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Knockout

A knockout (abbreviated as KO or K.O.) is a decisive fight-ending criterion in various full-contact combat sports, including boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai, and mixed martial arts, where one fighter renders their opponent unable to continue the bout, typically by causing unconsciousness or preventing recovery after a knockdown.^[1]^[2] This outcome emphasizes the sport's emphasis on striking power and resilience, distinguishing it from decision-based victories.^[3] In professional boxing and similar disciplines, a knockout is officially declared when a downed fighter fails to rise before the referee completes a mandatory ten-second count, signaling incapacity to defend themselves intelligently.^[3] This contrasts with a technical knockout (TKO), where the referee or a fighter's corner halts the fight due to overwhelming dominance or injury, without a full knockdown and count.^[3] Knockouts and technical knockouts combined (KO/TKO) have historically represented about 30% of bout conclusions in major promotions like the UFC (as of 2023), though rates fluctuated to around 23% following a mid-2024 glove change before reverting, highlighting their role in producing memorable, high-impact moments while underscoring risks such as concussions and long-term neurological damage, with recent equipment changes influencing finish rates.^[4]^[5]^[6] Beyond individual fights, the term "knockout" also describes elimination-style tournament formats in sports like soccer, tennis, and basketball, where losing competitors are progressively removed until a single winner emerges, promoting efficiency in large-scale competitions.^[7] In genetics, a "knockout" refers to the targeted inactivation of specific genes in organisms for research purposes, a technique pivotal in studying gene functions since the 1980s.^[8] These diverse applications illustrate the term's versatility across athletic, scientific, and competitive contexts.

Definition and Basics

Knockout Defined

In combat sports such as boxing, a knockout (KO) is a decisive victory condition where one fighter renders their opponent unable to continue the bout due to the effects of legal strikes, involving a mandatory 10-second count administered by the referee if the fighter is downed.^[9] This typically occurs when the struck fighter touches the canvas with any part of their body other than their feet and fails to regain a defensive stance before the count concludes.^[9] The referee's count begins immediately upon the downed fighter hitting the ground, with each second announced clearly, and the bout ends if the fighter cannot rise or demonstrate readiness by the 10th count.^[9] Official criteria for a knockout require failure to beat the 10-count after a knockdown from legal blows. This ensures the outcome prioritizes fighter safety and fairness, distinguishing a KO from lesser incapacitations like a temporary knockdown, which may precede but does not automatically end the match.^[1] Referee intervention to halt the fight without a knockdown due to inability to defend intelligently constitutes a technical knockout (TKO), not a KO.^[3] The term "knockout" emerged in the context of 19th-century bare-knuckle boxing, with its first documented use around 1887 to describe stunning an opponent via a blow that required a 10-count recovery, reflecting the era's transition toward formalized rules like those in the Marquess of Queensberry guidelines.^[10] For a knockout to be valid, it must stem exclusively from legal strikes—such as punches to the head or body above the waist—delivered in a sanctioned bout; outcomes from accidental fouls, like unintended low blows, do not qualify and instead prompt alternative resolutions such as no-contest rulings.^[9]

Distinction from Knockdown

A knockdown in boxing and similar combat sports occurs when a fighter is struck by a legal blow and touches the canvas with any part of the body other than the soles of their feet, yet remains conscious and capable of resuming the fight after a mandatory recovery period.^[11] In contrast, a knockout represents a more severe incapacitation where the fighter fails to recover within the full count, resulting in the immediate termination of the bout.^[11] The primary procedural distinction lies in the referee's counting mechanism and the fight's continuation. Following a knockdown, the referee issues a mandatory eight-count, during which the downed fighter must demonstrate recovery and fitness to continue; if they rise before the count reaches ten, the fight resumes after the opponent retires to a neutral corner.^[11] A knockout, however, is declared if the fighter cannot rise by the count of ten, ending the match without further action.^[11] This eight-count serves as a protective measure in knockdowns, allowing brief respite without halting the contest, whereas the full ten-count in knockouts enforces permanent stoppage to prevent further harm.^[11] Knockdowns do not inherently conclude the fight, serving instead as temporary interruptions that may signal vulnerability but permit continuation upon recovery.^[11] Repeated knockdowns, however, can escalate risks; for instance, in certain jurisdictions such as Virginia for elimination contests, a fighter knocked down four times in the entire bout triggers an automatic technical knockout to safeguard the fighter.^[12] Under the Association of Boxing Commissions' unified rules, adopted widely in professional bouts, no such automatic provision exists, leaving stoppage to the referee's discretion based on the fighter's condition.^[11] A single knockdown typically prompts only the mandatory eight-count for assessment, without the standing eight-count variant used in some amateur or international contexts.^[11] In essence, while a knockdown involves recoverable floor contact from a legal strike, a knockout escalates from such an event into unconsciousness or inability to proceed, marking the decisive end of the engagement.^[11]

Types of Knockouts

Conventional Knockout

A conventional knockout, often simply referred to as a KO, occurs when a fighter is downed to the canvas by a legal punch and fails to rise to their feet before the referee completes a count of ten. The count begins once the downed fighter's opponent moves to a neutral corner, and it is not strictly timed by seconds but rather by the referee's deliberate pacing to assess the fighter's condition. If the fighter does not beat the count, the referee waves off the bout, awarding victory to the opponent by knockout.^[13] During the 10-count, the downed fighter must recover unassisted, without aid from coaches, cornermen, or medical personnel, and upon rising—should they do so before ten—must demonstrate the ability to intelligently defend themselves and continue the fight. The referee, as the sole arbiter, evaluates whether the fighter is steady on their feet and coherent enough to proceed; if not, the bout may still be stopped even before the full count elapses, though this edges into technical knockout territory. No external intervention is allowed during the count itself, emphasizing the fighter's personal resilience. In contrast to technical stoppages, which prioritize safety through proactive referee action, conventional knockouts hinge on the completion of this traditional count without interruption.^[14] The 10-count mechanism traces its roots to the Marquess of Queensberry Rules formalized in 1867, which introduced a 10-second recovery period for downed fighters, a humane reduction from the 30-second allowance in the preceding London Prize Ring Rules of the bare-knuckle era. Under the earlier Prize Ring rules, prevalent in the 1880s, knockouts were determined by a fighter's inability to resume after 30 seconds, often leading to grueling, multi-hour contests; an iconic example is John L. Sullivan's knockout victory over Jake Kilrain in the 75th round of their 1889 bare-knuckle heavyweight title fight in Mississippi, marking the last such championship under those rules.^[15]^[16] Conventional knockouts represent a dramatic pinnacle of boxing, accounting for approximately 18% of professional fight outcomes and about 34% of all stoppages from 2015 to 2018, with the remainder largely technical knockouts or decisions. Their appeal lies in the suspense of the count and the raw display of one fighter's dominance, as exemplified by Muhammad Ali's eighth-round knockout of George Foreman in the 1974 "Rumble in the Jungle," where Ali's strategic rope-a-dope tactic led to Foreman's exhaustion and downfall in Kinshasa, Zaire.^[17]

Technical Knockout

A technical knockout (TKO) in boxing occurs when the referee stops the bout because one fighter is unable to continue intelligently defending themselves, has sustained excessive damage, or has suffered repeated knockdowns, without the need for a full 10-count as in a conventional knockout. This intervention prioritizes fighter safety by preventing further unnecessary punishment when the outcome is deemed inevitable.^[3] Unlike a standard knockout, a TKO does not require the downed fighter to be unconscious or fail to rise within the count; instead, it reflects the referee's judgment that continuing would endanger the fighter.^[18] TKOs can be categorized into several subtypes based on who initiates the stoppage. A referee TKO typically follows a standing eight-count where the fighter shows insufficient recovery or is absorbing unanswered blows, prompting the official to halt the fight.^[19] Doctor stoppages, another form of TKO, arise from injuries such as deep cuts, suspected fractures, or other medical concerns assessed by the ringside physician.^[20] Additionally, a corner TKO happens when the fighter's trainer or team throws in the towel to concede, signaling that their charge can no longer compete effectively.^[21] The concept of the TKO was introduced in the early 20th century as a safety measure to curb the brutality of bare-knuckle and early gloved boxing, becoming more standardized with the formation of athletic commissions.^[21] In jurisdictions like the Nevada State Athletic Commission, established in 1911 and regulating professional bouts since the 1920s, TKOs have been mandatory under rules emphasizing referee discretion for protective stoppages.^[22] These regulations ensure that officials intervene promptly in cases of one-sided dominance or vulnerability, reflecting broader efforts to modernize and safeguard the sport.^[23] In professional boxing, TKOs represent the most common form of stoppage, accounting for approximately 32% of male bouts compared to 15% for traditional knockouts, based on an analysis of over 222,000 matches.^[24] A notable example is the 1975 "Thrilla in Manila," where Muhammad Ali defeated Joe Frazier via corner TKO after the 14th round, as Frazier's trainer Eddie Futch halted the fight due to his fighter's exhaustion and swelling.^[25]

Double Knockout

A double knockout in boxing is an exceptionally rare event in which both fighters become incapacitated simultaneously, typically rendering them unable to rise before the referee's count of ten or to continue the bout safely. This differs from a standard knockout, where only one fighter is affected, and instead involves bilateral effects from concurrent actions, such as traded punches that cause both to collapse. Such occurrences highlight the unpredictable symmetry in combat exchanges and are governed by the same foundational counting procedures as unilateral knockdowns, with the referee initiating a single count for both downed combatants.^[26] The primary causes of double knockouts stem from accidental simultaneity in striking or movement, most commonly when fighters launch counterpunches at precisely the same instant, each landing with sufficient force to disrupt balance and consciousness. Less frequently, slips, clashes of heads, or environmental factors like ring ropes can contribute to both falling and sustaining comparable damage, though intentional targeting for mutual incapacitation is impossible in the sport's structure. These incidents underscore the inherent risks of close-range exchanges in professional bouts, where split-second timing can lead to mirrored outcomes without premeditation.^[26]^[27] Historically, one of the most cited examples is the July 4, 1912, lightweight title fight between champion Ad Wolgast and challenger Joe Rivers in Vernon, California. In the 13th round, under grueling heat, both exchanged heavy right hands, crumpling to the canvas together from the impacts; neither fully recovered within the count, yet referee Jack Welch controversially halted the bout after focusing the count on Rivers, declaring Wolgast the winner by technical knockout amid widespread protests from the crowd and observers who viewed it as a de facto double knockout. While true mutual incapacitations remain unverified in modern professional records due to their scarcity—occurring in fewer than 1% of all stoppages—no other bout has matched this level of notoriety, though double knockdowns leading to one-sided finishes, like the 1985 Lee Roy Murphy-Chisanda Mutti clash, echo similar drama without resulting in a draw.^[27]^[28]^[29] Resolution protocols for double knockouts in professional boxing emphasize referee assessment of both fighters' conditions post-count. The referee counts both downed fighters, and the outcome depends on who recovers first to continue intelligently and safely; if both fail to do so, the referee may stop the bout, with the final decision at the discretion of the referee and overseeing athletic commission, potentially leading to a no-contest in extreme cases, though no such precedent exists in major professional bouts. Sanctioning bodies like the WBC or IBF handle such anomalies through general referee authority rather than specific clauses for draws.^[11]

Physiological and Medical Aspects

Mechanism of Unconsciousness

A knockout occurs primarily due to a concussive force applied to the head, which induces rapid acceleration and deceleration of the brain within the skull, resulting in temporary cerebral dysfunction. This biomechanical event, often triggered by a direct impact from a punch, causes the brain to collide with the inner surfaces of the cranium, leading to shearing and compressive forces that disrupt normal neural activity. Neurologically, the loss of consciousness stems from the interruption of the reticular activating system (RAS), a brainstem network responsible for maintaining arousal and wakefulness. The concussive impact generates both linear and rotational forces; the rotational components are particularly damaging as they cause twisting motions that shear axons across the brain, resulting in diffuse axonal injury (DAI). This shearing impairs the transmission of signals within the RAS and between hemispheres, effectively halting the brain's ability to sustain consciousness. From a physics perspective, the energy transfer during a knockout punch follows the kinetic energy formula E = \frac{1}{2} mv^2, where m represents the effective mass of the striking fist (typically 0.5–2 kg including arm momentum) and v is the velocity (often 5–15 m/s for professional punches). Punches such as hooks and uppercuts are especially effective because they maximize rotational torque around the head's axis, amplifying angular acceleration and thus the risk of DAI compared to straight jabs. The duration of unconsciousness in a typical knockout lasts 10–60 seconds, during which cerebral blood flow may be transiently reduced, potentially leading to hypoxia if the episode extends beyond this window and requires medical intervention. In milder cases, such as a knockdown, the force may cause disorientation without full RAS disruption, allowing quicker recovery.

Immediate Effects

Upon experiencing a knockout, the body exhibits an immediate loss of muscle tone, often described as the "ragdoll effect," where the fighter collapses limply due to the sudden interruption of neural signals controlling posture and movement.^[30] This loss is severe and transient, typically lasting only seconds to minutes as the central nervous system begins to recover.^[30] In some cases, involuntary convulsions or seizure-like activity may occur immediately after the impact, resulting from disrupted brainstem function and temporary hyperexcitability in the brain.^[31] These physical manifestations stem briefly from the brain trauma mechanisms involving rotational forces during the strike.^[31] As consciousness returns, fighters often display disorientation, manifesting as unsteady posture, blurred vision, or inability to respond coherently to their surroundings.^[32] Cognitively, this phase includes short-term amnesia, where the individual may have no memory of events seconds to minutes before or after the knockout, alongside confusion and slowed reflexes that impair decision-making and coordination.^[33] These symptoms are systematically assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) by ringside medical personnel, which evaluates eye opening, verbal response, and motor response to score consciousness levels from 3 to 15, with scores below 13 indicating potential moderate impairment.^[34] Such evaluations help differentiate transient effects from more serious injuries like prolonged concussion.^[35] Ringside protocols mandate immediate medical evaluation for any knockout, with the referee summoning the doctor to the ring for a comprehensive check including vital signs, neurological tests, and GCS administration to rule out fractures or bleeding.^[35] To mitigate initial swelling and support recovery, interventions often include applying ice packs for cooling and ensuring hydration through oral fluids or monitoring dehydration status, as these measures reduce secondary brain inflammation.^[34] Most fighters regain full awareness within a few minutes, with consciousness typically returning spontaneously and post-knockout disorientation resolving shortly thereafter in the majority of cases observed in professional bouts.^[31] For instance, ringside reports from major events like heavyweight title fights note rapid stabilization in over 90% of knockouts without extended intervention.^[36]

Long-term Health Risks

Repeated knockouts in boxing and similar combat sports contribute to the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and dementia pugilistica, neurodegenerative conditions characterized by progressive brain damage from cumulative head trauma.^[37] These risks are particularly elevated with 20 or more knockouts over a career, as evidenced by studies linking higher exposure to repetitive concussive impacts with increased likelihood of CTE pathology.^[38] Research by Jordan et al. indicates that approximately 20% of professional boxers develop chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI), with dementia pugilistica manifesting as slurred speech, memory loss, and motor impairments in those with extensive knockout histories.^[39] Autopsy findings in deceased boxers have revealed tau protein accumulation and neuronal loss consistent with CTE, often correlating with career-long knockout counts.^[40] For instance, Muhammad Ali's Parkinson's disease symptoms, emerging post-retirement, have been associated with his repeated head trauma from over 50 professional bouts, though definitive causation remains debated among neurologists.^[41] Incidence rates of neurological decline range from 30% to 50% among retired professional boxers with high knockout totals, based on systematic reviews of cognitive and neuropathological data.^[42] To mitigate these long-term risks, modern athletic commissions enforce mandatory medical suspensions, such as 90-day prohibitions following a knockout with loss of consciousness, allowing time for neurological recovery.^[34] Advancements in neuroimaging since the 2000s, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and volumetric MRI, have enabled earlier detection of microstructural brain changes in active fighters, facilitating proactive interventions like reduced training intensity.^[43] Beyond boxing, repeated knockouts lead to broader impacts such as cognitive decline, including impaired executive function and processing speed, as well as heightened depression rates among affected retirees. Parallels exist with American football, where subconcussive hits mirror boxing's repetitive trauma, yielding similar CTE prevalence in autopsied players with extensive exposure.^[44]

Rules in Combat Sports

Boxing Regulations

In professional boxing, the referee must begin a mandatory 10-count immediately upon a knockdown, defined as any part of the boxer's body other than the feet touching the canvas as a result of a legal blow. The count starts the moment the downed boxer hits the floor and must be delivered audibly and at a deliberate pace of approximately one second per number, ensuring clarity for the boxer, opponent, and officials. This procedure is standardized under the Unified Rules of Boxing adopted by major sanctioning bodies.^[45] The fight concludes in a knockout (KO) if the boxer fails to rise unaided by the count of 10, but the referee may intervene earlier if the downed boxer cannot demonstrate intelligent defense or appears unable to continue safely. A mandatory 8-count is required after any knockdown, during which the opponent must remain in a neutral corner and cannot resume until the referee signals; failure to intelligently respond after this point often leads to stoppage. In some U.S. jurisdictions, a three-knockdown rule applies, mandating automatic termination after three knockdowns in a single round to mitigate cumulative damage, a safeguard with roots in early 20th-century regulations.^[46]^[45] Oversight of these rules falls to sanctioning organizations like the World Boxing Council (WBC) and International Boxing Federation (IBF), which enforce the Association of Boxing Commissions' (ABC) unified standards for professional bouts. In amateur boxing, the International Boxing Association (IBA, formerly AIBA) governs with similar protocols but emphasizes an 8-count standing assessment for hurt boxers and a 10-count for full knockouts, prioritizing safety in non-professional contexts. Enforcement controversies, such as referee errors in counting during the 2025 Gervonta Davis vs. Lamont Roach Jr. bout, are reviewed by athletic commissions like the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC), which acknowledged procedural lapses but upheld the result after investigation.^[46]^[47]^[48]

Variations in Other Sports

In mixed martial arts (MMA), particularly under Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts as used by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a knockout is declared when a fighter is unable to intelligently defend themselves or continue fighting due to strikes, often involving ground-and-pound techniques where an opponent delivers repeated blows while the other is on the ground. Unlike traditional boxing, there is no mandatory 10-count for standing knockouts, but referees may issue a standing eight-count if a fighter appears dazed; technical knockouts (TKOs) are common via doctor stoppages or referee intervention to prevent further damage, with an emphasis on grappling and submissions that can end fights without strikes. The absence of a three-knockdown rule allows bouts to continue despite multiple stuns, prioritizing the referee's assessment of fighter safety over rigid counts.^[49] In kickboxing and Muay Thai, knockout rules adapt to the inclusion of leg kicks, knees, and elbows, permitting finishes from a wider array of strikes that can cause rapid unconsciousness. Under International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA) rules, a mandatory eight-count is administered after a knockdown to allow recovery, with the count extending to ten for a knockout if the fighter cannot continue; a standing eight-count may be used at the referee's discretion for dazed but undowned fighters. These procedures are similar to boxing but account for the sports' higher striking volume and diverse techniques like powerful kicks or knees to the head, with referees empowered to stop fights immediately if safety is compromised.^[50] Professional wrestling employs scripted knockouts primarily for dramatic effect in entertainment, where "knockouts" are predetermined outcomes without genuine counts or medical risks, as matches follow choreographed narratives rather than competitive rules. In contrast, Olympic freestyle wrestling strictly prohibits knockouts, focusing instead on pins, submissions, and points, with any loss of consciousness treated as an injury leading to immediate medical intervention and disqualification of strikes that could cause them. Key differences across these sports include variations in scripted count-outs for pro wrestling (such as 20-counts for ring-outs) and a generally higher tolerance for striking-induced injuries in stand-up arts like kickboxing compared to grappling-heavy disciplines.

Historical and Notable Instances

Evolution of Knockout Rules

In the 18th and 19th centuries, bare-knuckle boxing matches typically proceeded without formal counts or timed recoveries, continuing until one fighter was completely incapacitated or unable to continue, often leading to prolonged and brutal encounters.^[51] The London Prize Ring rules, established in 1838 and revised in 1853, marked a significant advancement by introducing a structured 30-second rest period after a knockdown, during which the downed fighter's seconds could provide assistance, followed by an additional 8 seconds for the fighter to return unaided to the central "scratch" line; failure to do so resulted in defeat.^[52] A pivotal shift occurred with the Marquess of Queensberry rules, drafted in 1865 and published in 1867, which mandated padded gloves to reduce hand injuries and standardized a 10-second count for knockouts, replacing the longer recovery intervals and emphasizing quicker resolutions while promoting safer conditions. In the 1920s, U.S. state athletic commissions, empowered by legislation like New York's Walker Law of 1920, formalized the technical knockout (TKO) to halt bouts when a fighter could no longer intelligently defend themselves, even without a full knockdown, in response to growing concerns over excessive punishment and fatalities. The late 20th century saw further evolution driven by medical insights, particularly after Muhammad Ali's 1984 Parkinson's syndrome diagnosis, which highlighted cumulative brain trauma from boxing. Mandatory medical suspensions—typically 30 to 90 days for knockouts—had become standard by commissions in the mid-20th century and were widely enforced by the 1980s and 1990s to allow recovery and prevent immediate re-injury. Into the 21st century, awareness of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has informed ongoing updates to protocols worldwide, including improved concussion management and extended recovery periods for repeated head injuries. These developments facilitated the global standardization of knockout rules, with amateur boxing incorporating them at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics—boxing's debut as an Olympic sport—and professional circuits adopting similar frameworks through international bodies like the World Boxing Council by the mid-20th century.

Boxers with 50 or More Knockouts

The "50 knockout club" refers to professional boxers who have achieved at least 50 knockouts in their careers, a rare feat highlighting exceptional punching power and longevity in the ring. This group is dominated by fighters from earlier eras when bouts were more frequent and records were meticulously tracked by databases like BoxRec. Notable members include Archie Moore, who retired in 1963 with 132 knockouts in 220 professional fights, and George Foreman, who amassed 68 knockouts across 81 bouts from 1969 to 1997.^[53]^[54] Among the top achievers, Billy Bird holds the all-time record with 138 knockouts in a career spanning hundreds of fights primarily in the 1920s and 1930s, followed closely by Archie Moore at 132 and Young Stribling with 129. Earnie Shavers recorded 68 knockouts in 91 fights from 1969 to 1995, tying George Foreman for fourth place in heavyweight history. As of 2025, no active professional boxer has reached the 50-knockout threshold; Deontay Wilder, with 43 knockouts in 49 bouts, is the closest contender but falls short of the cutoff.^[55]^[56] Power-puncher styles characterize most members of this club, with an average knockout percentage exceeding 80% of their wins, emphasizing devastating one-punch power over technical decision victories. However, such high knockout totals correlate with elevated health risks, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and dementia pugilistica, as repetitive head trauma from delivering and absorbing impacts contributes to long-term cognitive decline; studies show boxers with extensive knockout histories exhibit greater white matter damage and a higher incidence of early-onset dementia.^[57]^[58] Records for this club are verified through BoxRec, which distinguishes pure knockouts from technical knockouts (TKOs) unless combined in overall statistics.^[59]

Notable Knockout Moments

Several knockouts stand out in boxing history for their drama and impact. Muhammad Ali's third-round knockout of Cleveland Williams in 1966 showcased his speed and power, ending with a devastating right hand. Mike Tyson's second-round stoppage of Trevor Berbick in 1986 made him the youngest heavyweight champion at age 20. More recently, Deontay Wilder's one-punch knockout of Luis Ortiz in 2019 highlighted modern heavyweight power.^[60]^[61]^[62]

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Chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI) in boxing affects about 20% of boxers, with risk factors including increased exposure and poor performance. It can cause ...Missing: paper | Show results with:paper
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Neurochemical Profile of Dementia Pugilistica - PMC
Traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for dementia development, and our findings are consistent with permanent structural and functional damage in the ...Missing: repeated knockouts
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Muhammad Ali and Parkinson's disease: Was boxing to blame?
Jun 4, 2016 · Neurologists cannot definitively say whether Ali's symptoms were a result of his boxing career. But they said head trauma does increase the risk.
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Investigating Head Trauma ...
Repeated head trauma is associated with smaller thalamic volumes and slower processing speed: the Professional Fighters' Brain Health Study. Br J Sports Med ...
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Chronic Effects of Boxing: Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Cognitive ...
We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to evaluate the effects of boxing on brain structure and cognition in 10 boxers.
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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Potential Late Effect of Sport ...
In some sports, such as boxing and American football, it may be impossible to prevent repetitive head injuries, especially the repeated subconcussive blows that ...Missing: parallels | Show results with:parallels
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[PDF] Referee Manual of Professional Boxing
If the fallen boxer arises any time before the count of (10), the referee, after giving the full (8) count, shall wipe the fallen boxer's gloves of any debris ...
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[PDF] Unified Rules of Boxing
The Mandatory Eight (8) Count after knockdowns will be standard procedure in all bouts. 6. All professional boxers are required to wear a mouthpiece during ...Missing: WBC | Show results with:WBC
[46]
[PDF] IBA TECHNICAL & COMPETITION RULES
If one Boxer is knocked out as a result of a head blow after “break” or “stop” and is counted up to “ten” (10), the. Page 21. IBA Technical and Competition ...
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NYSAC blames 'technical issue' for Davis knee no-call, says ... - ESPN
Mar 3, 2025 · Referee Steve Willis correctly started to count, but when he reached three, he stopped and didn't rule it a knockdown. If Willis followed the ...<|separator|>
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The History of Boxing
Boxing started in ancient Greece and Rome, was revived in 18th century London, and the Queensberry Rules in 1857 emphasized skill, changing the sport.<|control11|><|separator|>
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London Prize Ring Rules of Boxing - FISTIANA
Apr 4, 2018 · The London Prize Ring Rules – 1838, 1853 · 1. The 'scratch' replaced Broughton's 'square of a yard' chalked in the middle of the stage. · 2. After ...Missing: text | Show results with:text
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[PDF] JIM CROW & THE REGULATION OF BOXING IN NEW YORK STATE
Mar 30, 2024 · Boxing was reinstated in New York in 1920 by the. Walker Law. 1920 N.Y. Laws 2333. That law initially created a “boxing commis- sion” to govern ...
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Doctor Says Ali's Brain Injuries Due to Boxing - Los Angeles Times
Jul 16, 1987 · Muhammad Ali suffers from Parkinson's syndrome because of injuries to the brain he sustained during his 22-year boxing career, his doctor said Wednesday.
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Boxing has 'cookie-cutter' approach to concussion and lacks CTE ...
Jul 27, 2023 · The new head of Victoria's professional boxing regulator has embraced criticism the sport has a “cookie-cutter” approach to concussion and lacks CTE prevention ...
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Archie Moore - BoxRec
Archie Moore ; status, inactive ; bouts, 220 ; rounds, 1472 ; KOs, 70.97% ; career, 1935-1963.
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George Foreman - BoxRec
George Foreman ; status, inactive ; bouts, 81 ; rounds, 349 ; KOs, 89.47% ; career, 1969-1997.All Bouts · IBHoF Logo · Box-am · CN
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15 Boxers With Most Knockouts: All-Time KO Leaders - FightMMA.org
Sep 23, 2023 · The undisputed KO leader of all time is Billy Bird, with 138 boxing knockouts. His record will likely never be broken.
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Earnie Shavers - BoxRec
Earnie Shavers ; bouts, 91 ; rounds, 374 ; KOs, 92.11% ; career, 1969-1995 ; debut, 1969-11-06 ...Earnie ShaversRandall Cobb
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Diffusion Measures Indicate Fight Exposure–Related Damage to ...
This finding suggests that the number of knockouts experienced by boxers can predict microstructural damage in the brain, as represented by increased LD and TD.
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Boxers at greater risk of early onset dementia, study finds - BBC
Nov 25, 2021 · Men who boxed as amateurs in early life are at greater risk of early onset dementia, according to a new study.
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BoxRec
Oleksandr Usyk · Gilberto Ramirez · Dmitrii Bivol · Terence Crawford · Zhanibek Alimkhanuly* · Jaron Ennis · Devin Haney* · Teofimo Lopez.Schedule · Search · Ratings · Results