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Quintillus

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (died 270) was a Roman emperor who succeeded his brother Claudius II Gothicus for a brief period in 270 during the Crisis of the Third Century.^[1]^[2] Proclaimed emperor by the senate in Italy shortly after Claudius' death at Sirmium, with initial support from some soldiers, Quintillus' rule was characterized by efforts to secure loyalty through coinage minted at major facilities including Rome, Milan, and Siscia, though not in the eastern provinces.^[1]^[3] Ancient sources vary on the length of his reign, with Eutropius and Zonaras reporting 17 days while Zosimus suggests a few months; the fourth-century historian Eutropius described him as a man of singular moderation and aptitude for governing, comparable to his brother.^[1]^[2] Quintillus' tenure ended when Danubian legions acclaimed Aurelian as emperor, prompting either suicide by severing his veins or murder by his guards, according to conflicting accounts in Zonaras, Zosimus, and the Historia Augusta.^[1]^[3]

Origins and Early Career

Family and Background

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus was born circa 220 AD, likely in or near Sirmium in the province of Pannonia Inferior, a Danubian region that formed part of the broader Illyrian cultural and military sphere.^[4]^[5] He originated from a low-born provincial family, emblematic of the modest backgrounds that propelled many third-century soldier-emperors to power amid the empire's crises.^[6] Quintillus was the brother of the emperor Claudius II Gothicus (r. 268–270 AD), with both men emerging from the ranks of the Illyrian legions stationed along the Danube frontier, where military service provided pathways for advancement from humble origins.^[7] No historical records detail their parents, marriages, or descendants, underscoring the absence of dynastic ties that characterized many ephemeral rulers of the period.^[4]

Pre-Imperial Roles

Quintillus, a member of the Roman senatorial order, achieved prominence during the mid-third century amid the empire's deepening military crises. The Epitome of Cassius Dio describes him as possessing "the noblest birth" and being "long counted among the foremost members of the senate," indicating established administrative standing by the 260s AD. This senatorial elevation, atypical for the era's shift toward equestrian military specialists over traditional aristocrats, reflects recognition of his reliability in governance roles under emperors Valerian (r. 253–260) and Gallienus (r. 253–268). Specific pre-imperial offices remain sparsely attested, with no surviving inscriptions or literary references confirming a consulship or praetorian prefecture. However, the period's emphasis on frontier defense—particularly along the Danube, where Gothic incursions intensified after 258 AD—suggests Quintillus contributed to regional stability, paralleling his brother Claudius Gothicus's documented command against barbarian threats. Ancient historians like Zonaras and the Historia Augusta imply familial ties facilitated such martial engagements, prioritizing proven competence over pedigree amid the empire's fragmentation.^[4] Lacking epigraphic evidence, these roles align with the causal dynamics of third-century promotions, where senatorial figures often transitioned to military oversight to counter existential pressures from external invasions and internal usurpations.

Ascension and Reign

Succession After Claudius II

Marcus Aurelius Claudius, known as Claudius II, succumbed to the Cyprian Plague in Sirmium in late summer 270 AD, shortly after his victory over the Goths at Naissus, leaving the empire vulnerable during ongoing campaigns against barbarian incursions.^[8]^[9] This sudden demise amid military exertions in the Balkans created a power vacuum, as the central authority in Rome grappled with fragmented legions loyal to field commanders rather than distant institutions.^[10] Quintillus, Claudius II's brother and a senior military figure stationed in Italy, was proclaimed emperor soon after, with ancient accounts diverging on the proclaiming body: some attributing it to the Roman Senate emphasizing institutional continuity and senatorial preference for a moderating influence over the era's typical soldier-emperors, while others credit troops near Aquileia seeking rapid stabilization.^[1]^[11] This dual claim underscores the causal tension between civilian legitimacy and military acclamation, as the Senate's involvement aimed to bridge the gap left by Claudius' death and preempt rival claims from eastern or Danubian forces.^[1] As an initial measure to bolster his rule, Quintillus oversaw or endorsed the deification of Claudius II, a ritual act by the Senate that invoked divine continuity and familial legitimacy, minting consecratio coins honoring Divus Claudius to rally support across provinces.^[8] This step reflected pragmatic institutional adaptation to the crisis, leveraging religious precedent to mitigate the instability of fraternal succession in a period dominated by martial upheavals.^[12]

Key Actions and Policies

Quintillus' administration, constrained by its brevity of weeks to months in 270, emphasized continuity with the policies of his predecessor Claudius II rather than introducing innovations. Coinage production provides the primary numismatic evidence of his authority, with antoniniani minted at the Rome mint featuring obverse inscriptions like IMP C M AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG and reverses depicting deities such as Sol or Apollo, alongside similar issues from Illyrian facilities like Siscia.^[13] ^[14] These emissions, limited in volume, reflect pragmatic efforts to legitimize his rule through standard imperial iconography without novel designs or propaganda.^[15] Militarily, Quintillus adhered to the established Illyrian focus of Claudius II's reign, prioritizing defense against Gothic incursions in the Balkans without initiating major reforms or campaigns, as his elevation by Illyrian legions underscored loyalty to prevailing strategies.^[1] This continuity avoided disruptions in the ongoing efforts to stabilize the Danube frontier amid the Crisis of the Third Century. Ancient historian Eutropius characterized Quintillus' governance as marked by singular moderation and aptitude, distinguishing it from the fiscal exactions or purges common among contemporaries like the Gallic emperors.^[1] ^[2] Such restraint, per this account, aligned with senatorial preferences for stability over radical measures, though the absence of legislative or administrative records limits verification beyond anecdotal praise.

Military and Political Challenges

Quintillus inherited a Roman Empire beleaguered by persistent barbarian threats along its northern frontiers, which exacerbated legionary disloyalty and undermined his nascent authority. Claudius II's victory over the Goths at Naissus in 269 had temporarily stemmed Gothic incursions across the Danube, yet residual Gothic forces and allied tribes like the Sarmatians continued to harass the region, demanding sustained military presence and resources from overextended legions.^[16] Similarly, on the Rhine frontier, Alemannic raids persisted, contributing to broader instability that stretched troop commitments and fostered resentment among frontier garrisons toward distant imperial leadership.^[17] These external pressures intersected with internal divisions, as regional military commands vied for supremacy amid the Third Century Crisis. The Danube legions, fresh from campaigns against the Goths, demonstrated their autonomy by rejecting Quintillus' claim; troops in Sirmium, a strategic Pannonian stronghold, swiftly revolted and acclaimed the experienced commander Aurelian, signaling the primacy of battlefield credentials over fraternal succession.^[10] This competition from eastern military elites underscored the empire's fragmentation, where frontier armies prioritized operational effectiveness against barbarian threats over unity under a Rome-based ruler. Quintillus' reliance on senatorial endorsement in the west amplified tensions with the soldiery, who increasingly viewed civilian institutions as detached from the exigencies of constant warfare. Ancient accounts portray him as lacking the martial vigor expected by legions hardened by Danube and Rhine skirmishes, leading to mutinies that exposed the rift between senatorial tradition and military pragmatism.^[3] Such dynamics, rooted in the empire's decentralized defense structure, rendered his position untenable, as troop loyalties fragmented under the weight of unrelenting frontier demands.^[18]

Death and Overthrow

Conflicting Accounts of Demise

Ancient sources provide conflicting reports on the manner and circumstances of Quintillus' death in late 270 AD, with no contemporary inscriptions or material evidence confirming any specific cause, leaving historians reliant on later chroniclers whose accounts vary significantly in detail and motivation.^[1] One prevalent narrative, recorded by Zonaras in his Epitome Historiarum (12.26), describes Quintillus committing suicide by opening his veins upon learning of Aurelian's acclamation by the eastern legions, occurring after a reign of 17 days while he was in Aquileia.^[1] This version is echoed in the Historia Augusta (Aurelian 37.5-6), which states that Quintillus, commanding troops in Italy, failed to sway them against Aurelian and chose to end his life by slashing his veins after approximately 20 days in power; the same text alternatively suggests murder at the hands of his soldiers, possibly in response to his imposition of strict discipline.^[1] Zosimus, in his New History (1.47), similarly attributes Quintillus' end to suicide by venesection, rejecting flight as unbecoming for a Roman general, though he estimates the reign at a few months rather than days.^[19] Other accounts imply violence at the hands of others without specifying suicide. Jerome's Chronicle (s.a. 271) reports that Quintillus was simply "slain" at Aquileia after 17 days, while the Epitome de Caesaribus (34.5) notes he "held power a few days and was killed," aligning with a short tenure but offering no further elucidation.^[1] Eutropius, in his Breviarium (9.12), praises Quintillus as a man of moderation comparable to his brother but records only that he "died a few days later" without detailing the cause, potentially implying natural death or omission.^[2] Some traditions posit death in conflict with Aurelian's forces, either in battle or execution, though these lack explicit attribution in surviving texts and contrast with the Italian locale emphasized elsewhere; reign durations in these variants range from 17 days to possibly 77 days per the Chronographer of 354, highlighting the evidentiary gaps in fourth-century and later summaries prone to abbreviation and partisan slant.^[1] John of Antioch (fr. 154) reinforces the suicide motif by claiming a physician assisted in opening Quintillus' veins amid despair over Aurelian's rise, but the multiplicity of reports—spanning self-inflicted, regicidal, or martial ends—underscores the absence of unified testimony from proximate witnesses.^[1]

Transition to Aurelian

Following Quintillus's death in Aquileia during September 270, military allegiance shifted decisively to Aurelian, the commander of the cavalry and Danube legions who had been proclaimed emperor by troops in Sirmium around the same time as Quintillus's elevation in Italy.^[1] This dual proclamation reflected the era's fragmented imperial authority, with Quintillus backed initially by the Senate and Praetorian Guard, while Aurelian's support stemmed from frontier armies loyal to Claudius II's military legacy.^[1] Ancient accounts, including Zonaras, suggest Claudius had intended Aurelian as successor on his deathbed, a claim that facilitated the rapid consolidation of power under the general without prolonged conflict.^[1] Aurelian marched unopposed to Rome, where the Praetorian Guard—having reportedly abandoned or turned against Quintillus—transferred their loyalty, and the Senate confirmed his emperorship by late 270.^[1] Numismatic evidence supports this transition, as mints initially produced coins for both claimants concurrently, but Aurelian's issues soon predominated across the empire, indicating widespread acceptance by provincial authorities.^[1] The brevity of any overlap, lasting weeks at most, underscores the army's decisive role in Roman succession during the third-century crisis, overriding senatorial preferences.^[1]

Historiography and Evidence

Ancient Sources and Their Biases

The primary ancient sources for Quintillus derive from late Roman epitomes and Byzantine compilations, with no extant contemporary accounts, panegyrics, or inscriptions issued under his authority, thereby restricting analysis to filtered summaries likely shaped by subsequent imperial propaganda favoring Aurelian's military acclamation over senatorial election. These texts, often drawing from a lost Kaisergeschichte or similar chronicles, exhibit brevity in detailing Quintillus' capabilities, potentially reflecting victors' biases that minimized rivals' legitimacy to justify transitions of power.^[1] Eutropius' Breviarium ab Urbe Condita (ca. 369 CE) briefly praises Quintillus as "a man of singular moderation and grace," noting his elevation by soldiers with senatorial ratification after Claudius II's death in September 270 CE, but omits substantive policies or achievements, consistent with the work's compressed style commissioned under Valentinian I. This temperate depiction contrasts with the era's volatility, yet Eutropius' reliance on earlier military-focused sources may introduce a subtle pro-army tilt, undervaluing senatorial initiatives amid third-century precedents of rapid usurpations.^[1]^[20] Sextus Aurelius Victor's De Caesaribus (ca. 361 CE) provides an even terser account, hampered by textual lacunae, recording Quintillus' senatorial proclamation and a seventeen-day reign terminated by troops' murder or his suicide due to disloyalty. Composed under Constantius II's influence, Victor's narrative aligns with a historiographical preference for decisive military emperors, possibly slanting against Quintillus to underscore Aurelian's restorative role, as seen in Victor's broader moralizing of third-century failures as products of weak leadership.^[1]^[21] Byzantine excerpts amplify variances: Zonaras (12th century) details a seventeen-day tenure ending in vein-slashing suicide, moralistically likening it to a "dreamed" imperium, a framing reflective of later Christian tendencies to interpret brevity as divine judgment rather than contingent politics. Zosimus' Historia Nova (ca. 500 CE) posits a marginally longer duration of months before confrontation with Aurelian, adhering to pagan martial valor without supernatural embellishments here, though his overall anti-Christian polemic indirectly favors emperors like Aurelian who stabilized the realm against perceived eastern influences.^[1] The Historia Augusta eschews a standalone vita for Quintillus, referencing him incidentally in Claudius' life (strict discipline inciting troops' revolt, akin to Galba and Pertinax) and Aurelian's (power seizure followed by suicide after twenty days upon Aurelian's advance). This selective treatment, amid the corpus' documented fabrications and gaps for third-century figures, renders it of limited utility, likely amplifying pro-Aurelian narratives while omitting evidence that might validate Quintillus' claim.^[1]

Modern Scholarly Debates

Scholars debate whether Quintillus' brief elevation represented a legitimate transitional emperorship or merely a senatorial interregnum devoid of broader imperial viability. Alaric Watson posits that the Roman Senate actively selected Quintillus as Claudius II's successor, viewing him as preferable to the Danubian military's candidate, Aurelian, reflecting lingering senatorial aspirations for influence amid military dominance.^[22] This interpretation underscores a momentary assertion of traditional republican mechanisms, yet highlights their obsolescence in an era where army acclamation determined rule, rendering Quintillus' position precarious without troop loyalty. Assessments of Quintillus' competence emphasize his efforts to maintain administrative stability in Rome during acute instability, yet critique his insufficient martial credentials for the soldier-emperor paradigm of the third century. Lacking the battlefield prowess that characterized successful contemporaries like Claudius II or Aurelian, Quintillus prioritized senatorial governance over frontier command, which scholars attribute to his older age and civilian background rather than inherent incapacity.^[1] This approach, while aiming to restore institutional continuity, exposed vulnerabilities in a context demanding rapid military responsiveness to invasions and usurpations. In linking Quintillus' overthrow to the Third Century Crisis, modern analyses stress systemic institutional fragility—particularly the disconnect between senatorial authority in the capital and legionary power in provinces—over individual shortcomings. Olivier Hekster argues that such successions revealed the empire's reliance on ad hoc military endorsements, exacerbating fragmentation without robust central mechanisms for succession.^[23] Lukas de Blois similarly frames the period's turbulence as rooted in eroded fiscal and administrative structures, where ephemeral rulers like Quintillus illustrated the crisis's depth without embodying its primary causation.^[24] Regarding his demise, recent scholarship, including contributions from de Blois and Hekster, reevaluates ancient suicide narratives through lenses of military psychology, suggesting desertion by disaffected troops under Aurelian's rising influence as more plausible than voluntary self-destruction. This view aligns with patterns of legionary pragmatism, where soldiers prioritized victorious commanders amid Gothic threats and economic strain, prompting rapid shifts in allegiance rather than orchestrated regicide.^[25] Such interpretations prioritize empirical troop dynamics over biased late-antique accounts, portraying Quintillus' end as emblematic of the era's power vacuums.

Numismatic and Material Evidence

Numismatic evidence for Quintillus primarily consists of rare gold aurei and more common billon antoniniani struck at the mints of Rome and Siscia during his brief tenure in 270 AD. Aurei bearing his portrait and legends such as IMP C M AVR QVINTILLVS AVG are exceedingly scarce, with known specimens attributed to Siscia or possibly Rome, reflecting limited production consistent with a reign of weeks to months rather than years.^[26] ^[13] Antoniniani, the primary circulating currency, show Quintillus with radiate, draped, and cuirassed busts, often paired with reverses depicting deities like Fides or Victoria, but their distribution appears confined to Italy and the Balkans, underscoring restricted minting and dissemination.^[15] Stylistic analysis reveals close continuity with coinage of his predecessor Claudius II, including similar portraiture, lettering (e.g., the distinctive rendering of 'M' as IUI on some issues), and reverse motifs, with no evidence of innovative designs or extensive overhauls that might indicate prolonged control over provincial workshops.^[27] This resemblance suggests Quintillus' issues were hasty continuations of existing templates at active mints, without the capacity for widespread reform or propagation seen in longer reigns like Aurelian's subsequent emissions from the same facilities.^[14] Material evidence is sparse, with no confirmed inscriptions explicitly honoring Quintillus as Augustus beyond potential ephemeral dedications in senatorial circles; the absence of dated epigraphic records post-September 270 AD aligns with numismatic scarcity, favoring a short chronology over claims of extended rule.^[1] Archaeological contexts, such as coin hoards from Illyrian sites, occasionally include Quintillus pieces alongside Claudius II emissions, but lack direct ties to military diplomas or structures definitively linked to his authority, providing indirect corroboration of localized, transient support without broader imperial consolidation.^[28]

References

[1]
Roman Emperors DIR Quintilius
May 6, 1999 · Eutropius describes him as a man of singular moderation and grace, and comparable or even preferable to his brother, chosen emperor by the soldiers.
[2]
Eutropius, Short History 9 - Livius.org
Oct 13, 2020 · [12] After him Quintillus, the brother of Claudius, was elected emperor by agreement among the soldiers, a man of singular moderation and ...
[3]
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/thayer/e/roman/texts/historia_augusta/aurelian/2*.html
[4]
Quintillus - Livius.org
Aug 10, 2020 · Date of birth and full name unknown (born in or near Sirmium) · First half September 270: Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus ...<|separator|>
[5]
Claudius Quintillus (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus)
Dec 31, 2018 · Perhaps born ca. 220 ce, of Danubian origin, Claudius Quintillus (PLRE I 579; PIR 2 A 1480) was Roman emperor for two or three months in the ...Missing: family background
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Quintillus (212-270) Life & Death, Roman Emperor - Totally History
Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus was born around 212 in Pannonia Inferior. He was not fortunate enough to be born into a wealthy and influential family ...Missing: background origins
[7]
Quintillus | British Museum
Life dates: -270. Biography: Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus was the younger brother of Claudius II (q.v.). He succeeded his brother when his troops ...
[8]
Roman Emperors - DIR Claudius Gothicus and Censorinus
Jun 19, 2001 · In 269 Claudius served as consul with Paternus.[[12]] This year ... [[37]] Claudius' brother, Quintillus, became emperor briefly before losing out ...<|separator|>
[9]
Claudius II - Livius.org
Oct 13, 2020 · 270 Accepts the title Parthicus Maximus; succumbs to the Plague in Sirmium; his brother Quintillus is unable to establish himself and is ...
[10]
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Jul 20, 2001 · Eutropius (9,12) writes that Quintillus was elected emperor consensu militum and consensu senatus, but was killed on the seventeenth day of his ...
[11]
Emperor Quintillus - The Roman Empire
Life: AD c. 224 - 283 Name: Marcus Aurelius Numerius Carus Born AD ca. 224 at Narbo in Gaul. Consul AD 283. Became emperor in September AD 282.Missing: family background origins
[12]
Emperor Claudius II Gothicus - Roman-Empire.net
Died at Sirmium, August AD 270. Deified AD 270. Marcus Aurelius ... He died of plague in January AD 270. What is this? Report Ad. Claudius II ...
[13]
Quintillus, Roman Imperial Coins of, at WildWinds.com
Quintillus AE Antoninianus. Rome mint, 270 AD. IMP C M AVR C L QVINTILLVS AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right / AETERNIT AVG, Sol standing left, ...Missing: minting | Show results with:minting
[14]
https://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/roman-and-greek-coins.asp?vpar=742
[15]
quintillus - CoinArchives.com Search Results
The number of coins minted during his reign testifies rather to a few months of reign. Roman Imperial Quintillus (270), Antoninianus 270, Rome mint Obverse: ...
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https://penelope.uchicago.edu/thayer/e/roman/texts/historia_augusta/aurelian/2*.html
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The Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century | Ancient Origins
Jan 2, 2020 · When the empire came under increased threat from the Germanic and ... Rhine and Danube rivers and migrated en-masse into the empire's territories.
[18]
the crisis of the empire (a.d. 249-270) - Cristo Raul.org
Not only did the solemn election of Tacitus fall to the lot of the Senate but Quintillus, before him, was the Senate's tool. One may even go further and say ...
[19]
Zosimus, New History 1.47 - Livius.org
Apr 16, 2020 · Some writers inform us, that Quintillus was advised by his friends ... They report that he complied by opening a vein and bleeding to death.
[20]
[PDF] A tale of two periods - Leiden University Student Repository
The Oracle, Zosimus and Zonaras claim that Decius was betrayed by his successor Gallus, but cf. Potter (1990) 45: “it is inconceivable that Roman soldiers ...
[21]
S. Aurelius Victor: Some Fourth Century Issues - jstor
Victor either did not know of or chose to omit the distinct cultural interests and attainments of Gallienus, an unfortunate victim of senatorial propaganda ...
[22]
M. Claudius Tacitus : Senator or Soldier? - jstor
Watson, Aurelian. [n. 10], p. 46-47, likewise regards Quintillus as a possible senatorial choice in preference to the possibility of Aurelian as emperor.
[23]
(PDF) Rome and its Empire, AD 193-284 - ResearchGate
the history of the Greek and Roman world. In this volume Olivier Hekster explores in particular the condition of. the Roman empire in the third century ad, ...
[24]
Image and Reality of Roman Imperial Power in the Third Century Ad
Lukas de Blois is Emeritus Professor of Ancient History at Radboud University at Nijmegen in The Netherlands. He published books and articles on the history of ...
[25]
Was the crisis of the third century the result of military threats or ...
The paper examines the crisis of the third century in the Roman Empire, a complex period marked by military threats and internal weaknesses.
[26]
https://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=quintillus
[27]
The Coinage of Aurelian and Roman Imperial Mint Forgeries - jstor
despite earlier hair style, not Rome but Siscia, cf.style of reverse figures ... On official coins of Claudius II and Quintillus the letter M was cut as IUI (cf.
[28]
(PDF) Coin Hoards and the Chronology of the Gallic Emperors
This paper examines the chronology of the Gallic emperors during a tumultuous period of Roman history (235-284 AD) characterized by a lack of reliable ...