Sarati

Sarati is an artificial script created by J.R.R. Tolkien as part of his legendarium for Middle-earth, portrayed within the mythology as an ancient alphabet invented by the Noldorin Elf Rúmil of Tirion in Valinor during the Years of the Trees.^[1]^[2] This phonographic system, also known as the Tengwar of Rúmil, served as a precursor to the more widely used Tengwar script developed by Fëanor, and it was primarily designed for writing Elvish languages such as Quenya.^[1]^[3] The Sarati alphabet features full primary characters, or sarati, representing consonants, with vowels indicated by diacritic marks placed to the left or right of the consonants, often functioning as an abugida with an inherent a sound that is typically omitted in Quenya.^[1]^[2] Its writing direction is characteristically vertical, proceeding top to bottom and then left to right, though it is uniquely legible when mirrored, rotated, or written by either hand in various orientations, reflecting the ambidexterity attributed to the Eldar in Tolkien's lore.^[1]^[2] Tolkien himself employed the script sparingly in his personal writings, such as a diary entry, and it appears in limited inscriptions within published works like The Lord of the Rings (Appendix E) and The Silmarillion, underscoring its role as an early and experimental element in his constructed linguistic framework.^[1]^[3] Scholars of Tolkien's languages have analyzed surviving samples from Tolkien's manuscripts, including the "Early Form," "Phonetic Form," and "Late Form," which demonstrate evolving glyph shapes and phonetic mappings tied closely to Eldarin phonemes, with modifications for sounds like nasals, sibilants, and doubled consonants.^[2] Despite its foundational influence on later scripts, Sarati fell into relative obscurity in the legendarium after the adoption of Tengwar, which became the dominant writing system among the Elves.^[1]

Fictional Context

Creator and Origin

In the mythology of J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, the Sarati script—known as the "letters of Rúmil"—was invented by the Ñoldorin loremaster Rúmil of Tirion upon Túna in the blessed realm of Valinor. This creation occurred in Valian Year 1169 during the Years of the Trees, a period when the light of the Two Trees illuminated the world before the rising of the Sun and Moon. Rúmil, one of the earliest and most revered scholars among the Eldar, devised the Sarati as an innovative means to capture spoken words in written form, marking a pivotal advancement in Elvish culture.^[4] As the inaugural writing system of the Eldar, the Sarati enabled the preservation and dissemination of their accumulated knowledge, serving primarily to transcribe lore, histories, and poetry in Quenya, the ancient tongue of the Noldor and Vanyar in Valinor.^[5] It facilitated the documentation of sacred narratives, such as early accounts of the world's shaping by the Valar, and poetic expressions of Elvish experience under the Trees' radiance. The script's adoption underscored the Noldor's growing emphasis on scholarship and artistry, with Rúmil himself contributing foundational texts like portions of the Ainulindalë and the Annals of Valinor using these letters.^[4] Prior to the exile of the Noldor from Valinor in rebellion against the Valar—sparked by the Kinslaying at Alqualondë and Fëanor's oath—the Sarati played a crucial role in safeguarding ancient Elvish texts against potential loss during the tumultuous Great Journey westward. These writings, inscribed on durable materials like parchment and stone, formed the bedrock of Eldarin intellectual heritage, ensuring that the wisdom of the Elder Days endured into later ages. In time, the Sarati influenced subsequent developments, such as Fëanor's refinement of its principles into the Tengwar.^[6]

Relation to Other Scripts

Sarati, the earliest known Elvish script in Tolkien's legendarium, exerted a direct influence on the subsequent Tengwar developed by Fëanor, sharing foundational phonetic principles based on phonological features such as place of articulation and voicing.^[6] For instance, corresponding letters for consonants like "t," "d," "p," and "b" in both scripts feature a similar number of bows, reflecting visual motifs that emphasize curved forms over rigid lines.^[6] This evolutionary link is evident in Tolkien's notes, where Fëanor's Tengwar is described as building upon Rúmil's system, adapting its phonographic structure—where each primary sign represents a consonant phoneme—while introducing greater systematicity through a grid of 24 base letters.^[7]^[2] In contrast to the Cirth, the runic script primarily associated with the Sindar, Dwarves, and Men, Sarati stands out for its cursive and alphabetic nature, designed for fluid writing rather than the angular incisions suited to carving on wood or stone.^[7] The Cirth, evolving separately among the Grey Elves, lack the diacritical vowel system of Sarati, instead relying on full signs for both consonants and vowels in a more monumental style, as seen in inscriptions like those on Balin's tomb.^[7] This distinction underscores Sarati's role within the Noldorin tradition, prioritizing calligraphic elegance over the utilitarian durability of the Cirth.^[2] Within the lore, Sarati coexisted with early writing systems in Valinor but was largely supplanted by Tengwar following the Exile of the Noldor to Middle-earth, where Fëanor's script became the dominant mode for Elvish texts due to its versatility and refinement.^[6] While Sarati appears in limited contexts, such as fragments related to the Tale of Túrin, Tengwar inscriptions proliferated in Middle-earth, including on the Doors of Durin and the One Ring, marking the script's transition from an archaic Valinorean tool to a widespread standard.^[7] This shift highlights Sarati's foundational yet transitional position in Tolkien's invented writing systems.^[6]

Historical Development

Tolkien's Creation Process

J.R.R. Tolkien developed the Sarati script, also known as the Alphabet of Rúmil, in 1919, marking it as his earliest invented Elvish writing system. This creation occurred during a period when Tolkien was employed as an assistant lexicographer on the Oxford English Dictionary, from late 1918 to 1920, a time that immersed him deeply in philological analysis and etymology. The script's initial forms emerged as a personal linguistic experiment, reflecting Tolkien's longstanding passion for constructing artificial languages that paralleled his mythological world-building.^[7]^[8]^[6] Tolkien employed Sarati in practical, private applications shortly after its invention, notably inscribing entries in his personal diary starting from 1919. These diary uses served as a "secret code," predating the script's integration into his fictional lore, and demonstrate its early functionality for everyday notation. Although the diary manuscripts remain unpublished, they provide primary evidence of Sarati's immediate utility in Tolkien's life. By the early 1920s, the script appeared in preliminary drafts of what would become The Silmarillion, where it supported the recording of Elvish texts and nomenclature in the evolving Book of Lost Tales.^[9]^[6] Manuscript evidence reveals ongoing revisions to Sarati throughout the 1920s and into the 1930s, as documented in collections like Parma Eldalamberon 13, which reproduces Tolkien's original notes, tables, and fragments from this era. These materials, including shelf-marked documents such as Tolkien S1 (VII) folios, illustrate iterative refinements in letter forms, vowel notations, and directional adaptations, transitioning from personal cipher to a structured alphabetic system. Later attributions in Tolkien's mythology paralleled this development by envisioning Sarati as the invention of the sage Rúmil in Valinor. By the mid-1930s, Sarati had largely given way to more advanced scripts like Tengwar, though its foundational role persisted in Tolkien's linguistic framework.^[7]^[10]^[9]

Influences and Inspirations

Tolkien's design of the Sarati script drew from a variety of real-world linguistic and writing systems, reflecting his interest in phonetics and historical linguistics. His biographer Humphrey Carpenter characterized Sarati as a "mixture of Hebrew, Greek, and Pitman's shorthand," highlighting its blended aesthetic and functional elements.^[6] The script exhibits visual and structural resemblances to Hebrew, particularly in its right-to-left cursive flow, which evokes the fluid, connected forms of Semitic scripts while allowing for directional flexibility.^[6] Similarly, influences from Greek are evident in the alphabetic forms of the characters, where individual symbols represent phonemes in a systematic manner akin to classical Greek letter shapes.^[6] These borrowings contributed to Sarati's elegant, ancient appearance, aligning with Tolkien's aim to craft a script suitable for an Elvish tongue. Elements from Pitman's shorthand were incorporated to enhance efficiency in phonetic representation, enabling concise notation of sounds through simplified strokes and diacritics.^[6] Tolkien's extensive philological background, rooted in the study of Old English, Old Norse, and comparative Indo-European linguistics during his academic career at Oxford and Leeds, further informed this design.^[11] By drawing from Indo-European scripts such as runes and Greek, he sought to imbue Sarati with an "authentic" sense of antiquity and cultural depth, mirroring the historical evolution of real writing systems.^[11]

Description of the Script

Consonants

The Sarati script, also known as the Rúmilian alphabet, features approximately 20 to 24 primary consonant shapes, each designed as a vertical stroke or modified form to represent core phonetic elements of Elvish languages such as Quenya and Sindarin.^[10] These base forms include straight vertical lines for stop consonants like /p/ and /b/, often distinguished by doubling or added curves to indicate voicing, as seen in early 1919 manuscripts where a simple upright stroke denotes unvoiced stops and a bifurcated version marks their voiced counterparts.^[12] Hooks or curls attached to these stems represent fricatives, such as /f/ and /v/, with the hook's direction or length modifying the sound from voiceless to voiced, reflecting Tolkien's intent to visually mimic articulatory gestures.^[10] Phonetic assignments in the Sarati consonants prioritize labial, dental, and velar sounds, with downward-slanting lines typically assigned to labials (e.g., /m/, /p/, /b/, /f/, /v/) and inward curls for sibilants like /s/ and /z/.^[12] For instance, the nasal /n/ is rendered as a vertical with a trailing curve, while /ŋ/ (as in Quenya) uses a looped variant; nasals and liquids like /l/ and /r/ employ extended bows or closed loops to convey their resonant quality.^[10] Approximants such as /j/ and /w/ are mapped to lighter, hooked extensions from the main stem, ensuring phonetic grouping where similar articulations share morphological traits, as documented in Tolkien's 1919 phonetic mode for Qenya (early Quenya).^[12] In Sindarin adaptations, these assignments shift slightly to accommodate lenition patterns, with fricatives gaining prominence in mutated forms.^[10] Variations across manuscripts highlight Tolkien's iterative development, particularly in the 1930s revisions where added short stems or crossbars were introduced below the main sarat for enhanced clarity and to distinguish clustered consonants in compound words.^[10] Early modes from the late 1910s, as reproduced in facsimile, show simpler, more angular forms without these supports, while later examples in the 1930s incorporate rounded elements for nasals and a long trailing bow on final consonants to indicate word endings, improving readability in cursive styles.^[12] These evolutions, spanning over a decade, demonstrate Tolkien's refinement toward a more flexible system while preserving the script's phonetic logic.^[10]

Vowels

In the Sarati script, vowels are primarily indicated by diacritics known as tehtar, which modify the consonantal bases rather than forming independent letters, reflecting the abugida-like nature of the system. These tehtar are positioned relative to the sarati (consonant signs) to denote whether the vowel precedes or follows the consonant in pronunciation. In horizontal writing modes, tehtar are placed to the left of a sarat for a preceding vowel or to the right for a following one, with the left form typically being the standard shape and the right form a mirrored variant.^[2] In vertical modes, such as book-hand usage, vocalic tehtar appear above the baseline bar, while certain consonantal modifiers may be placed below or to the right.^[2] Specific tehtar forms include a short vertical line for the vowel "a", often the default or implied vowel in certain Quenya modes unless otherwise marked. For "e" and "i", hooked or curved shapes are used, with variations such as double dots in some phonetic representations to distinguish close and open qualities or to indicate length. Long vowels can be represented by doubling the tehta, adding a straight line above, or employing special carriers.^[2]^[13] In Quenya applications of Sarati, the vowel "a" is frequently omitted, particularly in verse, to achieve poetic effects like rhythmic compression or to evoke archaic forms tied to historical consonant loss, such as vanished spirants; this omission aligns with the language's tendency to treat short unstressed vowels as optional in certain contexts.^[2]^[13] For full alphabetic adaptations or when vowels stand alone without a preceding consonant, independent vowel signs are formed using a carrier—a short straight line parallel or perpendicular to the writing direction—upon which the tehta is placed, allowing vowels to function as autonomous elements in modes requiring complete vocalic representation.^[2]^[13]

Distinctive Features

Directional Flexibility

Sarati demonstrates exceptional directional flexibility, a deliberate design feature that allows the script to adapt to various writing orientations while preserving legibility. The primary mode is vertical, proceeding from top to bottom within columns that advance from left to right across the page, a format particularly common in book-like manuscripts and cursive styles.^[2] This vertical orientation begins at the top right-hand corner in some early examples, reflecting its suitability for structured texts.^[2] The script's graphemes are engineered with symmetrical properties, enabling them to remain readable when written by either hand or in reversed directions, as the facing side of each sarat consistently aligns toward the subsequent letter.^[2] Horizontal modes include right-to-left progression, originally the default in Tolkien's notes, as well as left-to-right and boustrophedon styles that alternate directions line by line starting from the right.^[2] These adaptations ensure that texts appear coherent without additional modifications, even when mirrored.^[2] This versatility aligns with the mythological ambidexterity of the Eldar, who utilized the left hand for right-to-left writing and the right hand for left-to-right to prevent ink smudging during composition.^[2] In lore, such flexibility manifests in vertical columns of ancient Noldorin manuscripts and bidirectional inscriptions on artifacts, as evidenced by Tolkien's early Qenya samples and Rúmilian texts that employ mixed directions for poetic or inscriptional purposes.^[2]

Additional Elements

Sarati incorporates a simple punctuation system with two established full-stop variants: a single dot used to indicate a pause within a sentence, and a double dot marking the end of a complete sentence. These marks remain consistent regardless of the script's mode or directional orientation.^[10] The script also includes a set of Rúmilian numerals, distinct symbols derived from modified consonant forms to represent values from 1 to 10, with higher numbers constructed additively. Basic numerals employ varying strokes and curls—for instance, 1 is rendered as a simple downward stroke, 2 as a hooked form, and 10 as a closed circular bow—allowing for systematic extension to larger figures through repetition or combination.^[5]^[10] In late revisions documented by Tolkien, rare ligatures appear for common diphthongs, providing optional joined forms to streamline writing of frequent vowel combinations.^[10] This supplementary flexibility aligns with the script's overall symmetry, enabling adaptations without altering core alphabetic structures.