Reuben Wilson
Reuben Wilson (April 9, 1935 – May 26, 2023) was an American soul jazz organist renowned for his Hammond B-3 playing and contributions to the genre during the late 1960s, particularly through his recordings with Blue Note Records.[1][2] Born in Mounds, Oklahoma, as the second youngest of 13 siblings, Wilson moved with his family to Pasadena, California, at age five amid the Dust Bowl migration, where he began teaching himself piano as a teenager and later explored boxing as a teenager before fully committing to music.[1][2] Influenced by boogie-woogie pianists like Sonny Clark and organists such as Bill Doggett, Jimmy Smith, and Richard "Groove" Holmes—as well as later figures including Lonnie Smith and Jack McDuff—Wilson switched to the Hammond B-3 organ around 1962 and started gigging in Los Angeles clubs.[1][3] In 1966, he relocated to New York City to pursue recording opportunities, quickly signing with Blue Note during the label's transitional period into funkier soul jazz sounds, where he led five sessions resulting in albums like his debut On Broadway (1968), Love Bug (1969), and Blue Mode (1970).[2][3] These works featured collaborations with notable musicians such as guitarist Melvin Sparks, saxophonist John Manning, drummer Tommy Derrick, trumpeter Lee Morgan, and guitarist Grant Green, blending jazz standards, pop covers (including tracks by Marvin Gaye, War, and Curtis Mayfield), and original funky grooves that defined the era's soul jazz aesthetic.[2][3][1] Wilson's career extended beyond Blue Note, including three albums for Groove Merchant Records starting in 1971—such as The Sweet Life (1972)—and a 1975 release Got to Get Your Own for Cadet Records, the title track of which became one of his signature compositions and was later sampled in hip-hop tracks like Nas's "Memory Lane" (1994) and MC Duke's "Gotta Get Your Own" (1989).[3][1] He also worked as a sideman with artists including Stanley Turrentine, Willis "Gator" Jackson, and Melvin Sparks, and led groups like the Wildare Express.[1][3] In the 1990s and 2000s, Wilson's music experienced a revival through the acid jazz movement in the UK and hip-hop sampling, leading to reissues of his catalog and new recordings, such as Boogaloo to the Beastie Boys (2004) and over 17 albums in total across his career, with performances continuing into his seventies.[2][1] He was inducted into the Jazz Organ Fellowship Hall of Fame in 2013 and resided in New York City until his death from advanced lung cancer and dementia in Harlem at age 88.[1][3]Early Life
Childhood and Family Background
Reuben Wilson was born on April 9, 1935, in Mounds, Oklahoma, a small town amid the economic and environmental turmoil of the Dust Bowl era.[1] He was the second youngest of 13 siblings. His family, facing severe hardships from the region's agricultural collapse and widespread poverty, relocated to Pasadena, California, when Wilson was five years old, seeking better opportunities in the West.[1][4] Growing up in Pasadena, Wilson was exposed to music through the family's household piano and informal influences from the community, including boogie-woogie tunes played by delivery workers who would linger after dropping off groceries.[1] He attended local schools alongside future jazz figures such as vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson and bassist Herbie Lewis, though his early interests extended beyond music.[4][5] In his teenage years, Wilson's pursuits turned to athletics, including a brief career as a professional boxer that temporarily sidetracked his musical explorations.[4] At age 17, he moved to Los Angeles, where he married a lounge singer.[4][3]Musical Education and Beginnings
Wilson began teaching himself to play the piano during his teenage years in Pasadena, California, where his family had relocated from Oklahoma when he was a young child. With access to a home piano provided by his family, he was drawn to the lively boogie-woogie styles demonstrated by local delivery workers who would improvise on the instrument after their drops, sparking his initial interest in music amid a household filled with siblings.[1][4] Lacking formal conservatory training, Wilson's musical development was entirely self-directed, shaped by immersion in the vibrant local jazz environment of Pasadena during the 1950s. He grew up alongside future jazz luminaries such as vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson and bassist Herbie Lewis, absorbing influences through casual exposure to records and community gatherings that highlighted emerging West Coast sounds. This informal apprenticeship extended to occasional amateur tinkering and social performances on piano in family and neighborhood settings, honing his skills without structured lessons.[4][3] In his late teens, after a detour into boxing following a move to Los Angeles at age 17, Wilson revisited music. He transitioned to the Hammond B-3 organ around 1962, inspired by the gospel-infused tones prevalent in church music and early jazz organ recordings. His shift to the organ was facilitated by attending jam sessions in the Los Angeles area, where he listened intently to pioneering players and began experimenting with the instrument's rich, pulsating capabilities in non-professional contexts. This period marked the culmination of his pre-professional growth, blending self-taught piano foundations with the organ's expressive potential drawn from regional jazz and spiritual traditions.[1][4]Career
Early Professional Years in California
Reuben Wilson launched his professional music career in 1962, establishing himself on the Los Angeles club circuit as an organist in various jazz ensembles. Drawing on self-taught skills honed during his youth, he transitioned from piano to the Hammond B-3 organ, performing in African American neighborhoods where the instrument's rich, soulful tone was gaining traction amid the evolving jazz landscape.[1][4] A key venue for Wilson's early gigs was the Caribbean club in Los Angeles, where he played alongside drummer Eddie Williams, guitarist George Freeman, and saxophonist Clifford Scott, delivering live sets that blended jazz standards with emerging soul influences. These performances, often in small combos, showcased his growing command of the organ while fostering connections within the local scene; as a Pasadena schoolmate of bassist Herb Lewis, Wilson occasionally joined informal sessions with emerging talents like him, prioritizing unrecorded live interplay over studio work. The West Coast circuit demanded versatility, with Wilson navigating a fertile yet crowded environment of clubs and after-hours spots that hosted a mix of bebop holdovers and innovative fusion acts.[4][1][6] Throughout this period, Wilson balanced his rising musical commitments with remnants of his earlier boxing career, which had seen him compete as a heavyweight from 1953 to 1957, amassing a record of 9 wins (8 by knockout), 7 losses, and 2 draws out of Pasadena. Sponsored by actor Kirk Douglas, he had even appeared as an extra in the 1954 film Carmen Jones, portraying a knocked-out fighter—a physical intensity that lingered in his imposing 6-foot-5 frame and informed the powerful, driving style of his organ playing. The demands of the competitive LA jazz scene, rife with aspiring organists influenced by figures like Jimmy Smith and Richard "Groove" Holmes, often required musicians like Wilson to juggle multiple pursuits, underscoring the hustle needed to secure steady gigs amid economic pressures and venue rivalries.[7][6][1]Blue Note Records Era
In December 1966, Reuben Wilson relocated from Los Angeles to New York City, seeking the vibrant East Coast jazz scene and the distinctive Hammond B-3 organ sound that defined it.[1][4] This move, inspired by his growing obsession with the genre's harder-driving style, positioned him in Harlem's club circuit, where he caught the attention of Blue Note co-founder Francis Wolff.[1] Shortly thereafter, in the late 1960s, Wilson signed a five-album deal with Blue Note Records, marking his entry into major-label recording and national exposure as a soul-jazz organist.[1][4] Wilson's Blue Note sessions, spanning 1968 to 1971, featured key collaborators including guitarist Melvin Sparks and drummer Idris Muhammad, whose contributions infused the recordings with a tight, rhythmic drive.[8][9] These studio dates often captured the spontaneous, high-energy feel of live club performances, emphasizing groove-oriented interplay over polished arrangements, as Wilson and his band drew from the immediacy of their East Coast gigs.[1][2] During this period, Wilson's style evolved from straightforward soul jazz—rooted in bluesy organ lines and swinging rhythms—to incorporating emerging funk elements, such as syncopated bass lines and soul-infused covers that reflected popular music trends.[4][9] This shift aligned with Blue Note's transitional phase, blending jazz improvisation with accessible, beat-driven grooves influenced by artists like James Brown, allowing Wilson to appeal to broader audiences while maintaining improvisational depth.[1][2] His debut album, On Broadway (1968), exemplified this approach with interpretations of contemporary hits like the title track and "Baby, I Love You," showcasing Wilson's ability to reimagine pop and soul material through a jazz lens.[4] Recorded in October 1968 as a quartet session, it established Wilson's reputation as a fresh voice in soul jazz, highlighting his warm, expressive organ tone and earning praise for bridging club accessibility with sophisticated musicianship.[4][8]Later Career and Revival
Following his Blue Note period, Reuben Wilson navigated the evolving jazz landscape of the 1970s by recording for independent labels amid a decline in soul jazz's mainstream appeal, as fusion and rock influences gained prominence. He issued two albums on Groove Merchant: The Sweet Life in 1972, featuring covers like "Inner City Blues" with tenor saxophonist Ramon Morris, and The Cisco Kid in 1973, a funk-infused take on the War hit.[10] In 1975, Wilson moved to Cadet Records for Got to Get Your Own, a gritty soul-funk session backed by drummer Bernard Purdie and other New York session players, emphasizing his Hammond B-3 grooves in a post-soul jazz context.[1] The 1980s marked a hiatus from significant studio recordings for Wilson, as industry shifts toward synthesizers, disco, and electronic sounds reduced demand for traditional Hammond organ work in soul jazz. Instead, he sustained his career through live performances in clubs and sessions, maintaining a presence in the jazz circuit despite the genre's commercial downturn.[1] Wilson's career revived in the 1990s, fueled by the acid jazz movement's embrace of 1960s and 1970s soul jazz aesthetics among DJs and younger musicians. Signing with Hip Bop Records (an imprint associated with Jazzateria), he released Live at SOB's in 1996, a dynamic concert recording from the New York venue that showcased his quartet's improvisational energy and drew crowds attuned to retro-funk vibes. The following year, he followed with Organ Donor on the same label, blending originals and standards to capitalize on the trend.[11][12] Into the 2000s, Wilson sustained this resurgence with further releases and touring, updating his ensembles to incorporate modern elements while preserving his core sound. Notable was Fun House in 2005 on Savant Records, a studio effort highlighting his enduring organ mastery with fresh compositions. He continued performing internationally with rotating lineups, including collaborations that bridged his classic style to contemporary jazz audiences.[10]Final Years and Death
In the final years of his life, Reuben Wilson grappled with advancing dementia, a condition that emerged in his late seventies and progressively limited his professional engagements throughout the 2010s.[1] Previously active as a performer into his late seventies, he scaled back live appearances as the illness affected his ability to tour and record.[3] Wilson's final public performances occurred in the late 2010s, including a notable 2018 appearance at SF Jazz in San Francisco, where he shared the stage with fellow organist Ronnie Foster in a double bill celebrating soul jazz traditions.[9] Around this period, tributes to his career began to surface more prominently, with retrospectives emphasizing his foundational role in the genre and his Hammond B-3 mastery.[1] In early 2023, Wilson was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer, succumbing to its complications on May 26 in Harlem, New York City, at the age of 88.[1] His son, Reuben Reuel Wilson, confirmed the news of his father's passing.[1] The jazz community responded swiftly to Wilson's death with heartfelt remembrances, hailing him as a soul jazz innovator whose grooves had shaped generations of musicians.[1] Publications such as NPR and KNKX Public Radio featured obituaries that underscored his pioneering contributions, while peers and fans alike reflected on his enduring legacy in tributes across media outlets.[3]Musical Style and Influences
Key Influences
Reuben Wilson's development as a Hammond B-3 organist was profoundly shaped by the pioneers of soul jazz organ playing, particularly Bill Doggett, Jimmy Smith, Jack McDuff, Richard "Groove" Holmes, and Lonnie Smith, whose innovative techniques and rhythmic drive influenced his command of the instrument.[1][13] Smith, often credited with popularizing the organ in jazz, inspired Wilson's fluid improvisation and blues-inflected phrasing, while McDuff's funky grooves and Holmes's soulful expressiveness provided models for blending jazz improvisation with popular appeal.[13] Doggett's rhythmic style and Lonnie Smith's soulful approach further contributed to his organ technique. Additionally, vibraphonist Milt Jackson influenced his jazz sensibility. These influences, along with boogie-woogie pianists like Sonny Clark, emerged during Wilson's early professional years in Los Angeles, where he immersed himself in the local scene after transitioning from piano.[1] Beyond the organ trio tradition, Wilson drew from broader jazz and soul sources, incorporating elements from blues artists like John Lee Hooker, whose raw, hypnotic rhythms informed his earthy, groove-oriented approach to soul jazz.[13] Hooker's boogie-style blues, with its repetitive bass lines and emotional intensity, resonated with Wilson's self-taught beginnings on piano, where he first explored similar driving patterns. In the California R&B and boogie-woogie scenes of the 1950s, influences such as Earl Hines and Art Tatum further refined his phrasing and harmonic sophistication, emphasizing swinging rhythms and intricate melodic lines that Wilson adapted to the organ.[13]Signature Techniques and Sound
Reuben Wilson's mastery of the Hammond B-3 organ defined his signature sound, characterized by bluesy, funky lines that emphasized rhythmic drive and tonal warmth enhanced by the swirling effects of the Leslie speaker cabinet.[1][14] His approach featured pungent, economical keyboard jabs rather than elaborate runs, creating a distinctive texture that prioritized groove over virtuosic display, often drawing from blues traditions while adapting to the organ's percussive capabilities.[14] In his solos, Wilson incorporated R&B phraseology, blending improvisational flair with tightly knit, groove-oriented rhythms that maintained a danceable pulse, as heard in tracks like "Hot Rod" from his 1969 album Love Bug.[1] This technique allowed him to weave melodic lines that echoed R&B phrasing—short, punchy motifs with a soulful bent—while ensuring the organ served as the rhythmic anchor in ensemble settings.[15] Wilson consistently favored the organ trio format, highlighting the interplay between his B-3, electric guitar, and drums to achieve a balanced, interactive sound where the guitar filled harmonic gaps and the rhythm section locked into his bass lines played on the organ's pedals.[8] Collaborations with guitarists like Melvin Sparks exemplified this synergy, producing a "perfect marriage" of textures that amplified the organ's role without overwhelming it.[8] His style evolved from the straight-ahead soul jazz of his late-1960s Blue Note recordings, such as On Broadway (1968), to more funk-infused sounds in the 1970s, incorporating heavier grooves influenced by artists like James Brown and evident in releases like Got to Get Your Own (1975).[8][1] This shift marked a departure toward pop and disco elements while retaining the B-3's core bluesy foundation, as seen in his work with the Fatback Band.[8] Building on influences like Jimmy Smith, Wilson's adaptations emphasized funkier rhythms and broader accessibility.[14]Legacy
Impact on Jazz and Funk
Reuben Wilson's recordings for Blue Note Records in the late 1960s played a pivotal role in popularizing the soul jazz organ sound, infusing the Hammond B-3 with infectious funk rhythms that expanded the genre's appeal beyond traditional jazz audiences.[16] As one of the few emerging organists signed by the label during this period, his work helped transition soul jazz from its hard bop roots toward a more groove-oriented funk sensibility, evident in albums like Blue Mode (1970), where pop-inflected tracks blended bebop structures with Sly Stone-inspired rhythms.[2] This bridging act redefined the soul jazz movement pioneered by figures like Jimmy Smith, making the organ a central vehicle for rhythmic innovation in jazz.[16] Wilson's influence extended to contemporaries in the soul jazz scene, particularly through collaborations and shared performance circuits that highlighted stylistic overlaps in their organ-driven ensembles. He frequently gigged with tenor saxophonist Willis "Gator" Jackson, whose bluesy, R&B-infused approach mirrored Wilson's own emphasis on tight, danceable grooves, fostering a collective evolution in live soul jazz settings.[17] These interactions reinforced the genre's communal spirit, as Wilson's percussive organ lines complemented Jackson's honking sax, influencing a generation of East Coast musicians to prioritize feel over virtuosic improvisation.[16] His contributions to funk's development were particularly pronounced in rhythmic explorations on Love Bug (1969), where originals like "Hot Rod" and the title track delivered deep, propulsive grooves that anticipated the genre's mainstream crossover. Featuring guitarist Grant Green and drummer Idris Muhammad, the album's funk workouts showcased Wilson's ability to layer syncopated bass lines and horn accents, evolving soul jazz into a more accessible, party-ready form that influenced subsequent Blue Note sessions.[18] Wilson garnered significant recognition within jazz circles for his dominance on the live circuit, particularly after relocating to New York in 1966, where he commanded stages at clubs and festivals with his commanding Hammond presence.[1] His performances, often extending into late-night sets, solidified his reputation as a soul jazz staple, drawing crowds across the East Coast and inspiring organists to embrace funk's energetic pulse in real-time settings.[19]Sampling and Influence in Hip-Hop and Acid Jazz
Reuben Wilson's soul jazz recordings from the late 1960s and 1970s gained renewed prominence in the 1990s through sampling in hip-hop and acid jazz, introducing his Hammond B-3 grooves to younger audiences and revitalizing interest in his catalog.[1][4] Tracks such as "Ronnie's Bonnie" from his 1968 debut On Broadway were sampled by the acid jazz group US3 for their 1993 single "I Got It Goin' On," which became a cornerstone of the genre's fusion of jazz and hip-hop elements.[20][21] Similarly, Wilson's "Inner City Blues" (1972) provided the backbone for A Tribe Called Quest's "Youthful Expression" on their 1990 debut People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm, while his 1971 track "We're in Love" was looped by producer DJ Premier for Nas's "Memory Lane (Sittin' in da Park)" from the 1994 album Illmatic, underscoring Wilson's influence on East Coast rap's introspective sound.[22][23][8] This sampling surge extended Wilson's reach into acid jazz circles, where groups like US3 and the Brand New Heavies drew directly from his funky, groove-oriented style, prompting a career revival.[9][4] In response, Wilson signed with the Hip Bop label in 1996, releasing Live at SOB's—a live album capturing his energetic performances—and Organ Donor, which blended his classic sound with contemporary jazz-rap sensibilities.[4] The 1975 title track "Got to Get Your Own" from Wilson's album of the same name emerged as a hip-hop staple, sampled by acts including MC Duke and DJ Leader One for their track "Gotta Get Your Own," which generated significant royalties and heightened visibility for Wilson during a period when he had largely stepped away from recording.[24][9][8] Following Wilson's death on May 26, 2023, from advanced lung cancer and dementia, his sampling legacy was prominently featured in posthumous tributes, with NPR's obituary emphasizing how his Blue Note grooves "found a second life in samples, particularly on Nas's 'Memory Lane (Sittin' in da Park),'" cementing his enduring impact beyond traditional jazz.[1]Discography
As Leader
Reuben Wilson recorded over 20 albums as a leader across his career, from his debut with Blue Note Records in the late 1960s through independent labels in the 1970s and a revival in the 1990s and 2000s, including numerous reissues and compilations that have kept his work in circulation.[25] His output as leader emphasized soul jazz and funk grooves on the Hammond B-3 organ, often featuring tight rhythm sections and horn players drawn from the Blue Note roster.[10] The following table lists his primary leader albums chronologically by original release date, with labels and brief notes on production or key personnel where notable; reissues and compilations are noted separately at the end.| Year | Album | Label | Notes/Key Personnel |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | On Broadway | Blue Note (BST 84295) | Debut album; produced by Francis Wolff; featured tenor saxophonist Trevor Lawrence, guitarist Malcolm Riddick, and drummer Tommy Derrick.[26] |
| 1969 | Love Bug | Blue Note (BST 84317) | Produced by Francis Wolff; quintet including trumpeter Lee Morgan, tenor saxophonist George Coleman, guitarist Grant Green, and drummer Leo Morris (aka Idris Muhammad).[27] |
| 1970 | Blue Mode | Blue Note (BST 84343) | Produced by Francis Wolff; quartet with tenor saxophonist John Manning, guitarist Melvin Sparks, and drummer Tommy Derrick; later reissued as Organ Talk (Vee-Jay, 1974).[28] |
| 1971 | A Groovy Situation | Blue Note (BST 84365) | Produced by Francis Wolff; featured tenor saxophonist/flutist Dave Hubbard, guitarist Melvin Sparks, and drummer Bill English.[25] |
| 1971 | Set Us Free | Blue Note (BST 84377) | Produced by Francis Wolff; included tenor saxophonist Carlos Garnett and guitarist Melvin Sparks.[25] |
| 1972 | The Sweet Life | Groove Merchant (GM-511) | Featured tenor saxophonist Houston Person and guitarist Odin Wade.[25] |
| 1973 | The Cisco Kid | Groove Merchant (GM-523) | Produced by Sonny Lester; rhythm section with bassist Gordon Edwards and drummer Bernard Purdie.[25] |
| 1975 | Got to Get Your Own | Cadet (CA-5008) | Credited to Reuben Wilson & The Cost of Living; produced by Steve Clark; featured drummer Bernard Purdie.[29] |
| 1996 | Live at SOB's | Hip Bop Essence (CD 1002) | Live recording from New York club; with tenor saxophonist Eric Alexander and guitarist Brian Lynch.[30] |
| 1997 | Organ Donor | Jazzateria | Studio album featuring guitarist Robin Macatangay.[31] |
| 1998 | Down with It! | Cannonball Records (CBD 9056-2) | Revival-era studio album; produced by Bob Belden.[25] |
| 2002 | Organ Blues | Jazzateria (JAZ 5035) | Introspective set emphasizing blues influences.[25] |
| 2004 | Boogaloo to the Beastie Boys | Scufflin' Records (SCR 001) | Covers of Beastie Boys tracks in jazz-funk style.[10] |
| 2005 | Fun House | Savant (SACD 2020) | Produced by John Lee; featured guitarist Eric Johnson.[10] |
| 2006 | Movin' On | Savant (SACD 2027) | With tenor saxophonist Dan Trudell and drummer Steve Gadd.[10] |
| 2009 | Azure Te | 18th & Vine (EV 3005) | Late-career release blending standards and originals.[25] |
As Sideman
Wilson's sideman contributions spanned live performances and select recordings, where his Hammond B-3 organ provided rhythmic and harmonic support in soul jazz and funk contexts. In the 1960s, after relocating to New York, he collaborated with vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson—a schoolmate from Pasadena—and saxophonist Willis "Gator Tail" Jackson in club settings, contributing organ grooves to ensemble sessions on labels like Blue Note and Groove Merchant.[4][16] These early appearances highlighted his role in backing horn-led groups, though documented studio credits from this period are limited. His recorded sideman work became more prominent in the 1990s and 2000s, often in revivalist funk-jazz projects emphasizing groove-oriented organ lines. Activity remained sporadic post-1970s, with Wilson appearing on tracks or full albums alongside guitarists, drummers, and vocalists in small combos. Key examples include:| Year | Artist/Ensemble | Album | Label | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | New York Funkies (with Stanley Turrentine) | Hip Hop Bop! | Meldac | Organ |
| 1997 | Grant Green Jr. | Jungle Strut | Venus | Organ |
| 1997 | Essence All-Stars | Bongobop | Hip Bop Essence | Organ |
| 1999 | Down to the Bone | The Urban Grooves (Album II) | Internal Bass | Organ (track 7: "On the Hill") |
| 2001 | Masters of Groove | Meet Dr. No | Jazzateria | Organ |
| 2002 | Grant Green Jr. | Introducing G.G. | Jazzateria | Organ (track 2: "Minor Funk") |
| 2002 | Melvin Sparks Band | What You Hear Is What You Get | Savant | Organ |
| 2006 | Masters of Groove | Meet DJ-9 | Jazzateria | Organ |
| 2006 | The Masters of Groove | The Masters of Groove | 18th & Vine | Organ |
| 2007 | The Godfathers of Groove (with Bernard Purdie, Grant Green Jr.) | The Godfathers of Groove | 18th & Vine | Organ |
| 2009 | The Godfathers of Groove | 3 | 18th & Vine | Organ |
| 2009 | Brazilian Groove Band | Anatomy of Groove | Far Out Recordings | Organ |