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Pummerin

The Pummerin, also known as the Marienglocke or Mary Bell, is the largest and heaviest bell in Austria, weighing 21,100 kilograms and measuring 3.14 meters in diameter, housed in the north tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom) in Vienna.^[1]^[2]^[3] Installed in 1957 at a height of 68.3 meters, the current Pummerin was cast in 1951 in St. Florian, Upper Austria, using remnants of the original bell along with new bronze, and serves as a gift from the province of Upper Austria to the cathedral.^[3]^[2]^[1] It is the second-largest free-swinging church bell in Europe and rings only on special occasions, such as New Year's Eve, Easter, or significant national events, producing a deep tone tuned to C with distinctive overtones.^[4]^[2] The bell's history traces back to the original Pummerin, cast in 1711 from 208 cannons captured from Ottoman forces after the 1683 Battle of Vienna, symbolizing victory and gratitude.^[2]^[1] This first bell fell and was destroyed during a fire in the cathedral on April 12, 1945, near the end of World War II, with its clapper surviving and now displayed in the cathedral's catacombs.^[2]^[5] The recasting in 1951 preserved the name "Pummerin," derived from the Low German word for "boomer," reflecting its resounding peal, and it continues to embody Vienna's cultural and religious heritage as part of the UNESCO-listed historic center.^[3]^[2]

Historical Background

Origins in the Siege of Vienna

The Habsburg monarchy had long been locked in conflict with the Ottoman Empire over control of Central Europe, with Vienna serving as a critical frontier city and the imperial capital under Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. These wars, spanning centuries, intensified in the late 17th century as the Ottomans sought to expand into Habsburg territories, including Hungary. Vienna's strategic position made it a repeated target, following an earlier failed siege in 1529, and by 1683, the city's defenses were bolstered but vulnerable to a major assault.^[6]^[7] In July 1683, the Ottoman army, numbering around 100,000 to 200,000 troops under Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha, launched the Second Siege of Vienna, beginning on July 14 and lasting nearly two months until early September. The besiegers encircled the city, capturing outer fortifications and subjecting the approximately 22,500 defenders, led by Count Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, to intense bombardment and starvation. Emperor Leopold I had fled with much of the court and populace, leaving the city to withstand sapping trenches and artillery fire that threatened to breach the walls.^[7]^[8]^[6] The tide turned with the arrival of a Christian relief force organized by the Holy League, comprising Imperial Habsburg troops under Duke Charles V of Lorraine and Polish-Lithuanian forces led by King John III Sobieski. On September 12, 1683, at the Battle of Vienna on the Kahlenberg heights, Sobieski commanded around 65,000 allied soldiers, personally leading a decisive charge of 18,000 cavalry—including his famed Winged Hussars—that shattered Ottoman lines and captured their artillery positions. The Ottoman defeat was catastrophic, with an estimated 15,000 casualties compared to 1,500 for the allies, forcing Kara Mustafa's retreat and marking the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's decline in Europe.^[7]^[8]^[6] In the aftermath, Habsburg forces seized vast Ottoman supplies, including over 300 cannons abandoned in the enemy camp. Of these, more than 200 were earmarked in the late 17th century for melting down to produce church bells, transforming instruments of siege into enduring symbols of Christian victory and thanksgiving. This repurposing reflected a broader tradition of converting war trophies into religious artifacts to commemorate divine favor in the Habsburg-Ottoman struggle.^[9]^[7]

Casting of the Original Bell

In 1710, Emperor Joseph I commissioned the casting of a grand bell for St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, intended as a symbol of imperial patronage and religious devotion.^[10] The project utilized metal recovered from captured Ottoman cannons left behind after the 1683 Siege of Vienna, transforming instruments of war into a sacred object.^[11] The bell was cast in 1711 by the renowned Viennese bell-founder Johann Achammer, who operated a foundry specializing in artillery and ecclesiastical works.^[1] Achammer oversaw the labor-intensive process of melting down 208 Turkish cannons, alloying the resulting copper-rich material with additional tin to achieve the desired bronze composition essential for the bell's resonant qualities.^[12] This alloying was critical for durability and tone, though the unprecedented scale of the endeavor—producing Austria's largest bell at the time—presented technical difficulties in ensuring an even pour and uniform molecular structure to avoid cracks or dissonant overtones during ringing.^[10] Upon completion, the bell was formally named the Josephinische Glocke in tribute to Emperor Joseph I, though it quickly earned the colloquial moniker "Pummerin" among Viennese residents due to its deep, booming resonance—evoking the onomatopoeic "pumm"—and was also known as the Marienglocke for its dedication to the Virgin Mary.^[13] On December 15, 1711, Bishop Franz Ferdinand Freiherr von Rummel consecrated the bell in a ceremony at the cathedral, marking its spiritual readiness.^[11] It was hoisted into the South Tower and rung for the first time on January 26, 1712, its powerful peal audible across the city and signifying both triumph and piety.^[1]

The Old Pummerin

Specifications and Features

The Old Pummerin, cast in 1705 by bell founder Johann Achamer and consecrated on December 15, 1711, by Bishop Franz Ferdinand von Rummel, measured 3.16 meters in diameter and approximately 3 meters in height, including the crown, making it a towering engineering achievement for its era.^[13]^[14] Its total weight, including the clapper and yoke, reached 22,511 kg, underscoring the scale of bronze required for such a structure.^[13] Crafted primarily from bronze alloyed from the metal of 208 captured Turkish cannons—comprising 300 Zentner of copper and 40 Zentner of tin—the bell embodied the recasting of wartime trophies into a symbol of peace and devotion.^[13] This composition yielded a deep, booming tone that resonated across Vienna, giving rise to its colloquial name "Pummerin," derived from the German word for "boomer."^[15] The bell's design incorporated thick walls to ensure structural integrity and longevity under repeated use.^[14] Decorative elements included three prominent relief cartouches featuring Maria Immaculata, Saint Joseph, and Saint Leopold, flanked by imperial and regional coats of arms and angel heads, evoking themes of divine protection and triumph over the Ottoman forces. Latin inscriptions, such as "DOM" honoring Deo Optimo Maximo, extolled Emperor Joseph I as the commissioner and the Virgin Mary as the bell's spiritual patron.^[13] Upon installation, the Old Pummerin stood as the largest bell in Austria and the second largest in Western Europe, surpassing contemporaries in size and auditory reach.^[13]

Use and Maintenance

The old Pummerin served as a central element in the auditory life of St. Stephen's Cathedral, primarily rung for ceremonial purposes rather than routine hourly chimes, beginning with its inaugural toll on January 26, 1712, to mark Emperor Charles VI's return to Vienna following his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor.^[15]^[16] From that point onward, it participated in significant daily and holiday observances, its deep, booming tone—earning it the nickname "Pummerin" or "boomer"—symbolizing national and religious milestones across two centuries.^[15] Initially, the bell was operated manually by a team of 16 men who pulled on ropes to swing it back and forth, a laborious process requiring up to a quarter of an hour to build sufficient momentum for the clapper to strike effectively.^[15] This method persisted until 1875, when concerns over the immense forces involved in swinging the 22-ton bell prompted a switch to a mechanical clapper system, where the bell remained stationary and was struck directly, enhancing safety for ringers and the structure.^[15] Maintenance of the old Pummerin presented ongoing challenges due to its size and frequent use, necessitating periodic repairs to minor fissures caused by the repetitive impacts and vibrations from swinging.^[14] Over time, the cumulative wear from swinging arcs and clapper strikes led to structural fatigue, with ringing reduced in frequency and the bell last tolled on Easter Sunday, 1937.^[14] The bell's profound sound captured public imagination, fostering legends that its tolls heralded periods of peace after conflict or warned of impending war, reflecting Viennese folklore tied to the city's turbulent history.^[17]

Destruction and Reconstruction

World War II Fire and Loss

In the final days of World War II, Vienna faced intense bombardment as Soviet forces advanced on the city, culminating in the Battle for Vienna from March 16 to April 15, 1945.^[18] The old Pummerin, housed in the south tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral, had survived earlier Allied air raids that spared much of the cathedral's structure.^[19] On the night of April 11–12, 1945, a fire erupted in the cathedral amid the chaos of the Soviet advance, with sparks from nearby burning buildings igniting the dry scaffolding on the unfinished north tower.^[19] The blaze spread rapidly to the roof and bell chamber despite prior fireproofing efforts in 1940.^[19] By midday on April 12, the wooden bell frame collapsed, sending the approximately 20,000 kg Pummerin crashing through multiple floors to the cathedral's interior, where it shattered into fragments upon impact.^[19] The clapper survived intact and is now displayed in the cathedral's catacombs.^[2] Of the bell's bronze, fragments representing a significant portion of its material were recoverable from the debris amid the widespread destruction that also consumed the roof truss and great organ.^[19] Cathedral staff quickly documented the catastrophe through photographs and reports, while the Viennese public expressed profound mourning for the loss and conducted initial salvage operations under wartime constraints.^[19] The destruction of the Pummerin symbolized a deep cultural wound, as the bell—originally cast in 1711 from Turkish cannons captured during the Habsburg victory at the 1683 Siege of Vienna—embodied centuries of Austrian resilience and triumph.^[19]

Efforts to Recast the Bell

Following the catastrophic fire in St. Stephen's Cathedral on April 12, 1945, which caused the original Pummerin to fall from its wooden cradle and shatter into fragments, immediate efforts focused on recovering the remains from the ruins. Between 1945 and 1946, approximately 16,592 kilograms of metal fragments were meticulously collected from the debris, preserving a significant portion of the historic bell's material for potential reuse in reconstruction.^[15] From 1947 to 1950, a nationwide fundraising campaign mobilized the Austrian public and provincial authorities to finance the recasting, emphasizing national recovery and unity in the post-war era. The province of Upper Austria contributed substantially as a symbolic gift, providing 300,000 schillings toward the project, while additional public subscriptions and donations supplied the necessary bronze alloy components, including copper and tin, to supplement the recovered fragments and ensure the new bell would exceed the original's weight.^[20]^[21] This coordination between the Austrian government, the Catholic Church's Domkapitel, and local leaders, such as Upper Austria's governor Dr. Gleißner and St. Florian's abbot Hager, highlighted a collaborative approach to cultural restoration, with the fragments allocated as the core material—about 80% copper and 20% tin in composition—to honor the bell's lineage.^[20] The decision to cast the new Pummerin at the historic foundry of St. Florian Monastery in Upper Austria was driven by its renowned expertise in bell-casting, dating back centuries and associated with the Augustinian canons' tradition of metalwork. Preparations began in 1949, with engineering oversight from specialist Geisz to design the molds, underscoring the technical precision required for such a monumental project.^[15]^[21] These efforts transformed the recasting into a profound symbol of Austrian resilience and communal solidarity, widely covered in media as a beacon of hope amid reconstruction. Public engagement peaked with the bell's public display in Linz from December 1951 to April 1952, drawing over 70,000 visitors, and its ceremonial transport procession to Vienna, which attracted massive crowds and reinforced the initiative's role in fostering national identity.^[15]^[20]

The New Pummerin

Casting Process and Materials

The recasting of the new Pummerin took place on September 5, 1951, at the bell foundry of St. Florian Monastery in Upper Austria, under the direction of bell founder Karl Geisz.^[22] This effort followed a failed casting attempt on October 26, 1950, which necessitated refinements to the process before the successful pour.^[23] The project represented a collaborative endeavor, with the bell serving as a gift from the province of Upper Austria to St. Stephen's Cathedral.^[21] The materials comprised approximately 20 tons of bronze alloy, drawn mainly from the surviving fragments of the old Pummerin destroyed in 1945, and supplemented by contributions from a public donation campaign that gathered additional metal.^[13] The alloy composition was 80% copper and 20% tin, selected to achieve optimal acoustic properties while recycling historical material without incorporating fresh sources of Turkish cannon metal from the original bell's era.^[24] The foundry process employed a traditional yet reinforced clay mold to contain the massive volume of molten metal, ensuring structural integrity against thermal stresses. Melting commenced in the afternoon, with the liquid bronze—heated to 1,260°C—poured into the mold amid ceremonial recitations from Friedrich Schiller's poem "Die Glocke" and a concluding command of "Zapfen aus!" to seal the pour. The mold then cooled gradually over roughly one week, allowing the metal to solidify without developing cracks that could compromise the bell's integrity.^[24] After casting, the bell was transported from St. Florian to Linz for public display in December 1951. It arrived in Vienna on April 26, 1952, where it was consecrated that day by Cardinal Theodor Innitzer during ceremonies marking the cathedral's reopening. The new Pummerin rang for the first time on April 27, 1952, demonstrating its resonant tone before installation in the north tower.^[21]

Design Elements and Inscriptions

The new Pummerin incorporates artistic reliefs that evoke religious devotion and historical milestones, blending symbolic depth with visual storytelling. The central relief portrays the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, reinforcing the bell's dedication as the Marienglocke and highlighting Mary's role in Austrian Catholic tradition. Accompanying this are two narrative scenes: one depicting the victorious defense during the 1683 Ottoman Siege of Vienna, sourced from the spoils of which the original bell was cast, and another illustrating the catastrophic 1945 fire in St. Stephen's Cathedral that led to the old Pummerin's destruction. These reliefs, executed in a style reminiscent of Baroque ornamentation from the 18th century, maintain continuity with the predecessor while incorporating subtle modern adaptations for structural integrity.^[25]^[15] Inscriptions etched around the bell's surface further embed its layered history, primarily in German but echoing Latin invocatory traditions of earlier ecclesiastical bells. One inscription commemorates the origins tied to Emperor Joseph I's era: "Gegossen bin ich aus der Beute der Türken, als die ausgeblutete Stadt nach tapferer Überwindung der feindlichen Macht jubilierte" (Cast I was from the spoils of the Turks, as the bloodied city jubilated after bravely overcoming the enemy's power). Another recounts the wartime loss: "Geborsten bin ich in der Glut des Brandes. Ich stürzte aus dem verwüsteten Turm, als die Stadt unter Krieg und Ängsten seufzte" (Bursted I was in the blaze's heat. I fell from the devastated tower, as the city sighed under war and fears). The primary dedication invokes Mary as Austria's protectress: "Wiederhergestellt unter Kardinal Theodor Innitzer, über Bemühung von Heinrich Gleißner durch den Werkmeister Karl Geisz. Geweiht der Königin von Österreich, damit ihre mächtige Fürbitte Friede sei in Freiheit" (Restored under Cardinal Theodor Innitzer, through the efforts of Heinrich Gleißner by master craftsman Karl Geisz. Dedicated to the Queen of Austria, that her mighty intercession be peace in freedom), acknowledging post-World War II donors and reconstruction contributors.^[25] The original iron clapper weighed 813 kg and featured engravings of peace symbols, including doves and olive branches. It was replaced in 2011 with a lighter 613 kg clapper forged from special steel by the Grassmayr Bell Foundry in Innsbruck to reduce stress on the bell and extend its lifespan.^[19]^[26] Collectively, these design features and inscriptions forge a narrative of historical continuity, connecting the Ottoman-era triumph under Joseph I, through the devastation of 1945, to the renewed hope of the mid-20th century, while prioritizing durability through contemporary casting techniques.^[25]

Technical Details and Operation

Physical Specifications

The new Pummerin measures 3.14 meters in diameter at its mouth and stands 2.94 meters in height, making it an imposing structure within the North Tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral. Its total weight is 21,383 kilograms (including the clapper), comparable in scale to the original 1711 bell while incorporating modern enhancements for swing dynamics.^[27]^[28] Crafted from a traditional bronze alloy composed of approximately 77% copper and 23% tin, the bell features a wall thickness of about 23 centimeters, providing structural integrity for free-swinging operation and resistance to vibrational stress. This composition, selected for its acoustic resonance and longevity, contributes to the bell's deep, resonant tone with a strike pitch tuned to C, producing a volume of up to 120 decibels at close range and audible distances extending roughly 10 kilometers under optimal conditions.^[29] As the second-largest free-swinging church bell in Europe—behind the Petersglocke in Cologne Cathedral (Germany) at approximately 24,000 kilograms—the Pummerin underscores Austria's bell-founding heritage. Enhancements in alloy purity and casting precision during its 1951 recasting ensure durability, with design features projected to endure over 100 years of periodic ringing without structural failure, addressing vulnerabilities observed in earlier iterations.^[28]^[15]^[30]

Ringing Mechanism and Schedule

The ringing mechanism of the Pummerin transitioned from manual operation to a modern automated system in 2003, when a computer-controlled electrical swinging mechanism was installed to ensure smooth activation and precise clapper strikes. This upgrade minimizes tower vibrations caused by the bell's substantial mass and allows for controlled swinging that was previously achieved by human effort alone.^[15] The bell's schedule is limited to significant ceremonial and religious events, reflecting its symbolic role in Viennese tradition. It rings at midnight on New Year's Eve and Day to usher in the new year, during the Easter Vigil on Holy Saturday around 23:00, on Easter Sunday between 11:50 and 12:10 to mark the Resurrection, on Christmas Eve, on All Souls' Day around 17:45 on November 2, on St. Stephen's Day on December 26, at the Domweihfest around 19:20-19:30 on April 23, on national holidays such as the anniversary of Austria's Declaration of Neutrality on October 26 around 19:00, and during state funerals or other high ecclesiastical moments.^[15]^[31] For these occasions, a team of approximately 12-16 ringers assists in preparing and overseeing the ringing, particularly for events requiring full peals that can last 30 to 60 minutes, with strict safety protocols governing access to the north tower belfry to protect personnel from the bell's powerful motion. The Pummerin's deep tone, tuned to C, harmonizes acoustically with the cathedral's other 12 bells when rung in ensemble, producing a resonant peal that carries across Vienna; this sound is often captured in recordings and broadcast live via radio, television, and online streams for wider public engagement.^[15] In the 2020s, ongoing maintenance has emphasized digital enhancements to the computer system, including remote monitoring capabilities.^[15]

Cultural and Symbolic Role

Historical Symbolism

The Pummerin bell, originally cast in 1705 and consecrated in 1711 from the metal of cannons captured during the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683, served as a tangible trophy commemorating the Christian victory that halted Ottoman expansion into Europe. This event, a pivotal moment in Habsburg history, transformed the bell into a symbol of imperial triumph and the dynasty's role as defenders of Christendom, reinforcing Vienna's identity as the heart of the Habsburg realm. Commissioned by Emperor Joseph I shortly before his death, the bell embodied gratitude for the liberation from Turkish forces and marked a gesture of piety amid ongoing European conflicts.^[15]^[31] In the Josephinian era, the Pummerin—initially known as the Josephinian bell—evolved into an emblem of imperial devotion and recovery following the strains of war, including the War of the Spanish Succession. Its deep, resonant toll, first heard in 1712, evoked stability and divine favor under Habsburg rule, linking the bell to themes of renewal and the emperor's legacy of religious patronage. As the Marienglocke or "Mary Bell," it further invoked Marian devotion, portraying the Virgin Mary as a protector invoked during the 1683 siege and subsequent crises, with its inscriptions and reliefs emphasizing her intercessory role in safeguarding the city.^[15]^[31] The bell's destruction in the fire at St. Stephen's Cathedral on April 12, 1945, during World War II, caused by flames from nearby looting during the Soviet advance, shattered its form but not its symbolic continuity; the 1951 recasting incorporated surviving metal fragments from the original, forging a direct link between wartime devastation and postwar rebirth. This act symbolized Austrian resilience, transforming the Pummerin into a beacon of national endurance and the nation's ability to reclaim its heritage amid ruin.^[15]^[3] Embedded in Viennese culture, the Pummerin has appeared in literature and art as a motif of the city's soul, often depicted tolling amid historical upheavals to evoke collective memory and solemnity. In music, its New Year's Eve ringing pairs with Johann Strauss II's The Blue Danube waltz, broadcast nationwide to herald the year, blending the bell's historic timbre with the composer's celebratory strains in a ritual of Viennese festivity and continuity.^[15]^[32]

Modern Significance and Comparisons

Since its recasting in 1951, the Pummerin has served as a prominent icon of Vienna's tourism landscape, drawing visitors to the North Tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral where it is prominently displayed and accessible via elevator. As part of the cathedral complex, which attracts approximately 3 million visitors annually, the bell enhances the site's appeal through guided tours that highlight its resonant history and acoustic power, contributing to Vienna's status as a cultural destination.^[33] Its visibility and the opportunity to observe it up close have made it a staple in tourist itineraries, underscoring its role in promoting the city's architectural and sonic heritage.^[4] The Pummerin embodies national symbolism as a marker of post-World War II unity and reconstruction in Austria, representing resilience after the destruction of its predecessor in 1945. It features prominently in media and festivals, most notably during New Year's Eve celebrations, where its tolling at midnight is broadcast nationwide on radio and television, often accompanied by the Blue Danube Waltz, fostering a sense of communal tradition. Special ringings occur on select occasions, including major Catholic holidays like Easter and Pentecost, as well as anniversaries such as the cathedral's consecration, reinforcing its contemporary cultural resonance.^[34]^[4] In comparisons among Europe's bells, the Pummerin, weighing 21,383 kg, ranks as one of the continent's largest free-swinging church bells, positioned third in Western Europe behind the Petersglocke in Cologne Cathedral (24,000 kg) and the Maria Dolens in Rovereto (22,639 kg). It surpasses medieval examples like Erfurt's Gloriosa (approximately 13,000 kg total swinging weight, though actively rung less frequently), highlighting its status among operational swinging bells. Unlike the non-swinging Tsar Bell in Russia, which at 200 tons is the world's largest cast bell but remains cracked and unrung since the 18th century, the Pummerin actively participates in rituals, emphasizing functional scale over mere size.^[15]^[35] As a key element of Vienna's Historic Centre, inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001, the Pummerin benefits from international recognition for its cultural heritage value, with preservation efforts focused on maintaining its structural integrity within the medieval cathedral framework. This status amplifies its global significance, ensuring ongoing conservation amid the site's high visitor traffic.^[36]

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Wien (Vienna), Austria, Stephansdom, , "Die Pummerin" (#1), 10400 kg, 1558 ... Köln (Cologne), Germany, Dom (Cathedral), "Speciosa" (third bell of a peal) ...
[38]
[PDF] Heritage - Historic Centre of Vienna - Stadt Wien
High architectural quality was achieved in the works of sacred architecture. Accordingly, a large number of important churches and chapels were built in this.