SSM-N-9 Regulus II

The SSM-N-9 Regulus II was a supersonic, nuclear-armed cruise missile developed by Chance Vought for the United States Navy as a successor to the subsonic SSM-N-8 Regulus I, featuring inertial guidance, a range exceeding 1,600 km, and Mach 2 speeds to deliver a thermonuclear warhead from surface ships or submarines.^[1]^[2] Initiated in June 1953 under a Navy contract, the Regulus II program aimed to address the limitations of its predecessor, including vulnerability to interception and limited range, by incorporating a solid-fueled booster for launch and a General Electric J79 turbojet for sustained supersonic flight.^[1]^[2] The missile measured approximately 19.5 m in length with a 1.27 m diameter and 6.1 m wingspan, weighed around 10,200 kg, and was equipped with a W27 thermonuclear warhead yielding up to 2 megatons.^[1]^[2] Its first flight occurred in May 1956, followed by submarine launch tests in 1958, with a total of 54 prototypes built for evaluation.^[1] Despite promising advancements, such as proposed terrain contour matching (TERCOM) guidance variants that were never produced, the program was cancelled in December 1958 after just two years of active development, as the emerging UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile offered superior survivability, accuracy, and strategic deterrence capabilities.^[1]^[2]^[3] Post-cancellation, surviving airframes were repurposed as high-speed target drones under designations like KD2U-1 and MQM-15A, with one example, GM-2048, preserved at the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas.^[1]^[3] The Regulus II represented an ambitious but short-lived step in Cold War naval missile technology, ultimately overshadowed by ballistic systems that defined U.S. nuclear strategy.^[2]

Development

Historical Context

During the early 1950s, amid escalating Cold War tensions, the United States Navy sought to enhance its strategic deterrence capabilities against growing Soviet naval threats, particularly the expansion of the Soviet submarine fleet and surface forces in the Atlantic and Pacific. The Navy required advanced cruise missiles that could deliver nuclear strikes from greater distances, extending the reach of submarine- and surface ship-launched weapons beyond the limitations of existing systems and reducing vulnerability to enemy defenses. This need was driven by the imperative to maintain sea-based nuclear strike options that could target Soviet homeland assets without relying solely on carrier aviation or land-based bombers, thereby bolstering the U.S. second-strike posture in a bipolar nuclear standoff.^[1]^[4] Requirements for a supersonic successor to the SSM-N-8 Regulus I emerged in the early 1950s, with the Navy specifying a cruise missile with a range exceeding 1,000 nautical miles, supersonic speeds, and improved survivability to address the shortcomings of its predecessor. The Regulus I, operational since 1955, was constrained by its subsonic speed, 500-nautical-mile range, and reliance on radio command guidance, which compromised accuracy—often requiring mid-course corrections that exposed launch platforms to detection—and made it highly vulnerable to interception by Soviet air defenses. These limitations rendered Regulus I inadequate for penetrating defended airspace or conducting standoff attacks on distant targets, prompting the Navy to pursue a more autonomous and robust successor.^[4]^[2] The Regulus II program was initiated in 1953 under a Navy development contract awarded that June to Chance Vought Aircraft, building on their experience with Regulus I, to design a missile capable of Mach 2 speeds and extended range; it was designated SSM-N-9. The program was influenced by emerging inertial navigation technologies, which promised greater autonomy and resistance to jamming compared to radio guidance, allowing for more reliable overland flight paths. A key decision emphasized prioritizing high accuracy for strategic bombing roles, enabling precise nuclear delivery against hardened Soviet targets without external updates.^[1]^[4] Early feasibility studies were supported by the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS) at China Lake, California, which evaluated propulsion and guidance concepts to validate the missile's viability for submarine and surface launches. Initial program funding, though constrained by broader defense priorities, enabled rapid prototyping, with the first test flight occurring in May 1956. This foundational work positioned Regulus II as a critical step in the Navy's transition toward more sophisticated sea-launched weapons during the missile age.^[4]^[5]

Design and Development

The development of the SSM-N-9 Regulus II began in earnest in the mid-1950s as a supersonic successor to the subsonic Regulus I, with Chance Vought receiving a contract in June 1953 to design a missile capable of achieving a range exceeding 1,000 nautical miles, speeds up to Mach 2, and a warhead capacity of approximately 3,000 pounds.^[1]^[6] Key design goals emphasized improved autonomy through an inertial guidance system for mid-course navigation, replacing the radio command guidance of its predecessor to enhance resistance to jamming and enable submarine launches.^[1]^[6] The airframe incorporated a canard configuration with swept wings, powered by a General Electric J79 turbojet engine providing 9,600 pounds of thrust (15,000 with afterburner) and a solid-fuel booster delivering around 105,000 pounds of thrust for initial acceleration.^[6] Major milestones included the rollout of the first prototype, designated XRSSM-N-9, in early 1956, followed by its maiden flight on May 29, 1956, at the Naval Air Missile Test Center in Point Mugu, California.^[1]^[6] Integration of the J79-GE-3 engine variant occurred in the XRSSM-N-9a prototype tested in 1958, alongside wind tunnel evaluations at facilities like the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS) in China Lake to refine aerodynamics for supersonic flight.^[1]^[7] A production contract was awarded in January 1958, marking progress toward operational deployment, though the program remained focused on prototyping during this phase.^[6] Testing spanned 1956 to 1958, encompassing 48 flight trials that demonstrated the missile's potential, with 30 fully successful outcomes, 14 partial successes, and only 4 failures, yielding an overall success rate approaching 92% but with accuracy in guidance tests around 70%.^[6] Early tests validated the solid-fuel booster's performance, though challenges arose from occasional separation failures during acceleration phases.^[6] Significant demonstrations included the first booster-assisted launch on November 13, 1957, from Edwards Air Force Base, where the 11-ton missile flew for 48 minutes under control before recovery.^[7] Submarine compatibility was proven on 16 September 1958 with the inaugural launch from USS Grayback (SSG-574 off the California coast, simulating a bombardment profile to an inland target at Edwards AFB.^[7]^[6] Zero-length launcher trials from surface vessels, such as the USS King County (AG-157) on December 10, 1958, further confirmed rapid deployment feasibility.^[6] The program faced escalating cost overruns, with each missile exceeding $1 million, contributing to its cancellation on December 12, 1958, by Secretary of the Navy Thomas S. Gates Jr., who prioritized the superior UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile for strategic deterrence.^[7]^[6] At termination, Vought had completed 20 missiles, with 27 more in various stages of assembly, and a total of 54 test vehicles produced overall.^[1]^[6]

Technical Specifications

Physical Description

The SSM-N-9 Regulus II possessed a streamlined cylindrical airframe optimized for supersonic flight, measuring 57 ft 6 in (17.5 m) in length (excluding the pitot tube), with a fuselage diameter of 50 in (1.27 m) and a wingspan of 20 ft 1 in (6.12 m) when fully extended.^[1]^[8] The design featured swept-back wings capable of folding—pivoting up to 90 degrees from their stowed position—to enable compact storage within submarine hangars or shipboard launchers, addressing the spatial constraints of naval platforms.^[9] A ventral air intake was integrated beneath the fuselage, extending post-launch to feed the sustainer turbojet engine and support Mach 2 speeds.^[9] The structure utilized welded aluminum for the fuselage, supplemented by fiberglass elements in the wings, with overall construction emphasizing lightweight durability suitable for maritime environments.^[9] Control surfaces included forward-mounted canards for enhanced stability during high-speed maneuvers and trailing-edge elevons that handled combined pitch and roll functions, while the empennage featured either cruciform fins or a wraparound tail that deployed in flight.^[9] These elements, along with the canard configuration, contributed to the missile's aerodynamic efficiency without requiring complex variable-geometry features. The airframe's height, including fins, reached approximately 15 ft 8 in (4.8 m), facilitating vertical orientation on launch platforms.^[8] Launched via zero-length launchers (ZEL) on cruisers, submarines, or other surface vessels, the Regulus II was elevated to a near-vertical position using hydraulic rams prior to ignition.^[9] The solid-fuel booster rocket then fired, generating initial thrust of up to 135,000 lbf (600 kN) for the final configuration (earlier prototypes used 115,000 lbf), before jettison, after which the missile transitioned to horizontal flight under sustainer power; the total launch weight was around 29,900 lb (13,570 kg).^[10]^[1]^[8] The forward section housed a dedicated warhead bay for the W27 thermonuclear device, yielding 1.9 megatons, or optional conventional explosives, all encased in a protective metal capsule providing environmental sealing against corrosion and pressure during submarine storage and handling.^[9]^[11]

Propulsion and Guidance

The SSM-N-9 Regulus II employed a two-stage propulsion system consisting of a solid-fuel booster for initial launch and a turbojet sustainer for cruise flight. The booster for the final XSSM-N-9 version was a Rocketdyne solid-propellant rocket motor delivering 600 kN (135,000 lbf) of thrust to accelerate the missile to supersonic speeds shortly after launch (earlier XRSSM-N-9 prototypes used an Aerojet booster with 511 kN / 115,000 lbf).^[1] This was followed by the General Electric J79-GE-3 turbojet engine, which provided 69 kN (15,600 lbf) of sustained thrust during the cruise phase.^[1] The J79 operated on JP-4 jet fuel, enabling extended endurance suitable for the missile's strategic role.^[6] The propulsion configuration supported a maximum range of 1,000 nautical miles (1,850 km), with capabilities reaching up to 1,150 nautical miles under optimal reduced-speed conditions using auxiliary fuel provisions.^[1]^[12] At cruise altitudes around 32,000 feet, the missile achieved speeds near Mach 0.9 for efficient long-range transit, while reserving higher supersonic performance (up to Mach 2) for shorter dash profiles that reduced range to approximately 570 nautical miles.^[12] Electrical power for onboard systems was generated by a ram air turbine, which deployed during flight to drive generators and ensure reliable operation of avionics and controls.^[13] The overall thrust-to-weight ratio facilitated rapid acceleration and stable supersonic flight without excessive structural demands on the airframe. Guidance for the Regulus II relied on an astro-inertial system, combining inertial navigation with stellar observations to achieve high accuracy over extended distances.^[14] Initial alignment occurred at periscope depth for submarine launches, where optical sensors acquired stellar fixes to calibrate the inertial platform before ascent.^[12] Mid-flight, the system performed periodic inertial updates augmented by celestial tracking to correct for drift and environmental factors.^[15] In the terminal phase, radio command links from the launch platform or support assets allowed for final trajectory adjustments, enhancing precision against fixed targets.^[12] This guidance approach represented a key innovation as the first U.S. cruise missile to incorporate a stellar-inertial system, markedly improving autonomy and resistance to jamming compared to earlier radio-guided designs like the Regulus I.^[14] The combination enabled reliable operation from submerged platforms, with the turbojet sustainer marking an advancement in sustained supersonic propulsion for naval strategic weapons.^[1]

Operational and Post-Operational Use

Variants and Operators

The SSM-N-9 Regulus II was the primary designation for the planned operational version of the missile, designed for launch from surface ships and submarines, and was later redesignated RGM-15A in 1963.^[1] An improved variant, the SSM-N-9a, incorporated the more powerful General Electric J79-GE-3 turbojet engine for enhanced performance and accuracy through refined inertial guidance systems.^[1] Test prototypes included the XRSSM-N-9, an early experimental model equipped with retractable landing gear and the Wright J65-W-6 engine for initial flight trials beginning in May 1956, and the YTSSM-N-9a, an evaluation version also featuring landing gear to support recovery during development.^[1]^[16] Additionally, the TSSM-N-9a represented production training simulators with landing gear, intended for ground and flight instruction without full operational armament.^[1] The sole operator of the Regulus II was the United States Navy, with no foreign transfers planned or executed due to the program's early termination.^[17] Deployment was envisioned for converted cruisers, such as the Baltimore-class USS Albany, where up to four missiles could be stored and launched from deck-mounted erectors, and submarines including the Grayback-class USS Grayback and USS Growler, which conducted the first underwater launch in September 1958.^[1]^[17] Further plans called for integration into Navy attack squadrons, with training conducted at Naval Air Station Point Mugu to prepare crews for strategic deterrence patrols.^[17] Although a production contract was initiated in 1958, a total of 54 test missiles were built before the program was largely unfielded following cancellation in December 1958 to prioritize the UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile, shifting focus to more survivable underwater-launched nuclear capabilities.^[1]^[17]

Target Drones and Surviving Examples

Following the cancellation of the Regulus II program in 1958, the U.S. Navy repurposed 54 remaining airframes as supersonic target drones, designated KD2U-1 and equipped with landing gear for recovery; these were later redesignated MQM-15A in 1963.^[18]^[1] The conversions removed the nuclear warhead and added telemetry systems to support data collection during flights.^[18] These drones were primarily used for anti-missile evaluations, including tests of the IM-99 Bomarc surface-to-air missile system from 1959 to 1965 at sites such as Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Range near Vieques, Puerto Rico; and Point Mugu, California.^[19] At Point Mugu, 17 drones completed 64 flights, with the final Regulus II drone mission occurring in 1965.^[18] The drones played a key role in validating supersonic intercept capabilities, such as a 1961 Bomarc test that successfully engaged a Regulus II target at over 100,000 feet (30 km) and 446 miles (718 km) from launch.^[19] Recovery was achieved via parachute descent or landing gear, enabling reuse and contributing to operational efficiencies in testing programs.^[20] By the late 1960s, the drones were phased out as more advanced targets, like the QF-4 Phantom II, became available, though data from Regulus II flights informed subsequent supersonic and ramjet evaluations into the 1970s.^[21]^[18] Known surviving Regulus II examples include a complete airframe preserved at the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas, showcasing the missile's original configuration, and an inert SSM-N-9a variant displayed at the Point Mugu Missile Park, Naval Base Ventura County, California, highlighting its role in Pacific Missile Range testing.^[1]