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Smoot

The smoot is a nonstandard unit of length equal to five feet seven inches (1.7018 meters), created as a humorous prank by members of the MIT fraternity Lambda Chi Alpha in October 1958.^[1]^[2] As part of a pledge task, freshman Oliver R. Smoot Jr., who stood exactly five feet seven inches tall, was laid end to end across the Harvard Bridge—spanning the Charles River between Cambridge and Boston—while his fraternity brothers marked the pavement every interval of his length using paint.^[2] The process required 364.4 such repetitions (with the fractional "0.4 smoot" humorously noted as extending to Smoot's ear), establishing the bridge's length in smoots and turning the measurement into a longstanding MIT tradition.^[2]^[3] Since its inception, the smoot marks have been repainted annually by Lambda Chi Alpha members to preserve the prank against weathering and municipal efforts to remove them, embedding the unit deeply in MIT's hacking culture and local lore.^[2] The smoot gained broader recognition when it was added to the American Heritage Dictionary in 2011, defined as a unit highlighting the arbitrariness of measurement standards, and has been incorporated into digital tools like Google Maps for referencing the bridge's location.^[4]^[3] Notable milestones include the 50th anniversary celebration in 2008, which featured events and reflections from Smoot himself, and the creation of an official gold-colored smoot bar housed in the MIT Museum, calibrated to his precise height.^[2]^[5] This whimsical unit exemplifies MIT's tradition of creative, irreverent engineering feats and continues to symbolize the institution's playful approach to science and measurement.^[3]

Definition and Measurement

Unit Length

The smoot is a nonstandard, humorous unit of length equal to five feet seven inches, or 1.7018 meters, defined as the height of Oliver R. Smoot at age eighteen in 1958.^[2]^[6] This measurement was established during a fraternity prank in which Smoot lay end-to-end across the Harvard Bridge, with his brothers marking the pavement at intervals corresponding to his full body length.^[2]^[7] The resulting length of the bridge's sidewalk was calculated as 364.4 smoots ±1 ear, where the "±1 ear" denotes the approximate uncertainty of the final partial segment, equivalent to about 620.1 meters or 2,035 feet.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Origin and Standardization

The smoot originated as a nonstandard unit of length named after Oliver R. Smoot Jr., a freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a pledge to the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity, who was selected for the measurement due to his consistent height of approximately 5 feet 7 inches.^[10]^[11] This naming occurred during a lighthearted fraternity initiation activity intended to humorously quantify the distance across the Harvard Bridge in Cambridge, Massachusetts, rather than adhering to any established scientific or metrological principles.^[12]^[4] The unit's creation emphasized its idiosyncratic and non-coherent nature, deliberately diverging from conventional measurement systems like the metric or imperial standards to highlight the arbitrary foundations of all units of length.^[13] As a prank, it served no practical engineering purpose but instead functioned as a whimsical, meme-like benchmark that has persisted in popular and academic discourse for its illustrative value in discussions of measurement history.^[11] Despite its informal origins, the smoot has achieved a degree of standardization through cultural and lexicographic acknowledgment, though it lacks any official endorsement from bodies like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).^[14] In 2011, the American Heritage Dictionary included "smoot" as an entry, defining it as "a unit of measurement equal to five feet, seven inches, often cited when discussing the inherent arbitrariness of measurement units."^[4]^[13] Additionally, the unit is referenced in Robert Tavernor's 2007 book Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity, which explores the evolution of measurement systems and uses the smoot as an exemplar of human-scale, non-scientific units.^[15] These inclusions underscore the smoot's role as a cultural artifact rather than a tool for precise scientific application.^[11]

Historical Background

The 1958 Measurement Prank

In October 1958, freshman pledges of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity were tasked with measuring the Harvard Bridge, which connects Boston and Cambridge across the Charles River, as part of an initiation prank.^[2] The assignment, given by the fraternity's pledgemaster, aimed to calibrate the bridge's length using a non-standard, humorous unit derived from one pledge's body.^[16] Oliver R. Smoot, a 5-foot-7-inch freshman, was selected as the "measuring device," with his height defining the smoot unit.^[11] The execution unfolded on a chilly autumn night, with Smoot lying end-to-end on the bridge's sidewalk while his fraternity brothers—approximately seven to twenty members, including 14 pledges—marked each interval using chalk and paint or string for alignment.^[16]^[11] The group worked under cover of darkness to avoid authorities, as the bridge was public property, but they were interrupted midway by patrolling police, prompting everyone to hide in nearby bushes before resuming.^[17] As fatigue set in after more than 300 repetitions, Smoot was carried by his brothers for the remaining sections, and they paused periodically for rest, adding to the lighthearted chaos.^[11] Markings were placed every smoot, with more permanent indicators every 10 smoots; a juvenile humorous touch involved skipping the 70-smoot mark in favor of repeating 69.^[18] After several hours, the bridge was calculated to span 364.4 smoots, with the final 4.4-smoot remainder whimsically qualified as "±1 ear" to account for the approximate length of Smoot's ear.^[18] Smoot himself later recalled the cold conditions and the physical challenge of repeatedly standing up after lying down, often needing assistance from his brothers.^[2] The prank received immediate publicity when a reporter from Holiday magazine, investigating the fresh markings, contacted Smoot for an interview, bringing early attention to the fraternity's stunt.^[2]

Post-1958 Developments and Recognition

Following his involvement in the 1958 Harvard Bridge measurement prank as a Lambda Chi Alpha pledge at MIT, Oliver Smoot completed his studies and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in economics, political science, and mathematics in 1962.^[2] He later pursued a legal education, earning a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center, which positioned him for a distinguished career in standards and policy.^[11] Smoot's professional trajectory elevated the ironic legacy of the smoot unit, as he ascended to leadership roles in global standardization bodies. From 2001 to 2002, he served as chairman of the board of directors for the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), overseeing efforts to harmonize U.S. standards with international practices.^[19] Building on this, Smoot was elected president of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for a two-year term from 2003 to 2004, where he advocated for collaborative international standards development during a period of expanding global trade agreements.^[7] These positions underscored the prank's enduring humor, with Smoot himself noting the amusement of leading organizations that define measurement standards. The smoot's cultural footprint grew through institutional recognitions at MIT. On October 4, 2008, MIT hosted a multifaceted 50th anniversary celebration of the prank, declared "Smoot Day" by the City of Cambridge, featuring a bridge repainting event, volunteer activities, a commemorative party, and widespread media coverage from outlets including the Associated Press.^[20] Smoot participated actively, reflecting on the event's origins and its unexpected longevity during interviews and festivities.^[2] As part of the anniversary observances, a permanent commemorative plaque was installed on the Harvard Bridge in 2009 by the MIT Class of 1962, honoring Smoot and the 1958 measurement while inscribing the bridge's length as "364.4 smoots plus or minus one ear."^[21] The plaque, unveiled in a dedication ceremony, serves as an official acknowledgment of the prank's place in MIT tradition.^[22] Further recognition came in 2016 when Smoot was selected as grand marshal for MIT's centennial parade on May 7, commemorating the institute's 1916 relocation to Cambridge.^[23] Leading a procession across the Harvard Bridge alongside other alumni, Smoot symbolized the prank's ties to MIT's innovative spirit, drawing crowds and media attention to the event's historical reenactments.^[24] The Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity, whose pledges originated the 1958 smoot measurement, has maintained a central role in preserving the tradition through periodic upkeep of bridge markings. However, in October 2014, the national organization suspended the MIT chapter (Lambda Zeta) for at least five years due to repeated violations of alcohol policies, temporarily disrupting fraternity-led customs associated with the smoot.^[25] Following the suspension period, the chapter underwent recolonization and officially returned to campus in February 2024, resuming activities.^[26]^[27]

Applications

Markings on Harvard Bridge

The Harvard Bridge, also known as the Massachusetts Avenue Bridge, spans the Charles River between Back Bay in Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, connecting the two cities via a pedestrian sidewalk where the smoot markings are located.^[28] These markings, originating from a 1958 Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity prank, extend across the full length of the bridge's sidewalk, totaling 364.4 smoots.^[29] The marking system consists of painted lines and numbers along the sidewalk, typically placed every 10 smoots (approximately 56 feet or 17 meters) starting from the Boston side of the river.^[30] Since 1958, the markings have been maintained through an annual repainting tradition carried out by MIT students, Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity members, or alumni, ensuring their visibility despite weathering from foot traffic and environmental exposure.^[31] Even after the Lambda Chi Alpha chapter at MIT was suspended by its national organization in 2014 for at least five years, alumni stepped in to continue the repainting that same year, preserving the tradition.^[32] This upkeep has persisted into 2025, with the markings remaining a durable and persistent feature used by pedestrians as informal landmarks to gauge their progress across the bridge.^[17]^[11]

Integration in Technology and Official Contexts

The smoot has found practical utility in official reporting by local law enforcement, particularly for specifying locations on the Harvard Bridge. The Cambridge Police Department routinely references smoot markings in incident reports, such as noting accidents "at the 180-smoot mark," leveraging the painted increments as a precise and enduring reference system for the bridge's 364.4 smoot length.^[33] This approach stems from the physical markings established in 1958, which provide a consistent grid for documentation without relying on standard metric or imperial units.^[2] In digital mapping and computation, Google has integrated the smoot as a recognized unit since at least 2008, enabling conversions and visualizations tied to the Harvard Bridge. Google Calculator, accessible via search queries, supports smoot conversions for any distance; for instance, entering "1 km in smoots" yields approximately 587.6 smoots, based on the unit's defined length of 1.7018 meters.^[7] Similarly, since 2011, Google Maps and Google Earth have displayed smoot measurements overlaid on the bridge, allowing users to measure segments in smoots alongside traditional units like meters or feet.^[34] These features highlight the smoot's transition from a prank to a computationally verifiable standard in geospatial tools. Beyond law enforcement and consumer technology, the smoot appears in engineering and standards discourse, often invoked to illustrate the arbitrary yet functional nature of measurement units—a nod to Oliver R. Smoot Jr.'s later leadership in standardization bodies. Smoot served as chairman of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) from 2001 to 2002, where he advanced U.S. participation in international norms, and as president of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) from 2003 to 2004, promoting global harmonization of technical standards. In professional contexts, such as discussions on unit arbitrariness in engineering publications, the smoot is cited as an example of how informal measures can gain practical legitimacy, especially given Smoot's authoritative roles in formal standardization.^[35] While not adopted in MIT's official campus navigation applications like MIT Mobile, which focus on standard mapping for shuttles and directories, the unit's cultural persistence at the institute informs broader navigational references in educational settings.^[36]

Cultural and Scientific Legacy

Popular Culture References

The smoot has appeared in various works of literature exploring the history and philosophy of measurement units, notably in Robert Tavernor's 2007 book Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity, which uses the smoot as a central case study to examine how human-derived measures reflect cultural and anthropometric perspectives on scale. The book traces the smoot's origins to the 1958 MIT prank, highlighting its role in illustrating the arbitrary yet enduring nature of nonstandard units. Early media coverage played a key role in elevating the smoot's public profile, beginning with an interview in the now-defunct Holiday magazine where Oliver Smoot discussed the fraternity prank that defined the unit, sparking widespread interest in the unusual markings on Harvard Bridge.^[2] More recent articles have revisited the smoot's legacy in engineering and prank contexts, such as a July 2025 piece in The Register detailing how the 1958 measurement evolved into a lasting symbol of MIT ingenuity.^[17] Similarly, a January 2025 article in ASCE's Civil Engineering Source featured the smoot within a broader discussion of iconic American bridges, emphasizing its humorous yet persistent influence on structural nomenclature.^[37] In online and social media, the smoot continues to generate engagement through commemorative content, including an October 2024 MIT Instagram post celebrating the 66th anniversary of the prank with archival images and explanations of the unit's creation.^[38] The smoot frequently appears in compilations of unusual units of measurement, such as lists of quirky metrics that underscore human creativity in quantification.^[39] Humorous references to the smoot extend to audio and video media focused on MIT traditions, including a 2021 episode of The Atlas Obscura Podcast that recounts the fraternity's bridge measurement as a pinnacle of collegiate whimsy.^[40] On YouTube, videos like MIT's May 2025 short "What's in a Smoot? A quirky MIT legacy explained" provide visual tours of the bridge markings, blending education with entertainment to showcase the unit's cultural staying power.^[41] These cameos often portray the smoot as emblematic of MIT's playful approach to science and engineering.

Ongoing Relevance and Updates

In recent years, the smoot has continued to be maintained through annual repainting efforts by members of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity at MIT, ensuring the markings on the Harvard Bridge remain visible and legible.^[17] In October 2024, MIT commemorated the 66th anniversary of the original measurement prank, highlighting its enduring tradition on the institution's official channels.^[38] Publications in 2025 have noted the smoot's practical utility, with local police still referencing the markings to specify locations in traffic incident reports.^[17] The smoot has found a place in broader discussions of metrology, serving as an illustrative example of nonstandard units that challenge conventional standardization while underscoring the human element in measurement systems. In Robert Tavernor's 2007 book Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity, the unit is analyzed as a modular benchmark akin to historical measures like the foot, prompting reflections on the cultural and philosophical underpinnings of quantification.^[42] Its potential for educational applications has grown, particularly in teaching the history and principles of measurement; for instance, the Institute of Physics includes the smoot in resources for physics educators to demonstrate unconventional units and the importance of reproducibility.^[43] A 2025 children's book, Measuring Up: How Oliver Smoot Became a Standard Unit of Measurement by Jenny Lacika, published on September 23, 2025, further promotes its use in classrooms to engage students with concepts of precision, historical context, and MIT pranks through a playful narrative.^[44] As of July 2025, the smoot markings on the Harvard Bridge show no major alterations since their preservation during past renovations, such as the accurate recreation in 1986, remaining a fixed cultural fixture at 364.4 smoots plus or minus one ear.^[17]^[37] This ongoing maintenance reflects the unit's lasting endurance, integrated into local navigation and MIT's institutional identity without significant disruptions.^[17]

References

[1]
https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=smoot
[2]
Smoot reflects on his measurement feat as 50th anniversary nears
Sep 24, 2008 · Smoot '62 recalled memories recently about the night his name became a unit of measurement as MIT prepares to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the quirky hack.
[3]
Fun & Culture - MIT Facts
... Smoot has achieved such fame that “smoot” has been incorporated into the American Heritage Dictionary and is included as a unit of measure in Google Earth.
[4]
“Smoot” Enters the Dictionary | alum.mit.edu
Nov 22, 2011 · “Smoot: a unit of measurement equal to five feet, seven inches, often cited when discussing the inherent arbitrariness of measurement units.
[5]
Smoot bar - MIT Museum
Gold-colored bar with aluminum milled letters: "One Smoot // Official Smoot measure based on the declared height of Oliver R. Smoot Jr., class of 1962".
[6]
Understanding the Smoot - Larson Design Group
A smoot is a unit of measurement that measures exactly 5 feet 7 inches (or 67 inches or 1.7018 meters – sorry, surveyors tend to get carried away with ...
[7]
Smoot's Legacy - MIT Technology Review
Jun 23, 2008 · According to their calculations, the bridge was 364.4 Smoots, plus or minus an ear. They knew they couldn't come up with a precise number, Smoot ...
[8]
Smoot: The Most Hilarious Mathematical Unit - Interesting Engineering
Jan 25, 2020 · The unit of one smoot is equal to Oliver's height at the time of the prank, which was 5 feet 7 inches, or 1.7 meters. The bridge was eventually ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[9]
Smoots Bridge in Boston
364.4 Smoots equals about 2035 feet in length. The bridge is actually 2170 feet in length, or about 135 feet longer (24.2 Smoots). The reason for the ...
[10]
Student bridges generations of Smoots - MIT News
Nov 5, 1997 · According to one variant, Ollie Smoot was a rotund student and the eponymous unit of measure derived from his circumference. Other accounts say ...
[11]
Hacking Harvard Bridge with Oliver R. Smoot | Magazine
Feb 17, 2024 · Almost 70 years later, the Smoot markings remain, allowing pedestrians to measure their journey in “smoots.” According to a sign on the bridge, ...
[12]
Smoot, Namesake of a Unit of Length, Retires - NPR
Dec 7, 2005 · It's named for Wilbur Scoville, who created the heat scale in 1912. And the smoot, a unit of length named for Oliver Smoot by some clever brains ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[13]
Looking Up Words In A Book Not So Strange Yet - NPR
Nov 13, 2011 · Smoot: a unit of measurement equal to five feet, seven inches, often cited when discussing the inherent arbitrariness of measurement units; ...
[14]
What is the unit called a smoot? - Sizes
Aug 15, 2011 · The smoot received some official recognition years later when the bridge's walkways required resurfacing. Instead of the standard 6 feet, the ...
[15]
Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity on JSTOR
Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity. Robert Tavernor. Copyright Date: 2007. Published by: Yale University Press.Missing: Tavenor | Show results with:Tavenor
[16]
MIT to Recalibrate the Smoot | alum.mit.edu
Apr 1, 2016 · The MIT-born unit of measurement will be recalibrated to the exact measurements of its namesake, Oliver Smoot '62.
[17]
The Smoot – How an MIT prank became a lasting unit of measurement
Jul 18, 2025 · ... (ISO) from 2003 to 2005. Now retired and living in San Diego, Smoot ... However, the Massachusetts Metropolitan District Commission recognized ...
[18]
How an MIT Prank Became a Boston Landmark - We're History
Oct 16, 2014 · They concluded that the bridge was 364.4 smoots, plus or minus one ear (the “or minus” has been lost on the bridge's markings over time). What ...
[19]
The Measure of This Man Is in the Smoot - The Washington Post
Dec 7, 2005 · Smoot was chairman of the institute's board in 2001 and 2002 and has remained on the board as past chairman. On Thursday, he will be honored at ...Missing: ANSI | Show results with:ANSI
[20]
Smoot 50th Home Page - MIT
Oct 4, 2008 · MIT Celebrates 50th Smoot-aversary with Party, Volunteerism, & Plaque Oct. 4, 2008. October of 2008 marked the 50th year ...
[21]
New Smoot Plaque Greets Mass. Ave. Bridge Crossers | alum.mit.edu
Jun 4, 2009 · The plaque was unveiled by Class of 1962 President Mead Wyman and Director Ta da! Oliver Smoot was not able to attend the dedication, although ...Missing: graduation | Show results with:graduation
[22]
Plaque Shows Off Alum Smoot's Contribution to Measurement
Jun 5, 2009 · Beyond Cambridge, Smoots are recognized by the Google online calculator, which will convert the unit of one Smoot (5 feet and 7 inches) into ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[23]
Moving Day at MIT: Celebrating a century in Cambridge
May 2, 2016 · Oliver Smoot '62, who inspired the humorous unit of measure known as the “smoot”, will lead the parade as grand marshal. Special guests will ...
[24]
Moving spectacle | MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
May 9, 2016 · The parade's grand marshal was Oliver Smoot '62, a familiar name in local lore. As multitudes of area runners and walkers have noticed, the ...
[25]
Lambda Chi Alpha national suspends MIT chapter for at least five ...
Oct 30, 2014 · The Lambda Chi Alpha General Fraternity (LCAGF) board of directors has voted to suspend its Lambda Zeta chapter at MIT for at least five years.
[26]
LCA banned five years, brothers move out Sunday - The Tech
Oct 31, 2014 · The national organization of Lambda Chi Alpha announced Thursday that it had suspended the MIT chapter of LCA for at least five years.Missing: smoot | Show results with:smoot
[27]
Ollie Smoot, The Official Unit Of Measure For The Harvard Bridge
May 6, 2016 · Oliver Smoot who stands at 5'7” was used to measure the Massachusetts Avenue Bridge as part of a MIT fraternity prank in 1958. The markings on ...
[28]
The SMOOT as unit of Length
The SMOOT as unit of Length. Since I (George Smoot) was a n MIT student and then graduate (class of 1966 and 1970), many people have asked if I was the ...
[29]
Repainting the Smoots - MIT Admissions
Oct 27, 2023 · Soon enough, the Harvard bridge had been measured at 364.4 Smoots ± 1 ear, and bright yellow, purple, and green (the fraternity's colors) tick ...
[30]
City of Cambridge on Instagram
May 28, 2024 · They determined that the bridge was 364.4 smoots, plus or minus one ear. Paint tallies appear on the bridge every ten smoots, with one exception ...
[31]
The Mysterious Markings on the Bridge to MIT
Apr 13, 2018 · Serendipitously, Smoot went on to become the president of the International Organization for Standardization. The marks still exist to perplex ...
[32]
Smoot legacy continues on Harvard Bridge | The Tech
Nov 14, 2014 · On Tuesday morning, alumni of Lambda Chi Alpha continued their 56-year-old tradition of repainting the Smoot markers on the Harvard Bridge.
[33]
Smoot lighting to set the mood on Harvard Bridge | MIT News
Oct 28, 2014 · ... Cambridge Police often use the marks to report accident locations on the bridge. And soon, thanks to a $2.5 million anonymous donation, the ...Missing: usage | Show results with:usage
[34]
What's A Smoot? : Krulwich Wonders... - NPR
and not a man in the sense of men generally, or an average man, but a man, in the sense of Oliver R. Smoot, ...
[35]
Standards, bridges, Max Am Ende and the Smoot | Malvern Panalytical
May 31, 2012 · Ollie went on to be Chairman of ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and in 2003 President of ISO.Missing: reference | Show results with:reference
[36]
MIT Mobile | Information Systems & Technology
The MIT Mobile App delivers essential Institute services to iOS and Android users. There is also a web version of the mobile app available at mobi.mit.edu.
[37]
This American Bridge - ASCE
Jan 30, 2025 · Oliver Smoot rolling across the Harvard Bridge in 1957. I made it to the Boston side and turned onto the river embankment. It was still early, ...
[38]
MIT on Instagram: "Happy Smoot Day! 66 years ago today marks the ...
Oct 4, 2024 · ... Oliver Dedicated our October 4.2008 by the Reed Smoot Classmate 62 MIT Class of 1962 HALFWA candards der. mit's profile picture. mit. •. Follow.
[39]
10 Strange Ways of Measuring Stuff - Listverse
Jan 29, 2013 · 10 Strange Ways of Measuring Stuff ; 10. The Smoot ; 9. Big Mac Index ; 8. Waffle House Method ; 7. Moment ; 6. Schmidt Sting Pain Index.<|control11|><|separator|>
[40]
Podcast: Harvard Bridge Smoots - Atlas Obscura
Jul 8, 2021 · In this episode of The Atlas Obscura Podcast, we learn how an MIT fraternity pledge instituted a new, unique unit of measurement.
[41]
What's in a Smoot? A quirky MIT legacy explained - YouTube
May 22, 2025 · ... MIT fraternity brothers laid Oliver Smoot's ... Visit our MIT Moments YouTube playlist for more fun, bite-sized videos. Learn more about MIT ...Missing: traditions | Show results with:traditions
[42]
(PDF) Robert Tavernor Smoot's Ear: The Measure of Humanity
assumptions behind ancient notions of measurement. A measurement system is perforce a modular system. The basic unit – a foot, a meter, a. Smoot – is the module ...Missing: educational | Show results with:educational
[43]
Stories from physics: Weird units and wonderful measures - IOPSpark
Smoot A unit of length defined as the height of MIT undergraduate Oliver R. Smoot in 1958. New entrants to a fraternity at MIT were set the task of ...
[44]
How Oliver Smoot Became a Standard Unit of Measurement
Sep 23, 2025 · When the five-foot-seven-inch Oliver Smoot and his friends at MIT decided to play a practical joke, he drew the short straw—and was selected to ...