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Valerian

Valerian is an ambiguous term with multiple meanings, most commonly referring to a genus of flowering plants used in , but also applied to people, fictional works, and ships. It may refer to:

Plants

Valerian officinalis

Valeriana officinalis, commonly known as garden valerian or common valerian, is a herbaceous perennial in the family. Native to and southwestern , it has been naturalized in and other regions. The plant typically grows to a height of 1 to 1.5 meters, occasionally reaching up to 2 meters, with a hollow, grooved stem and pinnately compound leaves. Its flowers, which bloom from to , are small, tubular, and arranged in dense terminal clusters (cymes), appearing in shades of white to pale pink and emitting a pleasant fragrance that attracts pollinators. Historically, V. officinalis has been utilized as a medicinal herb since ancient times, with records from Greek physician and Roman physician prescribing it for and anxiety in the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE, respectively. By the , it was commonly employed in for treating nervousness, headaches, and , and during , it was used in to alleviate stress from air raids. The root contains bioactive compounds such as , which exhibits sedative properties by modulating gamma-aminobutyric acid () receptors in the brain, contributing to its traditional role as a mild tranquilizer for sleep disorders and mild anxiety. Early European settlers introduced the plant to in the for its therapeutic benefits, where it has since become established in damp meadows and along riverbanks. Cultivation of V. officinalis thrives in moist, temperate climates with full sun to partial and well-drained, fertile soils rich in , ideally in USDA hardiness zones 4 to 7. It propagates easily from seeds or in or fall, though deadheading flowers is recommended to self-seeding, as the plant can spread aggressively via underground . The genus encompasses approximately 250 to 300 species worldwide, many of which are perennials adapted to similar habitats, but V. officinalis remains the primary species cultivated and harvested for herbal remedies, particularly its dried roots standardized to contain at least 0.8% .

Centranthus

Centranthus is a of flowering plants in the family , comprising approximately 11 of annuals and perennials primarily distributed in the circum-Mediterranean region and parts of . These plants are characterized by their upright to bushy habits, often with grey-green, opposite leaves that are simple or slightly toothed. Native to dry, rocky habitats in southern and northern , species in this genus have been introduced widely elsewhere, adapting to various temperate climates. The most prominent species, (commonly known as Jupiter's beard or red valerian), is a woody-based growing 1.5 to 3 feet tall, with dense terminal clusters of small, star-shaped flowers in shades of crimson, pink, or white that bloom from late spring through autumn. These fragrant blooms emerge on branched stems above the foliage, attracting and other pollinators, and the plant's leaves add textural interest. Other species, such as Centranthus calcitrapae (annual valerian), share similar floral structures but are typically shorter-lived and less commonly cultivated. In , is valued for its once established, thriving in full sun and well-drained, sandy or alkaline soils, making it suitable for gardens, borders, and slopes where it aids in . Its ability to naturalize and self-seed enhances its role in informal landscapes and pollinator gardens, though this trait contributes to its invasive potential in regions like the , where it can spread aggressively in disturbed areas and outcompete native vegetation. Although Centranthus shares the family with the genus , it lacks the sedative compounds found in species like Valeriana officinalis and is primarily employed for ornamental landscaping rather than medicinal purposes. The similar common name "red valerian" for C. ruber occasionally leads to confusion with true valerians due to overlapping appearances in flower clusters and foliage.

People

Valerian (emperor)

Publius Licinius Valerianus, commonly known as Valerian, was a who reigned from 253 to 260 AD alongside his son . Born around 200 AD into an ancient senatorial family of Etruscan origin, Valerian rose through the ranks of administration, serving as a under Emperor in the 230s AD and later as during the chaotic in 238 AD. His full name reflected his membership in the prestigious branch of the Valerius gens, a patrician clan that produced numerous consuls and generals throughout history. Valerian's ascension to power occurred amid the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of severe political, military, and economic instability that threatened the empire's survival, marked by rapid emperor turnover, barbarian invasions, and civil wars. Proclaimed emperor by his troops in in 253 AD following the murder of and the defeat of , Valerian immediately elevated his son Publius Licinius Egnatius to co-emperor to secure dynastic continuity and divide administrative burdens, with Valerian overseeing the eastern provinces while managed the west. During his reign, Valerian launched military campaigns to stabilize the frontiers: he dispatched forces against Gothic incursions in the and Asia Minor, recaptured from Persian forces around 257 AD, and sought to counter the rising threat of the under King , who had exploited Roman weaknesses to seize and . To address internal decay, Valerian issued edicts persecuting in 257 AD, viewing their refusal to sacrifice to Roman gods as a loyalty threat, though his policies were inconsistent and later reversed by . The pivotal event of Valerian's reign was his catastrophic defeat and capture at the in 260 AD, making him the only ever taken alive as a . Advancing against with an army of approximately 70,000 men to reclaim eastern territories, Valerian suffered heavy losses from plague and skirmishes before attempting negotiations near (modern-day Şanlıurfa, ); , according to his own inscription, lured Valerian into a trap, capturing him along with several high-ranking officials and senators. This humiliation is vividly depicted in Sasanian rock reliefs at in Persia, where is shown mounted on horseback, with Valerian kneeling in submission and (a previous ) prostrating before him, symbolizing Persian triumph over Roman power. Valerian's death in captivity shortly after 260 AD—possibly from mistreatment, though accounts vary—left the empire in disarray, exacerbating the Third Century Crisis by emboldening usurpers and invaders across the frontiers. His capture became a potent symbol of Roman imperial decline, inspiring later Christian writers like to portray it as divine retribution for persecuting the faith, while Shapur I's Res Gestae Divi Saporis inscription boasts of deporting 70,000 Roman prisoners to Persia for labor and engineering projects. Valerian's failed eastern policy influenced subsequent reforms, such as Diocletian's , which formalized the division of imperial authority to prevent such vulnerabilities.

Valerian Kuybyshev

Valerian Vladimirovich (1888–1935) was a revolutionary, during the , and a prominent Soviet instrumental in shaping the nation's early industrialization policies. An Old Bolshevik, he dedicated his life to the communist cause from , enduring repeated arrests and exiles for subversive activities against the Tsarist regime. His career spanned underground organizing, military-political leadership, and high-level , positioning him as a key ally of in the while advocating for rapid socioeconomic transformation. Born on June 6, 1888 (Old Style: May 25), in , , to a military officer father and a teacher mother, Kuybyshev joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party in 1904 at age 16. He participated in the 1905 Revolution in St. Petersburg and , leading to his first and expulsion from the Samara Realschule. Expelled from the St. Petersburg Military Medical in 1906 for striking, he continued revolutionary work, resulting in eight arrests and four exiles to eastern by 1910, including to the remote Narym region where he organized Bolshevik cells. In , he was exiled to , heading its underground Bolshevik network, and from 1915 to 1917, he operated in the Urals under surveillance. The of 1917 freed him, allowing his return to (now ), where he chaired the local Soviet and Bolshevik committee, establishing Soviet power in October 1917. During the (1918–1920), Kuybyshev served as a on the Eastern Front, combating Aleksandr Kolchak's White forces, and later on the Front, aiding the consolidation of Soviet control in . Elected to the Communist Party's in 1922, he rose to chair the Central Control Commission in 1923 and the Supreme Council of National Economy in 1926. As a candidate member from 1926 and full member from 1930, he supported Stalin's push for collectivization and industrialization. From 1930 to 1932, he headed the Supreme Council of the National Economy, then served as chairman of the State Planning Committee () from 1932 to 1935, overseeing the (1928–1932) and initiating the Second (1933–1937) to build and amid and labor mobilization. He also acted as deputy chairman of the and the Council of Labor and Defense from 1930. Kuybyshev died suddenly of a heart attack on January 25, 1935, in at age 46, shortly after Sergey Kirov's assassination, though contemporary speculation and later historical analysis suggest possible medical neglect or poisoning ordered by security chief to eliminate a perceived moderate influence in the . His state funeral drew massive crowds, and he was interred in the . Kuybyshev's legacy as a steadfast Bolshevik and architect of Soviet led to widespread honors: the of was renamed Kuybyshev on January 27, 1935, retaining the name until 1991; numerous streets, factories, and educational institutions across the USSR bore his name; and a class of River passenger ships, including the lead vessel Valerian Kuybyshev launched in 1975, was named in tribute to his industrial contributions.

Valerian Zorin

Valerian Aleksandrovich Zorin (1902–1986) was a prominent Soviet whose career spanned several decades of tensions, including key roles in debates and bilateral negotiations. Born into a teacher's family in , Zorin joined the Communist Party of the in 1922 while still young and advanced through party and administrative positions before transitioning to in the 1930s. During , he led the Soviet Foreign Ministry's Central European Department, contributing to wartime diplomatic efforts. Zorin held several high-level diplomatic posts, beginning as ambassador to from 1945 to 1947, where he influenced the region's political alignment amid postwar shifts. Appointed deputy foreign minister in 1947, he participated in international discussions, including those surrounding the 1948–1949 , defending Soviet positions on access rights and economic policies in divided Germany. His early UN involvement included serving as the Soviet from 1952 to 1953, during which he addressed emerging East-West conflicts. Later, from 1955 to 1956, Zorin was the first Soviet ambassador to , navigating fragile relations in post-occupation . He returned to the UN as from 1960 to 1965, a period marked by intense superpower rivalries. Zorin's most notable UN role came during the 1962 , when, as chief Soviet delegate, he vehemently denied U.S. accusations of offensive missile deployments in during a dramatic Security Council confrontation with American ambassador . On October 25, 1962, Stevenson presented reconnaissance photographs and demanded a yes-or-no answer, to which Zorin replied that he would respond "in due course," dismissing the evidence as fabricated and accusing the U.S. of aggression through its naval quarantine. This exchange, broadcast globally, underscored the crisis's high stakes but ultimately weakened Soviet credibility when Premier agreed to withdraw the missiles shortly thereafter. Zorin's firm stance reflected Moscow's initial strategy of obfuscation amid escalating nuclear risks. After the crisis, Zorin continued as UN representative until 1965, then served as ambassador to France from 1965 to 1971, fostering détente-era ties despite underlying suspicions. In 1971, he was appointed , handling special missions related to and until his retirement around 1972. In his later years, Zorin authored memoirs reflecting on and Soviet challenges. He died on January 14, 1986, in at the age of 84.

Arts and entertainment

Valérian et Laureline

Valérian et Laureline is a comic series created by Pierre Christin and artist . The series debuted as a serialized strip in the Franco-Belgian magazine in 1967 and continued until 2010, with stories collected into 22 albums published by Dargaud. Christin and Mézières drew inspiration from classic literary , blending elements with narratives to explore futuristic societies and historical interventions. The core premise follows , spatio-temporal agents based in Galaxity, the capital of Earth's Terran in the 28th century. Tasked with safeguarding from disruptions caused by rogue time travelers and threats, the duo embarks on adventures across vast timelines and galaxies aboard their advanced spacecraft. Their missions often involve encounters with alien civilizations, technological marvels, and moral dilemmas, emphasizing themes of , , and the consequences of temporal meddling. The series is widely regarded as a pioneer of within Franco-Belgian , introducing innovative world-building and dynamic visuals that influenced subsequent works in the genre. Mézières' detailed artwork, featuring elaborate spacecraft designs and exotic planets, directly inspired visual elements in films such as . It was adapted into the live-action film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets, which visually expands the series' universe.

Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline

Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline (also known as Valerian and Laureline) is a French-Japanese animated television series adaptation of the comic, produced by Dargaud Marina, , and . It aired from 2007 to 2008, consisting of 40 episodes, and follows the agents as they navigate mishaps and threats from alien species like the Vlagos after a temporal disrupts history.

Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets

Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets is a 2017 action film adapted from the comic series Valérian et Laureline. Directed, written, and produced by , the movie was released on July 21, 2017, in the United States and . The film stars as Major Valerian and as Sergeant Laureline, two spatiotemporal agents in the 28th century tasked with maintaining order across the galaxy. Supporting roles include as Commander Arün Filitt and in a cameo as Bubble. Production took place primarily in , with occurring from July 2016 to February 2017 at Cité du Cinéma studios in . The budget exceeded €170 million, making it one of the most expensive independent films ever produced, with heavy reliance on (CGI) to depict diverse alien species and expansive interstellar environments. In the story, Valerian and Laureline investigate a originating from the station Alpha, a multicultural hub housing species from over a thousand planets. Their mission leads them to uncover a conspiracy tied to a mysterious dark force and a race of pearl-like creatures known as the Pearls, whose was destroyed by human forces. As they navigate Alpha's chaotic districts and confront high-level corruption, the agents race to prevent a catastrophe that could unravel the fragile peace among galactic civilizations. The film grossed $225 million worldwide against its substantial budget, performing strongly in international markets like and but underperforming domestically in . Critics gave it mixed reviews, with a 47% approval rating on , praising its imaginative visuals, elaborate production design, and vibrant depiction of alien worlds while critiquing its uneven pacing, overstuffed narrative, and occasionally thin character development. Though it did not receive César Award nominations, Valerian earned 11 Saturn Award nominations, including for Best . The movie marked the first major cinematic adaptation of the Valérian comics, introducing their universe to a global audience and influencing subsequent discussions on high-budget European sci-fi productions.

Ships

HMS Valerian

HMS Valerian was an Arabis-class fleet minesweeping sloop of the Royal Navy, ordered in July 1915 and launched on 21 February 1916 by Charles Rennoldson & Company at . She displaced 1,250 tons, measured 268 feet in , and was armed with two 4.7-inch (or 4-inch) guns, two 3-pounder anti-aircraft guns, and depth charge launchers for duties. Like other ships in the Flower-class variants, she was named after a , reflecting the Royal Navy's convention for these wartime vessels. During , HMS Valerian served primarily in convoy escort and patrol roles, operating in the Grand Fleet, , Mediterranean, and Atlantic bases such as Queenstown (now , ). She contributed to anti-submarine efforts against German U-boats by protecting merchant convoys in the Mediterranean and transatlantic routes, though she did not participate in major surface battles. Her capabilities were adapted for attacks, aiding in the broader Allied strategy to secure vital supply lines. In October 1926, while returning to from providing hurricane relief in , Valerian encountered the Havana-Bermuda hurricane. Unable to enter 's harbor due to the storm's fury, she battled gale-force winds and massive waves for over five hours before foundering off the island on 22 October, resulting in the loss of 88 of her crew, with 19 rescued. This disaster marked the end of her service, highlighting the perils faced by naval vessels in humanitarian missions.

Valerian Kuybyshev (ship)

The Valerian Kuybyshev was a Soviet river cruise ship named after the prominent Soviet politician Valerian Kuybyshev, recognized for his role in advancing industrial policies during the early Soviet era. Constructed in 1975 by Slovenské Lodenice at their shipyard in Komárno, Czechoslovakia, as yard number 2001 and the lead vessel of the Project 92-016 class (also known as OL400), the ship featured a length of 135.7 meters, a beam of 16.8 meters, a draft of 2.8 meters, and a displacement of 3,935 tons. It accommodated 400 passengers across four decks, supported by a crew of 83, and was propelled by three 6ChRN 36/45 diesel engines delivering a total of approximately 3,000 horsepower for a maximum speed of 26 km/h (14 knots). With a gross tonnage of 6,308, it ranked among the largest river cruise vessels of its time. Entering service in 1976 under the Volzhskoye Ob'yedinennoye Rechnoye Parokhodstvo (Volga United River Shipping Company) with home port Gorky (now ), the ship conducted luxury cruises along the Volga-Don and Volga-Baltic waterways, including routes from to and to St. Petersburg via the and Oka rivers. Amenities included spacious cabins, multiple restaurants, and onboard venues, catering to tourist voyages on Russia's major inland waterways classified for inland operations (O class, suitable for lakes Ladoga and Onega with limited wave conditions). As the prototype of a series of nine identical vessels built between 1976 and 1983, it exemplified Soviet-era advancements in river passenger transport. Ownership transferred to the Volga Shipping Company in 1994 under Russian registry and to Vodohod in February 2012. The ship remained in service under Vodohod until 2018, when it was scrapped at the Chkalovsk shipyard.)

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