic resilience. Following Christo and Jeanne-Claude's 1985 wrapping, additional cleaning efforts removed residual fabric impacts, preserving the sandstone facade.^[41] In 2021, the City of Paris initiated the final phase of this extended restoration, targeting the central terrace and Place du Pont-Neuf with a budget of €850,000 to €900,000 over 7 to 9 months. Works included refurbishing 19th-century granite pavings and the perron staircase, consolidating cornices and walls, and restoring 70 mascarons (with two fully rebuilt after recovery from the riverbed). To combat "love locks" that had threatened the structure, traditional wrought-iron guardrails were adapted to incorporate secure glass panels, similar to those on the Pont des Arts, while maintaining historical appearance; vegetation was removed, and fissures sealed to prevent further decay. These efforts, overseen by the city's technical services, highlight a balance between accessibility and preservation, with the bridge remaining open to visitors during works. In late 2024, repairs addressed carriageway subsidence, with south-north traffic diverted from November 4 to the end of December.^[8]^[41]^[42]^[43] Ongoing maintenance by the City of Paris involves regular inspections and cleaning to mitigate pollution and flooding risks, ensuring the Pont Neuf's endurance as a vital link in Paris's heritage.

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[34]
How to Get to Pont Neuf in Paris by Metro, Bus or RER? - Moovit
The nearest metro station to Pont Neuf in Paris is Châtelet. It's a 3 min walk away. What's the nearest bus station to Pont Neuf in Paris? The nearest bus ...
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Paris Public Transportation in 2025 - Secrets of Paris
Jan 2, 2025 · The new tickets are great for exploring beyond Paris because you pay €2.50 whether you go just one stop on the metro from Châtelet to Pont Neuf, ...
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Batobus Route
The Batobus route and its 9 stops on the Seine take you to the heart of the key districts and monuments of Paris for a unique hop on hop off experience.About Batobus · Jardin des plantes · Hôtel de ville · Louvre
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Accessible outings via the Seine riverbanks - Paris on foot
Entry is free for disabled visitors and the person accompanying them, and the museum offers nearby disabled parking spaces, accessible routes, priority access ...
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Contact Vedettes du Pont neuf
We recommend using the access ramp located at 36 Quai des Orfèvres, 75001 Paris, and then following the (cobbled) riverbanks to the boarding pontoon, next to ...
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### Historical Maintenance and Restoration Efforts for Pont Neuf (17th Century to Present)
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Dernière étape d'une restauration historique pour le pont Neuf, plus ...
Apr 19, 2021 · Dernière étape d'une restauration historique pour le pont Neuf, plus vieux pont de Paris · Lutter contre les cadenas · Un chantier à 900 000 euros.Missing: maintenance | Show results with:maintenance
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850 000 euros - Le montant de la restauration du Pont-Neuf à Paris
Jun 2, 2021 · Ces sept mois de travaux permettront de restaurer la partie centrale de l'édifice, contre dix-huit ans pour le précédent chantier, achevé en ...Missing: maintenance | Show results with:maintenance