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Ragusa

Ragusa may refer to several places, entities, and uses, primarily derived from Latin and Romance-language names for locations in Europe. It is the historical name for Dubrovnik, a city in southern Croatia, which was the center of the Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808), an independent maritime republic known for its trade, diplomacy, and cultural significance.^[1] Ragusa is also the name of a city and province in Sicily, Italy. For further details, see:

Etymology

Name origins

The name "Ragusa" first appears in historical records in the 7th century, documented by the anonymous Ravenna cosmographer in the phrase "Epidaurum id est Ragusium," referring to a settlement on the Dalmatian coast.^[2] This early Byzantine attestation marks the initial Latinized form of the toponym, linking it to the ancient Roman colony of Epidaurum while establishing "Ragusium" as its contemporary equivalent.^[3] The primary etymological derivation traces to Greek roots associated with rocky terrain, as explained by the 10th-century Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in De Administrando Imperio. He posited that the name originated from the Greek term lau or lausa, meaning "precipice" or "cliff," reflecting the steep coastal landscape; this evolved through phonetic shifts into Latin "Rausium" or "Rhausion," denoting "cliff-dwellers" as Lausaioi became Rausaioi.^[4] Scholars have refined this to suggest a connection with the Greek adjective laugousa, from lauseia ("full of clefts"), tied to the Indo-European root *leug-/lēg- for breaking or splitting, emphasizing the fractured rock formations.^[5] Alternative theories propose deeper ancient roots in Illyrian or Proto-Albanian languages, with linguist Eqrem Çabej suggesting a link to Proto-Albanian *rāguša, meaning "grape" or "berry" (reflected in modern Albanian rrush), potentially evidenced by the name's early Byzantine documentation.^[5] However, this hypothesis has faced criticism for lacking phonological and semantic plausibility. During the medieval period, the name underwent influences from Romance languages, particularly Dalmatian Romance variants like lausa ("rock"), which reinforced its association with precipitous features amid Latin and Italian usage.^[5] A similar term appears in Italian for the Sicilian town of Ragusa, originally known as Hybla Heraea.

Linguistic variations

The name "Ragusa" served as the standard Italian form for the Adriatic city-state now known as Dubrovnik, remaining in official and widespread use until 1918, when the Slavic name became predominant following the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.^[6]^[7] The Croatian and broader Slavic name "Dubrovnik," derived from the term for "oak grove," first appeared in records as early as the 12th century but gained parallel prominence alongside "Ragusa" by the 15th century, particularly in vernacular contexts, while "Ragusa" persisted in official Latin diplomatic and administrative documents throughout the Republic's existence.^[8]^[2] In the case of the Sicilian city, local usage in the Sicilian dialect features variations such as "Rausa," reflecting phonetic adaptations from earlier forms like the Latin "Ragusia," which evolved from ancient names tied to the region's rocky terrain.^[9] This Sicilian "Ragusa" may briefly connect to the ancient Greek "Rhegion," denoting a coastal settlement.^[10] In contemporary English-language contexts, "Ragusa" functions as both a historical designation for the former republic centered on Dubrovnik and the primary geographical term for the Sicilian province and city, necessitating disambiguation; Italian references overwhelmingly employ "Ragusa" for the Sicilian locale, whereas Croatian usage exclusively favors "Dubrovnik" for the Dalmatian city.^[11]

Places

Dubrovnik, Croatia

Dubrovnik is situated in southern Dalmatia along the Adriatic Sea coast in Croatia, nestled between the Dinaric Alps and the sea on a promontory of rocky terrain.^[12] The city proper has a population of approximately 42,000 residents as of 2025.^[13] Historically known as Ragusa, a name derived from the Latin Ragusium and linked to the Greek term for "rock" or "cliff" (rhau-sion or lausa), reflecting its rugged coastal setting, Dubrovnik serves as the primary modern embodiment of this ancient designation.^[12] The city's core is a remarkably preserved walled medieval urban center, featuring imposing fortifications that encircle the historic Old Town. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979 for its outstanding universal value, Dubrovnik exemplifies Renaissance architecture through landmarks such as the Sponza Palace and the Rector's Palace, which blend Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque elements.^[14] Its maritime history is equally prominent, rooted in centuries as a key Adriatic port that facilitated trade and cultural exchange across the Mediterranean and beyond.^[12] Today, Dubrovnik functions as a vibrant Croatian municipality, with the name "Ragusa" reserved solely for historical references. Economically, it thrives as a premier tourist destination, attracting visitors drawn to its scenic beauty, cultural heritage, and coastal charm; pre-2020 figures showed over 1.4 million annual tourist arrivals, a number that has stabilized around similar levels in recent years following pandemic recovery.^[15]^[16] This influx underscores the city's global appeal while highlighting ongoing efforts to balance tourism with preservation of its UNESCO-protected legacy.^[14]

Ragusa, Sicily, Italy

Ragusa is the capital city and a comune of the Province of Ragusa, located in southeastern Sicily, Italy. Situated on a limestone ridge between two deep valleys, it exemplifies the island's Hyblean plateau landscape, characterized by rolling hills and karst formations. As of 2025, the city proper has a population of 73,778, while the province encompasses about 320,976 residents across 12 municipalities, making it one of Sicily's smaller administrative divisions by population density at roughly 198 inhabitants per square kilometer.^[17]^[18] The city's architectural heritage is a highlight, dominated by late Baroque style following the catastrophic 1693 Val di Noto earthquake that destroyed much of the original medieval settlement. The lower historic quarter, known as Ragusa Ibla, was rebuilt on its ancient site with ornate churches, palaces, and piazzas featuring intricate facades and honey-colored limestone, including landmarks like the Cathedral of San Giorgio and Palazzo Arezzo di Trifiletti. In contrast, the upper modern district, Ragusa Superiore, developed post-earthquake as a planned expansion connected by iconic bridges spanning the valley. This dual structure, blending restoration and innovation, earned inclusion in UNESCO's Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto World Heritage Site in 2002, recognizing the region's unified aesthetic response to seismic devastation.^[19] Economically, Ragusa relies on agriculture as its cornerstone, with fertile plains supporting olive groves, vineyards, and cereal crops that yield renowned extra-virgin olive oil and DOC-protected wines like Cerasuolo di Vittoria. Tourism has surged since the UNESCO designation, drawing visitors to explore Baroque gems and nearby beaches, contributing significantly to local services alongside light industries such as food processing, textiles, and construction materials. The province's GDP per capita stood at approximately €17,500 in 2022, reflecting a modest growth trajectory amid Sicily's broader challenges.^[20] Administratively, Ragusa has functioned as a comune since the Norman era, but the modern Province of Ragusa was formally established in 1927 by detaching territories from the Province of Siracusa and Catania, with the city designated as its capital—the southernmost such in Italy. This status underscores its role as a regional hub for governance, education, and commerce in southeastern Sicily.^[21]

Historical entities

Republic of Ragusa

The Republic of Ragusa, centered on the city of modern-day Dubrovnik in Croatia, existed as an independent aristocratic republic from 1358 to 1808. It was established following the Treaty of Zadar in 1358, which ended Venetian control over Dalmatia and placed Ragusa under nominal Hungarian suzerainty while granting substantial autonomy.^[4] The government was structured as an oligarchy dominated by a closed patrician class, with power concentrated in the Great Council of around 300 nobles, which served as the supreme legislative body.^[22] A rector, elected monthly from among the nobles, acted as head of state with limited authority, overseeing ceremonies, seals, and council proceedings but lacking executive veto power to prevent any single individual from dominating.^[4] This system, formalized after the patriciate closed in 1332 and reinforced by the 1440 "Golden Book" restricting nobility to established families, emphasized collective rule and stability among the elite.^[22] Ragusa's diplomatic achievements were pivotal to its survival, characterized by shrewd alliances and a policy of armed neutrality amid European conflicts. From 1458, it paid annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire—initially 1,500 ducats, rising to 12,500 by the late 15th century—in exchange for trade privileges and protection, allowing safe passage through Ottoman territories and positioning Ragusa as a key intermediary between East and West.^[4] Relations with Venice remained complex post-1358, involving occasional alliances against common threats like the Ottomans, mutual commercial pacts, and naval support during wars such as the Chioggia War of 1378–1381, yet Ragusa consistently asserted its independence.^[4] This neutrality enabled Ragusa to mediate disputes, host refugees, and profit from wartime trade disruptions elsewhere, while avoiding direct involvement in major conflicts like the Hundred Years' War or the Thirty Years' War.^[22] The republic's economy flourished through maritime trade and shipbuilding, leveraging its strategic Adriatic position and diplomatic protections. By the late 16th century, Ragusa's merchant fleet exceeded 200 vessels, totaling around 33,000 tons and rivaling Venice's in efficiency due to state-subsidized construction at its arsenal, established as early as the 8th century.^[23] Trade networks spanned the Mediterranean, Balkans, and beyond, exporting salt, hides, and silk while importing spices and textiles, with colonies in Ottoman mining regions like Novo Brdo facilitating inland commerce.^[4] The city's population reached a peak of approximately 90,000 in the late 15th century, declining to around 30,000 by the [17th century](/page/17th century), supporting a prosperous merchant class amid this commercial golden age from 1550 to 1575.^[23] The 1667 earthquake devastated the city, killing thousands and destroying much of the infrastructure, contributing to the republic's gradual decline. Ragusa's independence ended in 1808 when Napoleonic forces under Marshal Marmont blockaded and captured the city, incorporating it briefly into the French Illyrian Provinces and the Kingdom of Italy.^[4] Following Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 assigned Ragusa to the Austrian Empire, where it remained under Habsburg rule until 1918, marking the close of over four centuries of republican governance.^[4]

County of Ragusa

The County of Ragusa was established in 1091 as part of the Norman conquest of Sicily led by Roger I, focusing on a small coastal territory in southeastern Sicily near the newly captured Muslim stronghold of Noto. This reorganization followed the completion of the island's conquest, transforming the region from Arab rule into a Norman feudal holding to secure control over strategic areas.^[24] The county served as an administrative unit amid the transition from military campaigns to governance, emphasizing stability in a frontier zone.^[25] Geoffrey of Hauteville, an illegitimate son of Roger I, was appointed count of Ragusa around 1100, shortly after Roger I's death in 1101, to oversee the territory's resources and connections. As count, Geoffrey managed key trade routes linking Sicily to the Italian mainland, facilitating the exchange of goods like grain and textiles in the post-conquest economy.^[26] His administration reflected the Hauteville family's strategy of delegating authority to kin in peripheral regions, though records of his tenure are sparse due to the county's modest scale. The county featured early Arab-Norman fortifications, such as reinforced outposts blending local Islamic defensive techniques with Norman military designs, to protect against residual Muslim resistance.^[27] Administration under Geoffrey and his successors incorporated multicultural elements, merging Arab fiscal systems, Byzantine legal customs, and Latin ecclesiastical structures to govern a diverse population of Muslims, Greeks, and Latins until the mid-12th century.^[28] By 1130, with Roger II's proclamation of the Kingdom of Sicily, the County of Ragusa was dissolved and integrated into the centralized royal domain, ending its semi-autonomous status.^[29] This early Norman entity influenced later Sicilian naming conventions by associating the Arabic-derived toponym "Rugah" with feudal titles.

People

Surname Ragusa

The surname Ragusa is of Italian origin, primarily from Sicily, where it emerged as a habitational name denoting individuals originating from the city of Ragusa in the province of the same name. This etymology ties directly to the Sicilian place name, reflecting medieval naming practices among families associated with specific locales.^[30]^[31]^[32] The surname's roots trace to noble families in Sicily, with documented presence among the aristocracy as early as the 13th century, during the period of Norman and Aragonese influence on the island. One prominent example is the Ragusa di Mazzara lineage, a noble Sicilian house centered in Mazzara del Vallo, which held significant civic roles such as jurors by 1579 and exemplified the integration of local families into the feudal nobility. Heraldic associations for such Ragusa families date to the 15th century, featuring elements like a golden lion rising on a blue field in quartered arms, as seen in the blazon for the Ragusa di Mazzara: troncato da una fascia in divisa di rosso, nel primo d'azzurro al leone d'oro nascente, nel secondo di argento a due fascie ondate d'azzurro.^[33]^[34] Globally, the surname is most prevalent in Italy, where over 10,660 bearers reside, concentrated in Sicily (about 75% of the Italian total) due to its historical origins. In the United States, it numbered 2,528 individuals in the 2010 census; recent estimates indicate approximately 3,600 bearers as of the 2020s, ranking around 11,200th among U.S. surnames.^[35] Migration from Sicily in the 19th and 20th centuries spread the name to Australia (158 bearers) and Argentina (775 bearers), where Italian diaspora communities preserved it.^[35]^[36]^[37] Notable individuals with the surname include Vincenzo Ragusa (1841–1927), an Italian sculptor known for his work in Japan.^[38] Variants such as Rausa exist, particularly in Sicilian dialects, serving as phonetic adaptations of the original habitational form.^[39]

Ragusans from Dubrovnik

The population of the Republic of Ragusa exhibited a diverse ethnic composition, comprising primarily Slavs, Italians, Dalmatians, and remnants of Romanized groups, alongside smaller numbers of Bosnians and Vlachs. Slavic immigration, particularly from the Balkans, intensified from the 10th century onward and became dominant by the 14th century, driven by factors such as plagues, trade, and military alliances, while Italian influences persisted strongly among the urban elite and merchants. The term "Ragusan" primarily denoted civic citizenship and loyalty to the republic, transcending specific ethnic origins and fostering a unified identity among inhabitants regardless of their background.^[22]^[22]^[22] Ragusans made significant cultural contributions through the promotion of Romance languages, particularly in literature and diplomacy during the 15th to 17th centuries. The republic's patriciate supported intellectual endeavors by establishing chairs in Italian and Latin literature as early as the early 15th century, enabling the production of historiographical and poetic works that blended local Romance dialects with broader Italian influences. Poets and diplomats from Ragusa actively engaged in Renaissance humanism, crafting narratives that reinforced the city's classical heritage and diplomatic prowess across Europe and the Ottoman Empire, thereby elevating Dalmatian Romance expressions in official and literary contexts.^[22]^[4]^[22] Following the republic's dissolution in 1808 under French occupation, a notable diaspora emerged among Ragusan merchants, shipowners, intellectuals, and nobility, who dispersed to Italy, Austria, and the Americas in search of economic and political opportunities. This emigration, documented in an 1817 intelligence register, reflected the economic stagnation and political upheavals in post-republican Dubrovnik under Habsburg rule, with many departing to avoid assimilation or pursue trade networks abroad. Ragusan exiles preserved their distinct identity through cultural and mutual aid societies that maintained traditions, language, and historical memory well into the 20th century.^[40]^[40]^[40] In the modern era, descendants of Ragusans continue to identify as natives of Dubrovnik within Croatia, contributing to the region's cultural heritage through local institutions and historical preservation efforts. Some families trace their lineage via the surname Ragusa, linking back to the republic's patrician class.^[22]

Other uses

Commercial products

The Ragusa chocolate is a renowned Swiss confectionery brand produced by Chocolats Camille Bloch SA, a family-owned company founded in 1929 and based in Courtelary, Switzerland. Launched in 1942 amid wartime cocoa shortages, the product features layered milk or dark chocolate bars filled with a praline mixture of ground and whole Piedmont hazelnuts, emphasizing the brand's innovative use of abundant nuts to create a creamy, nut-forward treat. The name "Ragusa" draws inspiration from the historic Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik, Croatia), a maritime power that founder Camille Bloch admired after vacationing there, evoking its legacy of trade and refinement in the product's branding. As the company's flagship offering, Ragusa contributed significantly to annual production of approximately 3,700 tons of chocolate specialties as of 2015, with the brand alone accounting for about 1,900 tons yearly (total production was 3,200 tons as of 2023).^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44] Another commercial product bearing the name Ragusa is extra virgin olive oil from Sicily's Ragusa province, a key area in the island's southeastern olive-growing region. This oil, often branded under the Ragusa designation to highlight its territorial origin, is produced primarily from indigenous cultivars such as Nocellara Etnea, Tonda Iblea, and Moresca olives, yielding a fruity profile with notes of green herbs, tomato, and almond. Certified under the Monti Iblei Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) since its EU registration in 1997, the oil must derive at least 80% from these local varieties grown in the hilly Iblei Mountains across Ragusa, Syracuse, and Catania provinces, ensuring authenticity and quality through strict production standards like cold-pressing within hours of harvest. Producers in Ragusa, such as those in the Monti Iblei consortium established in 2000, focus on sustainable farming in this PDO zone, which supports Sicily's broader olive oil sector contributing to the region's annual output of around 37,000 tons. Exports of Sicilian PDO oils, including those from Ragusa, reach EU and international markets, bolstering the island's agri-food economy through certified premium labeling.^[45]^[46]^[47]

Titles and nobility

The County of Ragusa in Sicily was established under Norman rule in the 11th century, with Geoffrey, an illegitimate son of Roger I, Count of Sicily, appointed as its count around 1092. This title reflected the integration of Ragusa into the Norman Kingdom of Sicily following the conquest from Arab control, serving as an administrative fief until Geoffrey's death in 1120.^[48] Within the Republic of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik), the nobility consisted of a closed patriciate formalized in 1332, comprising families eligible to hold public office and participate in the Major Council. This system emphasized collective governance over individual hereditary titles, with patricians rotating in roles such as the Rector (chief magistrate), ensuring oligarchic control without feudal hierarchies; the class was slightly expanded in 1667 after an earthquake decimated its numbers.^[49] The title Duke of Ragusa (Duc de Raguse) was created in the French Empire on April 15, 1808, for Marshal Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de Marmont, in recognition of his military successes in occupying the Republic of Ragusa during Napoleon's Illyrian campaign, which ended the republic's independence that year. The title, heritable by primogeniture with a majorat endowment of 30,000 francs, became extinct upon Marmont's death in 1852 without legitimate male heirs. Its coat of arms featured a blue field with a golden bend between two imperial eagles, symbolizing Napoleonic authority and the fortified city of Ragusa.^[50] Following the Napoleonic Wars, the Habsburg monarchy incorporated "Duke of Ragusa" into the grand title of the Emperor of Austria in 1814, upon annexing Dalmatia—including Ragusa—into the Austrian Empire after the Treaty of Paris restored regional control. This imperial title, held by successive emperors such as Francis I and Franz Joseph I, persisted as a symbolic assertion of sovereignty until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. The associated heraldry incorporated the Habsburg double-headed eagle, emblematic of imperial dominion over the Adriatic territories.^[51]

References

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Remembering the Ragusan Republic - FEE.org
Apr 10, 2019 · The Republic of Ragusa gained its independence from Venice in 1358. It lost it to Napoleon Bonaparte when he seized it in 1808.
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Ragusa: The City Republic of Dubrovnik - History Today
Jan 1, 1980 · Ragusa: The City Republic of Dubrovnik. In the Middle Ages the 'Jewel of the Adriatic' occupied an important place in the intellectual and ...
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Dubrovnik: The Ragusa Republic, Rival to Venice - Escales - Ponant
Dubrovnik was the Ragusa Republic, a rival to Venice, with a maritime presence and modern laws. It was dissolved in 1815 and is now a UNESCO site.
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Mobility and Encounter in the Ottoman Balkans (1430–1700)
By the end of the fifteenth century, the Ottomans had absorbed nearly the entire Balkan Peninsula. Dubrovnik (also known as Ragusa), a small mercantile republic ...
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[PDF] THE OLDEST FOUNDATION MYTH OF RAGUSA
The rest of the thesis deals with the subsequent history of the Ragusan foundation myth in an attempt to reveal the different ways in which the Ragusan ...
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the republic of ragusa - Project Gutenberg
Ragusa was a small city, and its history is all on a small scale. At best she can only be regarded as a second-class city of the first rank.
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About the place-name Ragusa for Dubrovnik - Hrčak - Srce
Putanec; only E. Qabej presented his own yet a neither phonologically nor semantically plausible solution: Alb. rrush 'grape' (as against Alb. Rush 'Raguse ...
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Jan 3, 2018 · From the 10th century until the 1808 Ragusa, or the Republic of Ragusa, was used as the official name. Although strangely the first recorded use ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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May 10, 1994 · The search for an etymology of the place-name Ragusa for Dubrovnik has a rather long tradition in the European linguistics.
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Dec 4, 2024 · Ragusa was likely derived from the Latin word “Rhegion,” an ancient Greek colony founded on the coast of Sicily.Missing: Dubrovnik | Show results with:Dubrovnik
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Ragusa usually means: Historic name for Dubrovnik, Croatia. All meanings: A province of Sicily, Italy. The capital of the Italian province of Ragusa.
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The city was founded about 614 as Rausa, or Ragusium, by Roman refugees fleeing the Slav and Avar sack of Epidaurus, just to the southeast. A colony of Slavs ...
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Contents: Population ; Dubrovnik, Town ; Dubrovnik. 41,646 Population [2023] – Estimate. 144.0 km² Area.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Date of Inscription: 1979 ; Significant modifications to the boundaries : 1994 ; Minor boundary modification inscribed year: 2018 ; Criteria: (i)(iii)(iv).Gallery · Documents · Maps · Videos
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Jan 2, 2020 · From the 1st of January to the 31st of December 2019, 1,443,971 tourists arrived in Dubrovnik, which is a 13 percent more than in 2018 and 4, ...
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Dubrovnik Crowned Croatia?s Tourism Champion in 2024
Jan 4, 2025 · Specifically, Dubrovnik recorded 4,555,636 overnight stays and 1,397,052 tourist arrivals, making it the most visited destination in Croatia by ...
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Ragusa. 73,778 Population [2025] – Estimate. 444.7 km² Area. 165.9/km² Population Density [2025]. 0.45% Annual Population Change [2021 → 2025]. Map Chart ...
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The main industrial activities are those involved in processing and marketing the agricultural products. Thus, a great number of oil and flour mills, cheese, ...
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Jan 20, 2018 · It was built in 1643 on the occasion of the visit of the Viceroy of Sicily Giovanni Alfonso Enriquez de Cabrera. The door, 5 meters high and 3 ...
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After all the time that has passed in its making, writing acknowledgements for this study is a serious historical enterprise in itself.
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In 1091 Noto and Butera, last strongholds of Muslim power in Sicily, fell. A Norman force headed by Roger, brother of Robert Guiscard, had needed exactly 30.
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... Sicily. Although the conquest of Sicily was completed in 1091, Roger I's main concern already shifted from the war of conquest to the secure governance and ...
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father, Geoffrey of Ragusa, was an illegitimate son of Count Roger I of Sicily.492. In order to oppose the raids and subsequent occupation of almost all of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Because the origins of the crusading enterprise came to be associated with the so-called First Crusade (1095–1102), scholars have created a vision of crusading ...
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The court exemplified a unique blend of Arab, Greek, and Latin influences over time. Palermo served as the fixed administrative capital, contrasting with ...
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By 1072 Palermo had fallen; by 1091 the conquest was complete; and in 1130 Sicily and the south Italian peninsula were fused into a single political entity ...
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Ragusa Surname Meaning. Italian: habitational name from Ragusa in Sicily or from the city of Dubrovnik (Italian name Ragusa) on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia.
[34]
Ragusa Name Meaning and Ragusa Family History at FamilySearch
Italian: habitational name from Ragusa in Sicily, or from the city of Dubrovnik (Italian name Ragusa) on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia.
[35]
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Ragusa : Italian: habitational name from Ragusa in Sicily or from the city of Dubrovnik (Italian name Ragusa) on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia.
[36]
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nobile famiglia pervenne in Sicilia; ivi fiorì ancora un Guglielmo , capitano valoroso di re Alfonso d'Aragona, ed un Giovanni di lui fratello fa posses ...
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This name is derived from the Latin name of the medieval city-state of Ragusa. Today it is known as Dubrovnik, Croatia, but was once known as the Republic of ...Missing: dialect | Show results with:dialect<|separator|>
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The Ragusa surname appeared 2,528 times in the 2010 census and if you were to sample 100,000 people in the United States, approximately 1 people would have the ...Missing: distribution | Show results with:distribution
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RAGUSA Last Name Statistics by MyNameStats.com
The race and Hispanic origin distribution of the people with the name RAGUSA is 93.4% White, 3.1% Hispanic origin, 0.0% Black, 1.5% Asian or Pacific Islander, ...Missing: surname 2010
[41]
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Etymology. Rausa : Italian: variant of Ragusa. Origin: Italy. Rauseo : Italian: habitational name for someone from the former Republic of Ragusa (Croatian ...
[42]
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The 1817 register of Dubrovnik emigrants, prepared from intelligence reports, vividly depicts the contemporary situation in which the most entrepreneurial ...
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Chocolats Camille Bloch SA is a traditional family business headquartered in Courtelary in the Bernese Jura. It was founded by Camille Bloch in Bern in 1929.
[44]
Camille Bloch: investing in a 4th generation of chocolatiers
The flagship product, Ragusa, has followed the same upward trajectory. Currently, 1,900 tonnes of it are made a year out of a total production of 3,700 tonnes.
[45]
https://www.qualigeo.eu/en/product/monti-iblei-dop-olio-evo/
[46]
https://olivonews.it/en/frantoi-aperti-per-celebrare-lolio-di-oliva-dop-monti-iblei/
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Oct 16, 2025 · The Consortium for the Protection of Monti Iblei DOP Extra Virgin Olive Oil was established in 2000. It is an important operational tool for ...
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It is produced in the provinces of Siracusa, Ragusa and Catania, where olive varieties such as Moresca, Tonda Iblea and Nocellara Etnea or Verdese are grown.
[49]
SICILY - Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
His father granted him Ragusa[478]. "Tancredus de Siracusa et Goffredus de Ragusia et Robert Avenelles et Radulfus de Belvaco" are named as present in a ...
[50]
Discourseson liberty in early modern Ragusa (Chapter 11)
One of the most frequent topoi of early modern Ragusan literature was the glorification of the city's diplomatic skill, which seems to have largely replaced ...
[51]
MARMONT, Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de - napoleon.org
Drove the Russians out of Ragusa in 1808 and consequently awarded the title, duc de Raguse, 15 April, 1808 ... 1814. Made captain in the 6th company of Louis ...
[52]
The Emperor in the classroom | Die Welt der Habsburger
The February Patent of 1861 contains the full title of Emperor Franz Joseph, which covered no less than three pages and which was used after 1866.