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Sixtus

Pope Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere; 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484) was an Italian prelate who served as pope from 9 August 1471 until his death, succeeding Paul II as head of the Catholic Church and temporal ruler of the Papal States.^[1] Born to impoverished parents near Savona in Liguria, he entered the Franciscan Order as a youth, distinguished himself through theological scholarship, and ascended ecclesiastical ranks to become Minister General of the Franciscans in 1464 before his papal election.^[1] His pontificate emphasized Renaissance-era patronage, including the restoration of the old Cappella Magna into the Sistine Chapel—named after him—between 1477 and 1480, which featured frescoes by artists such as Botticelli and Perugino.^[2] Sixtus also founded the Vatican Library in 1475 and undertook urban improvements in Rome, such as bridges, churches, and hospitals, reflecting a commitment to cultural and infrastructural renewal amid the era's artistic flowering.^[1] Yet Sixtus IV's legacy includes marked controversies, particularly his extensive nepotism, through which he elevated numerous relatives—including nephews like Giuliano della Rovere (later Pope Julius II)—to cardinalates, bishoprics, and administrative roles, often granting them vast estates and revenues that fueled familial wealth accumulation and perceptions of corruption.^[1]^[3] This practice, while not unique to his era, dominated his later years and diverted resources from broader Church reforms, intertwining papal authority with dynastic ambitions.^[1] His immersion in Italian politics exacerbated factional violence, as seen in tacit support for the 1478 Pazzi conspiracy against the Medici in Florence, leading to excommunications and wars that strained papal finances and prestige.^[4] These elements underscore a pontificate blending institutional enhancement with personal and political excesses, shaping the Church's role in late medieval power dynamics.^[1]

Etymology and Historical Usage

Linguistic Origins

The name Sixtus derives from Late Latin, functioning as a variant of Sextus, which stems from the ordinal adjective sextus meaning "sixth" in a sequence, often denoting the sixth-born child in Roman families.^[5]^[6]^[7] This usage parallels other Roman cognomina like Quintus (fifth) and Septimus (seventh), employed to mark birth order among siblings.^[5] An alternative etymology links Sixtus to the Greek proper name Xystos (Ξύστος), signifying "scraped," "shaved," or "polished," potentially alluding to a smoothed or refined quality, as in a polished surface or personal cultivation.^[8]^[9] This Greek root was Latinized as Xystus before evolving into Sixtus in ecclesiastical contexts, reflecting the Hellenized influences in early Roman Christianity.^[8] The "sixth" interpretation predominates in Roman onomastic traditions, while the Greek "polished" origin better suits early Christian figures like Pope Sixtus I, whose name likely originated in Greek-speaking regions; retrospective papal enumeration as the sixth successor to Peter may have reinforced the numerical connotation.^[10]^[8]^[9]

Adoption in Early Christianity

The name Sixtus, likely the Latinized form of the Greek Xystos meaning "scraped" or "polished," first gained prominence in early Christian contexts through its association with ecclesiastical leaders in Rome. Sixtus I, a Roman of Greek descent and son of a man named Pastor, served as bishop of Rome from approximately 117 to 125 AD, marking the earliest documented use of the name in Christian records.^[11] Although some later traditions speculated that the name derived from the Latin sextus ("sixth") to reflect his position as the sixth successor to St. Peter, this interpretation lacks contemporary evidence and is generally regarded as a folk etymology rather than the primary origin.^[8] His tenure, amid growing Roman persecution of Christians, helped embed the name within the nascent Church's hierarchy, though little is known of specific contributions beyond standard episcopal duties like ordaining clergy.^[12] The name's adoption expanded with Sixtus II, elected bishop in 257 AD during the Valerian persecution, who was a key figure in defending clerical privileges and scriptural access. On August 6, 258 AD, Sixtus II and four deacons were executed by beheading after holding open-air liturgies defying imperial edicts, an event chronicled in early Church writings that elevated the name's martyr status.^[13] This martyrdom, referenced by contemporaries like Cyprian of Carthage, reinforced Sixtus as a symbol of fidelity amid crisis, influencing its selective use among later Christian clergy rather than widespread lay adoption. Empirical records from the period, such as the Liber Pontificalis, indicate the name remained rare outside Roman episcopal circles, reflecting early Christianity's tendency to retain Greco-Roman nomenclature while infusing it with theological significance through holy figures.^[11] By the 3rd century, the papal lineage—including these early Sixti—contributed to the name's endurance in Christian tradition, though its prevalence was confined primarily to religious elites rather than broad cultural diffusion. No substantial evidence exists for pre-Christian widespread use among proto-Christians or its ritualistic adoption beyond honoring successors in the Roman see, underscoring a pragmatic rather than symbolic embrace tied to institutional continuity. Later revivals, such as Sixtus III (432-440 AD), built on this foundation but occurred outside the strictly early period.^[8]

Popes Named Sixtus

Sixtus I

Sixtus I, also spelled Xystus I, served as the sixth Bishop of Rome, succeeding Alexander I and preceding Telesphorus, with his pontificate dated approximately from 115 to 125 AD according to most ancient catalogues, though Eusebius places it from 114 to 124 or 119 to 128.^[11] All early sources, including the Liberian Catalogue and Eusebius's Historia Ecclesiastica, concur that his reign lasted about ten years during the early 2nd century under Emperor Hadrian.^[11] A native Roman, he was the son of a man named Pastor, and little is known of his personal life beyond these details preserved in later compilations.^[11] The Liber Pontificalis, a 6th-century biographical collection, attributes to Sixtus I several ecclesiastical decrees aimed at regulating liturgy and church administration, including the requirement that sacred vessels be touched only by ordained ministers such as priests and deacons, the recitation of the Sanctus by the priest together with the congregation immediately after the Preface in the Mass, and the stipulation that bishops returning from visits to the Apostolic See must present confirmatory letters.^[11] These measures reflect early efforts to standardize practices in the Roman church, distinguishing clerical roles and ensuring apostolic oversight, though their attribution to Sixtus relies on retrospective tradition rather than contemporary documentation.^[11] No writings or major doctrinal contributions from Sixtus survive, and his pontificate occurred in a period of relative peace for the Roman Christian community before intensified persecutions. Tradition recorded in the Liber Pontificalis claims Sixtus died as a martyr and was buried on April 3 near the tomb of Saint Peter in the Vatican cemetery, with his feast day observed on April 6 in the Roman Martyrology.^[11] However, early historians like Eusebius and Irenaeus, who list him among the apostolic successors, provide no evidence of martyrdom, rendering such accounts doubtful and likely pious embellishments added in later centuries.^[14] His relics were reportedly translated to Alatri in 1132, underscoring his veneration in medieval hagiography despite the scarcity of verifiable historical details.^[11]

Sixtus II

Sixtus II served as Bishop of Rome from August 31, 257, until his martyrdom on August 6, 258.^[15] His origins remain uncertain, with the Liber Pontificalis describing him as Greek by birth, though this claim is disputed among historians.^[15] Elected shortly after the death of his predecessor, Stephen I, Sixtus II inherited a church strained by internal disputes and external pressures from the Roman Empire.^[15] During his brief tenure, Sixtus II adopted a conciliatory approach toward the African and Asiatic churches, particularly in addressing the controversy over the baptism of heretics, where Cyprian of Carthage advocated rebaptism while Rome upheld the validity of baptisms performed outside the church.^[15] Unlike Stephen I, who had excommunicated dissenters, Sixtus restored communion without altering the Roman practice of accepting such baptisms, thereby easing tensions without conceding doctrinal ground.^[15] Letters attributed to him, preserved in the Patrologia Latina (volumes V, 79–100), reflect efforts to maintain unity amid these debates.^[15] Sixtus II's papacy coincided with escalating persecution under Emperor Valerian, whose 257 edict targeted Christian clergy by forbidding assemblies and demanding sacrifices to Roman gods.^[16] Defying the decree, Sixtus resumed meetings with the Roman clergy in subterranean cemeteries, prioritizing pastoral duties.^[15] This act of resistance led to his arrest; on August 6, 258, he was beheaded while addressing the faithful in the Cemetery of Praetextatus, accompanied by deacons Januarius, Vincentius, Magnus, and Stephanus, with Felicissimus and Agapitus suffering the same fate later that day.^[15] Cyprian of Carthage documented the event in a letter dated shortly after, describing Sixtus's execution during a liturgical gathering in the catacombs and framing it as part of Valerian's broader policy to punish church leaders summarily, including confiscation of property and enslavement for confessors.^[16] Sixtus II's steadfastness under persecution solidified his veneration as a martyr-saint, with his feast observed on August 6 or 7 in the Roman calendar.^[15]

Sixtus III

Sixtus III, a Roman by birth and son of a man named Xystus, served as a priest in Rome prior to his election as pope on July 31, 432, succeeding Celestine I.^[17] His pontificate, which ended with his death on August 19, 440, focused on doctrinal orthodoxy amid ongoing Christological disputes and the lingering effects of Pelagianism.^[17] Prior to his elevation, Sixtus had engaged in debates against Pelagianism—a heresy emphasizing human free will over divine grace—and Nestorianism, which separated Christ's divine and human natures into two distinct persons.^[18] Sixtus endorsed the decisions of the Council of Ephesus in 431, which condemned Nestorius and affirmed the title Theotokos (God-bearer) for the Virgin Mary, thereby upholding the unity of Christ's natures.^[17] He corresponded with key figures, including a letter to John of Antioch seeking reconciliation while insisting on Nestorius's deposition, and missives to the bishops of Constantinople and Alexandria reinforcing anti-Nestorian positions.^[17] Additionally, Sixtus addressed Pelagian sympathizers in Gaul, where certain monks accused him of leniency toward the heresy; he refuted these claims in a direct epistle to the Gallic bishops, condemning Pelagian errors and affirming Augustinian views on grace.^[17] He also protested Priscillianism—a dualistic sect blending Gnosticism and asceticism—in letters to Gaul's episcopate.^[17] In Rome, Sixtus undertook significant ecclesiastical construction and restoration to enhance worship spaces and counter pagan influences. He restored the Basilica Liberiana, later known as Santa Maria Maggiore, commemorating the Marian apparitions reported in 352.^[17] He enlarged the Basilica of St. Lawrence Outside the Walls and secured relics and precious gifts for the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls.^[17] These efforts, funded partly through papal resources and donations, symbolized the Church's consolidation in a city recovering from sackings and imperial decline. Sixtus was succeeded by Leo I, who built upon his predecessor's doctrinal and architectural legacies.^[17] His feast day is observed on March 28.^[17]

Sixtus IV

Francesco della Rovere was born on 21 July 1414 near Savona in the Republic of Genoa to poor parents and entered the Franciscan order as a child.^[1] He studied and taught philosophy and theology at universities in Pavia, Padua, Bologna, and elsewhere, rising to become Minister General of the Franciscans in 1464.^[3] In 1467, Pope Paul II elevated him to the cardinalate, and following Paul II's sudden death on 26 July 1471, a conclave elected della Rovere as pope on 9 August 1471, after which he took the name Sixtus IV.^[1]^[19] During his thirteen-year pontificate, Sixtus IV focused on ecclesiastical reforms, artistic patronage, and Italian politics, commissioning the construction of the Sistine Chapel between 1473 and 1481—named in his honor—and establishing the Vatican Library in 1475 to preserve classical and Christian manuscripts.^[20]^[21] He approved the feast of the Immaculate Conception for the universal Church in 1476 and canonized St. Bonaventure in 1482, reflecting his Franciscan background and emphasis on devotion to the Virgin Mary.^[22] However, his reign involved extensive nepotism, as he appointed seven nephews to the College of Cardinals—including Giuliano della Rovere, the future Pope Julius II—and granted them territories such as Imola and vast benefices, which strained papal finances and fueled accusations of corruption from contemporary critics.^[1]^[23] Sixtus IV's political interventions exacerbated conflicts across Italy, including tacit support for the Pazzi family's failed conspiracy against the Medici in Florence in 1478, after which he excommunicated Lorenzo de' Medici and placed Florence under interdict, though the sentence was later lifted amid broader diplomatic failures.^[24] He issued the bull Exigit sincerae devotionis in 1478 authorizing the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition at the request of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to combat perceived heresies among conversos. His alliances and wars, such as against Naples and in support of Venetian interests, entangled the papacy in peninsular strife, contributing to a legacy of administrative innovation overshadowed by familial favoritism and militarism.^[25] Sixtus IV died on 12 August 1484 in Rome at age 70, reportedly from a fever exacerbated by grief over a nephew's death.^[1]^[19]

Sixtus V

Felice Peretti, born on 13 December 1521 in Grottamare near Montalto in the Papal States, entered the Franciscan Order as a novice at age 12 and was ordained a priest in 1547.^[26]^[27] He earned a doctorate in theology in 1548, served as an inquisitor in Venice from 1557, and rose through ecclesiastical ranks, becoming a cardinal in 1570 under Pope Pius V.^[27] Peretti was elected pope on 24 April 1585 following the death of Gregory XIII, taking the name Sixtus V, and was crowned on 1 May 1585 after a conclave lasting four days.^[26] Sixtus V restructured the Roman Curia by establishing 15 permanent congregations of cardinals to oversee specific administrative functions, formalized in the bull Immensa aeterni Dei on 22 January 1588.^[26]^[28] He limited the College of Cardinals to 70 members via the bull Postquam verus on 3 December 1586 to enhance efficiency and reduce corruption.^[26]^[27] Enforcing decrees of the Council of Trent, he mandated detailed quinquennial reports from bishops during ad limina visits and elevated standards in Roman colleges to support Counter-Reformation efforts, including missions in Asia and the Americas.^[27]^[28] In urban renewal, Sixtus V transformed Rome by constructing the Acqua Felice aqueduct—spanning 20 miles—to supply water to the city and erecting ancient Egyptian obelisks as landmarks before major basilicas, such as in St. Peter's Square, to guide pilgrims.^[26]^[28] He extended straight thoroughfares connecting the seven principal churches, rebuilt the Lateran Palace, advanced work on St. Peter's Basilica including its cupola, and initiated drainage of the Pontine Marshes to mitigate Tiber River flooding.^[27]^[28] These projects, executed with rigorous oversight, laid foundations for the city's Baroque layout.^[28] Financially, Sixtus V amassed a treasury surplus of approximately 3 million gold scudi and 1.6 million silver scudi through tax increases, public loans, and Curia reorganization, while establishing Vatican printing presses.^[26] He ruthlessly suppressed banditry in the Papal States, ordering summary executions and displaying severed heads on Sant'Angelo Bridge to enforce order.^[27] Internally, he opposed Protestant influences and excommunicated figures like Henry of Navarre, though his foreign policy prioritized papal security over broader alliances.^[26] Sixtus V died on 27 August 1590 at the Quirinal Palace in Rome, reportedly from exhaustion or illness following a fever.^[26]^[27] His pontificate stabilized the Papal States financially and administratively, while his urban initiatives enduringly reshaped Rome as a center of Catholic pilgrimage and power, though some contemporaries criticized his severity and nepotism, such as elevating his 14-year-old grand-nephew to cardinal.^[26]^[28]

Other Religious Figures

Sixtus of Reims

Saint Sixtus of Reims (died c. 300), also known as Sixte de Reims, is venerated in Catholic tradition as the inaugural bishop of Reims, active during the late third century when Christianity began organizing in Gaul amid Roman persecution.^[29]^[30] He is credited with establishing the episcopal see in the upper part of the city, a strategic location in the Roman province of Gallia Belgica Secunda, alongside his successor or associate Sinicius (or Sinicus).^[29] Historical records of early Gaulish bishops are sparse and reliant on later accounts, with no contemporary documents confirming Sixtus's activities, though his role aligns with the gradual spread of Christianity from Rome to provincial centers during the reigns of emperors like Valerian and Gallienus.^[29] Ninth-century Archbishop Hincmar of Reims recorded that Sixtus was sent from Rome by Pope Sixtus II (r. 257–258) specifically to support missionary efforts in Gaul, countering earlier legends portraying him as a direct disciple of Saint Peter.^[29] This mission-oriented narrative reflects the era's emphasis on apostolic succession from Rome, though Hincmar's writings, while influential, postdate the events by over five centuries and blend history with hagiographic elements to bolster Reims's ecclesiastical prestige.^[29] Sixtus's tenure, estimated around 260–280 or into the 290s, occurred before the more documented baptisms under later bishops like Remigius, amid uncertainties in the precise timeline of Christianity's foothold in Reims.^[30] Sixtus is honored as a saint and missionary, with his feast day observed on August 31, often jointly with Sinicius, underscoring their foundational partnership in the diocese.^[30] Veneration persists in local traditions, though without evidence of martyrdom or extensive relics, distinguishing him from contemporary papal figures like Sixtus II, who faced execution under Valerian.^[29]^[30] The account's credibility rests on medieval chroniclers like Hincmar, whose motivations included reinforcing archdiocesan authority, yet it coheres with broader patterns of Roman-directed evangelization in the third century.^[29]

Sixtus of Siena

Sixtus of Siena, born in 1520 in Siena, Italy, to a Jewish family, converted to Roman Catholicism in his youth and subsequently entered the Franciscan order, where he pursued theological studies and began preaching across Italy.^[31]^[32]^[33] His conversion and subsequent writings positioned him as an outspoken critic of Judaism, including anti-Talmudic arguments that contributed to polemical efforts against Jewish texts during the Counter-Reformation era.^[31]^[32] In the early 1550s, Sixtus faced scrutiny from the Roman Inquisition for alleged heretical views, possibly related to his interpretations of Scripture or lingering Judaizing tendencies; he was convicted of heresy or recidivism and sentenced to death in Rome around 1552–1553.^[34] His execution was averted through the intervention of a Dominican inquisitor—later Pope Pius V—who facilitated his abjuration, pardon, and transfer to the Dominican order, allowing him to continue scholarly work under closer ecclesiastical oversight.^[34] Sixtus's most significant contribution was his Bibliotheca Sancta (Venice, 1566), an eight-volume Latin treatise on biblical interpretation, authorship, versions, and canon, composed as a defense of Catholic scriptural doctrines post-Council of Trent.^[32]^[33] In this work, he systematically addressed the Old Testament canon, distinguishing undisputed books from those contested by Protestants—introducing the term "deuterocanonical" for the latter to affirm their secondary but authoritative status within the Catholic tradition.^[35] He also produced homilies, mathematical treatises, and other theological writings, though his polemical stance against Judaism drew criticism from Jewish sources for inflammatory rhetoric.^[32] Sixtus died in Genoa in 1569.^[34]

Secular and Modern Figures

Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma

Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma (1 August 1886 – 14 March 1934) was a prince of the House of Bourbon-Parma and a lieutenant in the Belgian army during World War I.^[36]^[37] Born in Rorschacherberg, Switzerland, he was the fourteenth child and sixth son of Robert I, Duke of Parma, from the duke's second marriage to Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal.^[38] His family maintained neutrality in the war, but Sixtus and his brother Xavier enlisted in the Belgian forces, while other brothers served with the Austrian army.^[38] In March 1917, Sixtus served as the intermediary for his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles I of Austria-Hungary, in secret negotiations with French President Raymond Poincaré and Foreign Minister Aristide Briand to explore a compromise peace separate from Germany.^[39] Charles pledged in letters to recognize French claims to Alsace-Lorraine, restore Belgium and Serbia, and support France's colonial aims, but insisted on Austria-Hungary retaining Bosnia-Herzegovina and maintaining the status quo on Italian borders.^[40] The talks collapsed due to Allied insistence on German involvement and Charles's unwillingness to pressure Berlin; the letters were leaked by Georges Clemenceau in April 1918, discrediting Austria-Hungary's diplomatic credibility and portraying Charles as duplicitous for publicly denying the overtures while privately pursuing them.^[41] On 13 November 1919, Sixtus married Hedwige de La Rochefoucauld, daughter of the Duke of Doudeauville, in Paris.^[42] After the war, he resided primarily in France. He died on 14 March 1934 in Paris and was buried at Souvigny Priory in France.^[36]

References

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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Sixtus IV - New Advent
Born near Abisola, 21 July, 1414; died 12 Aug., 1484. His parents were poor, and while still a child he was destined for the Franciscan order.
[2]
Sistine Chapel - Vatican Museums
The Sistine Chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere (pontiff from 1471 to 1484) who had the old Cappella Magna restored between 1477 and 1480.Ceiling · The Last Judgement · Video · North wall
[3]
Pope Sixtus IV - Franciscan Voice
Jan 16, 2024 · In 1464 his prominence grew when he was elected Minister General. Seven years later he was chosen to lead the Church as Pope Sixtus IV.
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May 29, 2023 · His reign quickly became synonymous with nepotism, unchecked ambition, and an enduring impact on the cultural landscape of Renaissance Italy.
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Sixtus : Meaning and Origin of First Name - Ancestry.com
The name Sixtus derives from the Latin word sextus, meaning sixth. It was traditionally given to individuals born in the sixth month.
[6]
Sixtus - Baby Name Meaning, Origin, and Popularity for a Boy
The name Sixtus is a boy's name of Latin origin meaning "sixth born". The name of several popes and saints, Sixtus is certainly unusual.
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Sixtus - Baby Name Meaning, Origin and Popularity - TheBump.com
Sixtus as a boy's name is of Latin origin, and the meaning of Sixtus is "sixth". On this page: Related Baby Names ListsSibling Name Ideas. Advertisement ...
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Meaning, origin and history of the name Sixtus
Probably the Latin form of the Greek name Ξύστος (Xystos) meaning "scraped, polished". This name was borne by five popes.
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Meaning of the name Sixtus
Oct 17, 2025 · The name Sixtus is of Greek origin, derived from the word "xystos," meaning "polished" or "shaved." It can also be interpreted as "sixth," ...
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Seeing it is my first name, can you tell me the real meaning of the ...
Sep 9, 2009 · The other popes probably took the name Sixtus in honor of the first Sixtus, one of their predecessors. He was also given the title, martyr. Here ...
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Sixtus I - New Advent
All authorities agree that he reigned about ten years. He was a Roman by birth, and his father's name was Pastor. According to the "Liber Pontificalis" (ed.
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Pope St. Sixtus I - The 7th Pope - PopeHistory.com
Pope St. Sixtus I was a Roman man and the seventh leader of the Church. He was the first pope to choose the Sixtus name, though five other men would later.
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Aug 14, 2021 · A Roman of Greek descent, Sixtus was elected to the papacy in 257. Much of Italy was under the influence of the Greeks. The Greeks had settled ...
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The probable dates of Sixtus' papacy are c. 115-c. 125; ancient sources agree that he ruled ten years, but few agree about which ten. Legends say he was a ...Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
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Elected 31 Aug., 257, martyred at Rome, 6 Aug., 258. His origin is unknown. The "Liber Pontificalis" says that he was a Greek by birth.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Jan 31, 2016 · Sixtus was ordained bishop of the Church of Rome in 257. The following year, while celebrating the sacred liturgy over the tomb of a martyr in ...
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At Rome he restored the Basilica of Liberius, now known as St. Mary Major, enlarged the Basilica of St. Lawrence-Without-the-Walls, and obtained precious gifts ...Missing: primary | Show results with:primary
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Sixtus III., bp. of Rome - Christian Classics Ethereal Library
Two notable heresies of his day were Pelagianism and Nestorianism. Before his accession he had taken part in both controversies. ... Epp. 191, al. 104, and 194, ...
[19]
Pope Sixtus IV - Papal Artifacts
Sixtus IV, elected by a conclave of eighteen cardinals, by all accounts, given his many gifts, should truly have emerged as one of our greatest popes.
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Pope Sixtus IV - Flocknote
Oct 21, 2016 · Pope Sixtus IV's greatest contributions to the Church and the world were the construction of the Sistine Chapel (which is named after him).
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Meet the Vatican librarian who was the Gordon Ramsay of his age
Jun 13, 2021 · Bartolomeo Sacchi, better known by his Latin nom de plume Platina, was selected as the first Prefect of the Vatican Library by Pope Sixtus in
[22]
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He approved the feast of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary in 1476 and canonized St. Bonaventure in 1482. Although Sixtus appointed Thomas de ...Missing: biography historical
[23]
Nepotism - Brill Reference Works
When Sixtus IV enfeoffed a nephew with Imola, he secured papal rule over this northern Italian city, which had only just been restored to the Papal States.Legitimacy and functions · Authority function and grand... · Institutionalization
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Florence | Catholic Answers Encyclopedia
Sixtus IV, whose nephew Girolamo Riario was also an accomplice, laid the town under an interdict because of the murder of Salviati and the Pazzi, and ...
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Pope Sixtus IV - Wikipedia
21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 until his death.
[26]
Pope Sixtus IV - Renaissance and Reformation - Oxford Bibliographies
Jul 26, 2022 · This accessible volume provides useful introductions to each pontiff from St Peter to Benedict XVI, including an entry on Sixtus IV at pp. 252– ...
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Sixtus V - New Advent
Born at Grottamare near Montalto, 13 December, 1521; elected 24 April, 1585; crowned 1 May, 1585; died in the Quirinal, 27 August, 1590.
[28]
Sixtus V, Pope | Encyclopedia.com
In 1548 he received the doctorate in theology from the University of Fermo and began teaching in the Order's convent school in Siena (1549). His reputation as a ...<|separator|>
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May 3, 2024 · Sixtus V was a genius with government administration and urban planning. He reformed the Roman Curia into offices or “Congregations” for various ...
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Reims - New Advent
Sixtus and Sinicius, who established their see in the upper part of the city during the second half of the third century. Late traditions have represented St.
[31]
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Sixtus is considered to have been the first bishop of Reims, at the end of the 3rd century (died about 300). He is usually celebrated together with his ...
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Sixtus of Siena - Jewish Virtual Library
Sixtus of Siena (1520–1569), Italian convert and anti-Jewish polemist. Sixtus was born in Siena. Shortly after his conversion he entered the Franciscan order.
[33]
SIXTUS SENENSIS - JewishEncyclopedia.com
Italian convert to Christianity and anti-Talmudic agitator; born at Sienna (whence his name) in 1520; died in 1569. After his conversion Sixtus entered the ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Sixtus Senensis - McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia
Sixtus Senensis, an Italian convert from Judaism, was born at Sienna in 1520. After his conversion to Christianity he joined the Order of Franciscans.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[35]
Sixtus of Siena | Encyclopedia.com
Siena, 1520; d. Genoa, 1569. Converted from Judaism in his youth, he first became a Franciscan, but later, when convicted of heresy and condemned to death, he ...Missing: Inquisition | Show results with:Inquisition
[36]
The Term "Deuterocanonical" - Our Beans
May 1, 2014 · The term "deuterocanonical" had been coined in 1566 by Sixtus of Siena in his Bibliotheca Sancta, a defense and explanation of the decrees pertaining to ...
[37]
Sixtus Of Bourbon-Parma (1886-1934) - Find a Grave Memorial
Nobility, eldest son of duke Robert I of Parma and his second wife Maria Anna of Braganca.
[38]
Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, Prince | Encyclopedia.com
While serving as an officer in the Belgian army, he was the intermediary for his brother-in-law, Emperor Charles I of Austria-Hungary, in Charles's secret ...
[39]
Prinz Sixte di Bourbon-Parma - OoCities.org
Sixtus di Bourbon-Parma was born in 1886. He and his brother Xaver were Princely siblings of Kaiserin Zita, and served as officers in the Belgian army ...
[40]
Sixtus Affair - 1914-1918 Online
Oct 8, 2014 · The Sixtus Affair was the failed attempt by Emperor Charles I. of Austria and his bother-in-law Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma to conclude a compromise peace.
[41]
The Sixtus Letters – Karl's quest for a way out | Der Erste Weltkrieg
However, it was not so much its failure that did the Habsburg Monarchy lasting harm but, rather, its bitter postlude: the 'Sixtus Affair' was to have fatal ...
[42]
Postscript to the Sixtus Affair | Foreign Affairs
... Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma failed in April 1917, the Emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary made still another attempt to end the war. The Sixtus Affair is well known.
[43]
PRINCE SIXTUS MARRIES.; His Bride the Daughter of the Duke of ...
13.—Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma and Mlle. Hedwige de la Rochefoucauld, daughter of the Duke of Doudeauville and granddaughter of Prince Constantine Radziwill ...