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Sailor Mars

Sailor Mars (セーラーマーズ, Sērā Māzu), known in her civilian form as Rei Hino (火野 レイ, Hino Rei), is a central character in the manga and anime series created by . She serves as the Sailor Guardian associated with the planet Mars, embodying themes of fire, passion, and spiritual warfare, and acts as a protector of the Moon Princess alongside the other Inner Senshi. Rei Hino is depicted as a second-year student at T.A. Private Girls' School and a dedicated miko (shrine maiden) at Hikawa Shrine in Tokyo, Japan, where her spiritual duties enhance her innate psychic abilities, such as scrying, premonitions, and sensing evil presences. In her transformed state as Sailor Mars, she wields attacks such as the spiritual exorcism Akuryo Taisan (Evil Spirit Begone) and the fire-based Mars Flame Sniper, using ofuda charms and flames to combat enemies, often drawing on her role as the Guardian of Fire introduced early in the series. Her character first appears in the manga in "Act 3: Rei – Sailor Mars" and in the anime during the first season's tenth episode, "The Cursed Bus," where she joins Usagi Tsukino (Sailor Moon) after detecting threats at her shrine. Rei is characterized by her strong-willed, serious, and intuitive nature, with a fiery temper that reflects her planetary affinity, though she maintains a composed and traditional demeanor rooted in her maiden lifestyle. Throughout the franchise, she contributes to the group's unity by providing spiritual guidance and assertive leadership, evolving from an initial skeptic of modern romance to a steadfast ally in battles against cosmic threats like the and later foes. Her portrayal varies slightly between the —where she is more stoic and old-fashioned—and the anime adaptations, which emphasize her protective and occasionally hot-headed traits.

Profile and Background

Rei Hino

Rei Hino is the civilian identity of in Naoko Takeuchi's manga series, depicted as a 14-year-old shrine maiden () residing and working at the Hikawa in Tokyo's Azabu-Jūban district. She attends T.A. Private Girls' School, a prestigious Catholic institution, where she balances her studies with her traditional duties at the shrine. Her role as a miko involves performing daily rituals, maintaining the shrine grounds—such as sweeping with a broom—and caring for the sacred crows and Deimos, which are integral to the shrine's spiritual practices. Rei's family background is marked by tragedy and separation; she was orphaned in the sense of losing her mother, Risa Hino, to a prolonged illness during her childhood, leaving her with vivid but painful memories of her mother's bedside vigils. Her father, a high-profile , was largely absent due to his career demands and never visited Risa during her final days in the hospital, fostering Rei's deep resentment toward him and modern romantic entanglements. Raised instead by her maternal grandfather, known as Grand Master Hikawa, who serves as the head priest of the shrine, Rei grew up immersed in traditions under his guidance, which shaped her disciplined and spiritually attuned lifestyle. In some adaptations of the series, such as the 1990s anime produced by , Rei supplements her shrine responsibilities with part-time pursuits like modeling or occasional singing performances, reflecting her poised and elegant demeanor. Her initial involvement in the Sailor Moon storyline occurs during the arc, where she uncovers her latent abilities while defending the Hikawa Shrine from otherworldly threats, ultimately transforming into Sailor Mars and allying with the Inner Senshi to combat Queen Beryl's forces.

Personality and Relationships

Rei Hino, the civilian identity of Sailor Mars, is depicted as a strong-willed and intuitive individual, deeply influenced by her training as a shrine maiden at Hikawa Shrine, which instills in her a sense of discipline and spiritual awareness. In Naoko Takeuchi's original , she is composed, serious, and traditional, harboring a distaste for modern romantic pursuits and maintaining an aloof demeanor. The anime adaptation alters this portrayal, emphasizing a fiery temper and hot-headed nature that highlights her passion, often leading to spirited interactions with her allies. Her spiritual sensitivities manifest in civilian life through precognitive fire-reading rituals and an acute ability to detect evil presences, abilities honed through her shrine duties and aiding the Sailor Guardians even before full transformations. These traits underscore her role as a guardian of passion and intuition, blending mysticism with resolute determination. Rei's relationships form the emotional core of her character development. Her bond with Usagi Tsukino begins with rivalry—exacerbated in the anime's early arcs by a romantic interest in Mamoru Chiba—but evolves into profound loyalty, with Rei often acting as a stern yet protective advisor to the group leader. She shares a close, familial mentorship with her grandfather, the head priest of Hikawa Shrine, whose guidance reinforces her disciplined outlook and spiritual practices. Tensions occasionally arise with Minako Aino due to their shared assertive leadership qualities, fostering a dynamic of mutual challenge and respect within the team. Rei also assumes a nurturing, protective role toward Chibiusa, treating the young time traveler as a surrogate sibling and supporting her growth amid cosmic threats. Across the series, Rei's character matures from an initially hot-headed figure in the original anime to a more composed and leadership-oriented presence in later arcs, such as , where her strategic insight and unyielding resolve become pivotal to the Guardians' survival. In the manga, this evolution maintains her stoic elegance, emphasizing quiet strength over overt passion.

Transformations and Forms

Sailor Mars

Sailor Mars is the primary powered form of Hino, one of the Sailor Guardians in the series, activated through a specific transformation process that emphasizes her connection to fire and spiritual elements. In the , Rei's initial transformation in Act 3 occurs by raising a special pen-like device (Mars Power Pen), but without declaring a verbal phrase; subsequent transformations use the invocation "Mars Power, Make Up!", triggering a sequence where flames erupt around her body, incorporating motifs of fire and shrine imagery such as flickering lanterns and sacred birds, symbolizing her role as a at Hikawa . In the adaptation, her first transformation occurs in Episode 11, beginning with a transformation pen (Mars Power Pen) provided by , leading to a visualized sequence of swirling red flames and ethereal shrine gates that envelop Rei, highlighting the fiery energy and protective spiritual aura central to her identity. Upon , Sailor Mars dons a distinctive sailor fuku characterized by a white bodysuit with a sailor collar outlined in white, a short skirt, ribbon bows at the chest and back with gold accents, elbow-length white gloves featuring V-shaped cuffs, and a choker bearing a golden emblem of Mars. Her long black hair remains styled in the signature odango hairstyle with loose strands framing her face, and her overall color scheme of and white evokes the passion and intensity of fire, aligning with her elemental affinity while maintaining the nautical-inspired design common to the Sailor Guardians. This appearance not only distinguishes her as the fiery counterpart among the team but also echoes the -and-white robes of her civilian role, blending tradition with combat readiness. Sailor Mars makes her debut in the storyline during Act 3 of the (Volume 1), where Rei awakens her powers amid a crisis at Hikawa Shrine, confronting the general and his youma forces to protect missing individuals trapped in an otherworldly dimension. In the , her first appearance as occurs in Episode 10, "The Cursed Bus," and her debut is in Episode 11, "Girls Unite: The End of Jadeite," where she aids and in defeating the enemy. These debuts establish her as a fierce and intuitive ally, immediately showcasing her combat prowess against the early antagonists of the series. The character of Sailor Mars draws symbolic inspiration from the planet Mars, the Roman (Mars), and the classical element of , positioning her as the guardian of flame and spiritual protection within the Sailor Guardians' framework. Her association with Mars reflects themes of , , and discipline, while the motif underscores her role in purification and warding off through intense, burning energy, often tied to her shrine-based that provides insight and defense against threats. This symbolism reinforces her narrative function as a bridge between earthly traditions and cosmic battles.

Super, Eternal, and Princess Forms

Super Sailor Mars represents an enhanced evolution of the base form, debuting in Act 41 of the during the Dream arc and Episode 104 of the during the S season. This is activated through the invocation "Mars Crystal Power, Make Up!", drawing on the Mars Crystal to amplify her abilities significantly. The updated fuku incorporates distinctive heart motifs at the chest, a lengthened for a more fluid silhouette, and subtle reinforcements that enhance mobility and power output, marking a key step in the Guardians' progression against escalating threats. Eternal Sailor Mars emerges as a pinnacle form in the Stars arc, first appearing in Act 42 of the and Episode 167 of the . The form is achieved through the power of the Silver Moon Crystal fusing with the Senshi Crystals, bestowing unparalleled resilience and spiritual depth; no unique verbal phrase is used beyond the standard invocation. The attire evolves with flowing winged sleeves reminiscent of ethereal flames, intricate gold accents on the , and a streamlined skirt adorned with planetary symbols, embodying themes of maturity and unyielding guardianship. Princess Mars embodies the ancient identity from the Silver Millennium, revealed through flashbacks in Act 10 of the and Episodes 34-35 of the . As one of Prince Endymion's elite protectors within the Moon Kingdom, she donned an elegant crimson gown accented by a bearing the Mars emblem, signifying her dominion over and . This regal attire, flowing with layered and jeweled pauldrons, highlighted her role in safeguarding the kingdom's sanctity alongside her fellow planetary princesses. Across media adaptations, these forms exhibit nuanced differences: the portrays power escalations as incremental infusions linked to the Silver Crystal's resonance, fostering narrative ties to cosmic , whereas the emphasizes dramatic crystal activations accompanied by vibrant visual sequences of flames and stellar bursts for heightened spectacle.

Powers, Abilities, and Items

Signature Attacks

Sailor Mars employs a range of fire-infused attacks that draw on her as a Shinto priestess, emphasizing purification and destruction of evil forces. Akuryo Taisan is an exorcism technique where she hurls scrolls inscribed with sacred incantations to dispel and negative energy. Originating as a civilian ability for Hino at the Hikawa , it gains amplified potency in her Sailor Mars form, allowing for broader purification effects. This attack debuts in the in Act 3 and in the in 10. Fire Soul serves as her foundational offensive move, channeling fiery energy from her fingertips into a concentrated blast capable of incinerating foes. Initially deployed against the youma Kigaan in her debut battle, it evolves across story arcs to manifest as bird-shaped flames for enhanced mobility and impact. Burning Mandala summons a swirling ring of fireballs that encircle and bombard enemies in an area-of-effect assault, requiring focused spiritual energy to maintain its formation. Introduced during the confrontation in the R arc, it appears in the in Act 15 and the in 63. In her Super Sailor Mars form, Mars Flame Sniper manifests as a precise of sacred fire shot from an energy bow, symbolizing divine judgment and unerring accuracy against darkness; she continues to use it in her Eternal form. This technique premieres in the Dream arc, debuting in the in Act 41 and the in 152. Anime adaptations feature exclusive variations, such as , which adds avian projections to the base Fire Soul for dynamic targeting, while the emphasizes attacks rooted in cleansing rather than raw destructive power. The can briefly amplify these techniques' intensity.

Associated Items and Artifacts

Sailor Mars' transformation begins with the Mars Power Compact, a compact mirror device that channels the planetary power of Mars to enable Hino's henshin into her Sailor Guardian form. Originating from the sacred relics at her grandfather's Hikawa Shrine, the compact contains the essential Mars Power and is activated by the phrase "Mars Power, Make Up!" It first appears in the during Act 3, marking Rei's introduction as a Guardian, and in the anime's Episode 10, where it is provided by to facilitate her debut battle against evil forces. The Mars Crystal represents an advanced evolution of Sailor Mars' core power source, serving as an upgraded Heart Crystal that amplifies her abilities across multiple forms. Introduced in the manga's Dream arc as a talismanic upgrade tied to the planet Mars (Act 41), it enables transitions to Super Sailor Mars and later Eternal Sailor Mars, acting as the conduit for her planetary energy. In the , it debuts in the SuperS season, powering enhanced transformations and attacks. Ofuda scrolls are sacred Shinto talismans integral to Sailor Mars' arsenal, drawn from Rei's role as a miko at Hikawa Shrine and used to seal malevolent entities. These paper charms, inscribed with purifying incantations, are employed in rituals to exorcise evil spirits and are particularly tied to her civilian and Guardian practices. They debut alongside her character in the manga's Act 3 and the anime's Episode 10, reflecting authentic traditions adapted into the series' supernatural framework. The Flame Sniper Bow emerges as a specialized forged from the Mars Crystal's energy, allowing Sailor Mars to channel precise, fiery projectiles. This bow, inspired by Rei's archery proficiency as a maiden, first manifests in the manga's Dream arc (Act 41), symbolizing the culmination of her fire-based prowess in Super form; it is used in form as well. The adaptation introduces it during the SuperS season (Episode 152), emphasizing its role in high-stakes cosmic battles. Shared among the Sailor Guardians, the Communicator and Star Power Stick adapt to Sailor Mars' fire-attuned commands for coordination and advanced transformations. The compact-sized Communicator, distributed by early in the series, facilitates group communication and surveillance, while the Star Power Stick upgrades her henshin to "Mars Star Power, Make Up!" in later arcs. These items highlight the collective dynamics of the Guardians, with the underscoring their use in synchronized strategies against threats.

Development

Creation and Conception

Sailor Mars, whose civilian identity is Rei Hino, was created by for the manga Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon, which began serialization in Kodansha's magazine in December 1991. As the third Sailor Senshi to be introduced after Sailor Moon and , the character was planned to incorporate spiritual and mystical elements into the narrative, drawing from mythology and the astrological associations of the planet Mars. Takeuchi intended Rei to serve as a foil to the protagonist Usagi Tsukino, embodying a hot-tempered and disciplined personality that contrasted with Usagi's clumsy and optimistic nature, thereby enhancing the group's overall dynamics. The character's design drew inspiration from the Roman god Mars, the deity of war often linked to fire and passion, which influenced Rei's pyromantic powers and her signature red color scheme symbolizing intensity and energy. Additionally, Rei's role as a at Hikawa was directly inspired by Takeuchi's own experience working part-time as a shrine maiden at Tokyo's Shiba Daijingu Shrine in 1990, during her college years; this personal background lent authenticity to Rei's spiritual duties and psychic abilities. Early sketches featured pronounced miko attire elements, such as traditional robes integrated with the sailor uniform, emphasizing her connection to Japanese shrine traditions. Takeuchi selected the name "Rei Hino" to evoke thematic resonance, with "rei" connoting spirit or zero (suggesting otherworldly purity) and "hino" deriving from "fire field," aligning with the character's fiery temperament and thematic ties to the planet Mars. Throughout the manga's development, Rei's evolution included power enhancements connected to the ancient Silver Millennium kingdom's lore.

Portrayals in Adaptations

In the original Sailor Moon anime series (1992–1997), Rei Hino/Sailor Mars was voiced by Michie Tomizawa in Japanese, delivering a portrayal characterized by youthful energy, fiery determination, and sharp wit that emphasized the character's passionate temperament. In the Sailor Moon Crystal reboot (2014–2016), Rina Sato took over the Japanese voice role, shifting to a more mature and introspective tone that highlighted Rei's spiritual depth and composure, aligning closer to her manga depiction while retaining core intensity; Sato reprised the role in the 2021 Eternal and Cosmos films. For English dubs, the Viz Media redub of both the original series and Crystal features Cristina Valenzuela (Cristina Vee), who infuses the role with confident assertiveness and emotional range, drawing from her experience in anime and video game voicing to capture Rei's blend of elegance and aggression; Vee also voiced the character in the 2021 films. The live-action Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (PGSM) tokusatsu series (2003–2004) cast as Rei Hino/Sailor Mars, portraying her as a fiercely independent maiden with heightened dramatic tension and modern emotional vulnerability, including deeper explorations of her isolation and burdens through realistic acting and practical effects; Kitagawa later voiced the character in the 2023 film. In the Sera Myu stage musicals, multiple actresses embodied the role across productions from 1993 to 2005, including Hiroko Nakayama in early shows and Misako Kotani in several mid-1990s runs, with performances focusing on dynamic , intricate , and vocal solos that amplified Rei's combative spirit—such as image songs incorporating "Fire Soul" motifs to showcase her fiery attacks through theatrical energy. Later revivals, including the New Stage (2009–2010) and New Legend (2013–2019) productions, featured additional actresses such as Momoko Okuyama and Ayano Kato, continuing to emphasize Rei's fiery and spiritual traits in updated stagings. In video games, Sailor Mars' portrayal often mirrors her anime counterparts for consistency; for instance, Michie Tomizawa reprised her role in the Japanese version of Sailor Moon R (1993 RPG), emphasizing quick-tempered dialogue and battle mechanics that highlight her offensive fire-based abilities. Cristina Vee has voiced her in English-localized titles like recent Sailor Moon mobile games, maintaining the character's bold personality through interactive scenarios. Adaptations vary in emphasis: the anime expands Rei's romantic subplots, introducing flirtations and rivalries absent in the source material to add interpersonal drama, while the musicals prioritize performative elements like song-driven battles, and PGSM incorporates contemporary themes of personal growth through live-action .

Reception

Critical Analysis

Sailor Mars, embodied by Rei Hino, serves as a multifaceted symbol of passion, spirituality, and female empowerment within the Sailor Moon series, deeply rooted in Shinto influences that underscore her role as a miko, or shrine maiden, at Hikawa Shrine. This characterization integrates traditional Japanese religious practices into a modern narrative, portraying Rei as a guardian who channels spiritual authority to combat evil, thereby elevating women's agency in both sacred and combative spheres. Scholars highlight how her assertive demeanor and spiritual prowess challenge 1990s gender norms in anime, where female protagonists were frequently confined to supportive or passive roles. In practice, fire rituals establish links between the living world and ancestral spirits, emphasizing renewal through controlled destruction—a that aligns with Rei's duties. This elemental association not only draws from planetary mythology tied to Mars (the ) but also enriches the Senshi's diversity by foregrounding Asian traditions, positioning Sailor Mars as a bridge between ancient cosmology and contemporary fantasy narratives. Narratively, Sailor Mars contributes to the group's dynamics as part of the Senshi team, embodying core themes of personal growth, friendship, and collective empowerment amid adversity. This progression underscores the series' exploration of maturity, where the Senshi's unity and resilience are central. Comparative critiques reveal notable divergences between the original and adaptations, particularly in localizations during the , where sensuality was often toned down to align with conservative standards. For instance, sequences and Rei's more sensual or flirtatious undertones in the manga were censored or altered in English dubs, such as the and Cloverway versions, to mitigate perceived and cultural unfamiliarity, thereby diluting her portrayal as a passionate, spiritually liberated figure. Academic analyses contend that these changes not only sanitized Shinto-inspired elements but also reinforced heteronormative expectations, contrasting with the manga's bolder embrace of female sensuality and autonomy.

Popularity and Legacy

Sailor Mars has enjoyed significant among fans, particularly for her portrayal as a strong, fiery warrior. In the 2020 NHK All-Sailor Moon Grand Poll, co-reported by , she ranked 16th overall among characters from the series, with her civilian identity Rei Hino placing 21st, highlighting her enduring appeal as a fan-favorite Senshi noted for her strength and spiritual depth. Earlier 1990s polls reflected her standing during the original 's run. Her cultural impact extends to cosplay and fashion trends in Japan, where her miko-inspired shrine maiden attire has blended traditional Shinto aesthetics with modern magical girl elements, inspiring events at shrines and conventions. Appearances in official crossover media, such as the 1995 RPG Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon: Another Story, feature her in collaborative narratives with the other Senshi against shared threats, expanding her presence beyond standalone Sailor Moon titles. Extensive merchandise, including Bandai figurines and Hot Topic symbol necklaces, underscores her commercial draw, with items like PVC statues and acrylic earrings consistently available on major platforms. Sailor Mars's legacy influences subsequent series by exemplifying disciplined, independent female archetypes, as seen in broader genre evolutions where fiery, spiritually attuned characters echo her traits. In feminist , she represents a model of disciplined , maintaining independence from romantic entanglements and a strong spiritual connection, which challenges traditional gender roles without compromising her heroic agency. Her non-judgmental acceptance of diverse identities, such as in the Sailor Starlights arc, contributes to the series' disruption of heteronormative narratives. Recent developments have sustained her relevance through revivals, including her pivotal role in the 2014 Sailor Moon Crystal anime, where she transforms in Act 3 to combat Jadeite using her fire-based powers, adapting the manga faithfully for a new generation, and the 2023 theatrical films Sailor Moon Cosmos, which conclude the Crystal arc and highlight Mars's continued importance in battles against final threats. The 2021 stage musical Kaguya-hime no Koibito, rescheduled from 2020 due to the pandemic, featured Rei Kobayashi as Sailor Mars in a production at Tokyo's Galaxy Theatre, blending nostalgia with fresh performances to engage longtime fans. These efforts, alongside ongoing nostalgia events, continue to affirm her lasting impact. Portrayals across adaptations, such as Rina Sato's voice work in Crystal, have further boosted her popularity by emphasizing her passionate demeanor.

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