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The Ellipse

The Ellipse, officially designated as President's Park South, is a large oval-shaped public park in Washington, D.C., located immediately south of the White House grounds and north of Constitution Avenue.^[1] This open lawn, surrounded by a perimeter drive, spans approximately 52 acres and serves as a venue for national events, protests, and recreational activities under the management of the National Park Service.^[1]^[2] Originally envisioned in Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the federal city, the site's development as a formal ellipse began in the mid-19th century, though early uses included horse pens, a slaughterhouse, and a refuse dump before landscaping efforts transformed it into a manicured green space.^[1]^[3] During the Civil War, it housed Union soldiers, and in later decades, it hosted baseball games and community gatherings.^[1] Today, notable features include the Zero Milestone marker, the Boy Scouts Memorial, and the Haupt Fountains, framing views toward the Washington Monument and Jefferson Memorial.^[1]^[3] The Ellipse hosts annual traditions such as the National Christmas Tree lighting, initiated in 1923, and the White House Easter Egg Roll, drawing large crowds for family-oriented festivities.^[4]^[5] Its central location facilitates public demonstrations and official ceremonies, underscoring its role in American civic life while maintaining accessibility as part of the broader President's Park encompassing over 82 acres.^[6]^[7]

Geography and Layout

Location and Boundaries

The Ellipse, officially designated as President's Park South, occupies 52 acres (21 hectares) directly south of the White House within President's Park in Washington, D.C.^[7] This public space serves as an open greensward adjacent to key federal landmarks, including the White House to the north and the National Mall to the south.^[3] Its boundaries are defined by 15th Street NW on the east, 17th Street NW on the west, Constitution Avenue NW on the south, and the White House's southern perimeter fence on the north, with tangential access via South Executive Avenue along the eastern edge.^[1] The park features no internal roadways, preserving an unobstructed oval layout encircled by a perimeter road known as The Ellipse, which measures approximately 1,000 yards (914 meters) in circumference.^[8] In Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the federal city, the area was conceived as a parade ground south of the presidential residence to facilitate military reviews and public gatherings.^[9] President's Park South, encompassing The Ellipse, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, recognizing its role in the urban design of the capital.^[3]

Physical Features and Infrastructure

The Ellipse consists of a large, open oval lawn encircled by an elliptical roadway, forming the core of President's Park South, a landscape managed by the National Park Service. This central grassy area, framed by deciduous trees and conifers along its perimeter, provides unobstructed views toward the Washington Monument and Jefferson Memorial.^[3] The terrain features minimal elevation changes, supporting its use as a versatile open space without permanent structures or buildings that could impede assembly.^[1] Pathways and roads encircling the Ellipse include rehabilitated walkways and perimeter routes designed for pedestrian access, with the Southern Trail offering a dedicated route for visitors approaching from the south.^[1] Infrastructure enhancements, including security barriers and fencing, were integrated through master planning efforts focused on site renovation of roads, landscaping, and protective elements.^[10] These modifications, implemented in coordination with security needs, maintain the area's openness while incorporating durable barriers such as bollards at vehicle checkpoints.^[11] The National Park Service oversees maintenance, including irrigation systems for the lawn and tree cover, ensuring sustained vegetation health amid urban conditions.^[3]

Historical Development

Early Origins and 19th-Century Formation

Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 urban plan for Washington, D.C. designated the area immediately south of the President's House—now the White House—as a public park featuring a circular parade ground intended for military reviews and civic gatherings.^[3] This reservation encompassed approximately 82 acres around the executive mansion, with the southern portion envisioned as an open space to complement the grandeur of the federal city.^[12] Archival maps from the era depict this zone as a symmetrical circle, emphasizing its role in L'Enfant's vision of radial avenues and monumental landscapes.^[13] By the mid-19th century, landscape architect Andrew Jackson Downing was commissioned in 1850 to refine the grounds of the President's House and adjacent public areas, including the parade space south of the mansion.^[14] His 1851 plan introduced formalized pathways, plantings, and a carriage drive encircling the area, which historical surveys show had begun shifting from a strict circle to an elongated oval shape due to adjacent urban encroachments and grading adjustments.^[15] ^[13] Implementation stalled after Downing's death in a 1852 steamboat explosion, compounded by congressional funding shortfalls that limited landscape improvements across the capital.^[3] The American Civil War (1861–1865) further disrupted development, transforming the undeveloped ellipse into utilitarian military facilities, including Union Army encampments, livestock corrals for horses, mules, and cattle, and temporary housing for troops defending the capital.^[16] These wartime uses caused significant degradation to the terrain, with trampled earth and debris halting any prior landscaping efforts. Postwar efforts under the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds resumed basic grading and seeding in the late 1860s, gradually restoring the site as a grassy public lawn by the 1870s.^[3] By the late 19th century, the ellipse had emerged as a versatile open space, hosting Washington's earliest organized baseball games; the inaugural Washington Nationals club adopted it as their home field in 1865, drawing crowds for matches that underscored its transition to recreational use.^[17] ^[18] This period solidified its identity as a 17-acre oval greensward, free of structures and accessible for public assembly, though formal boundaries and plantings remained modest amid ongoing federal budget constraints.^[9]

20th-Century Military and Public Uses

During the interwar period between World War I and World War II, the Ellipse functioned primarily as a recreational area, hosting sports activities such as baseball games on dedicated fields and tennis courts, which persisted into the mid-20th century.^[19]^[2] These uses reflected its role as an open public green space amid Washington's urban development, contrasting with earlier utilitarian functions. In 1942, amid World War II, the National Park Service authorized the construction of temporary barracks on the Ellipse as an emergency wartime measure to support the war effort, marking a brief reversion to military staging purposes.^[20] This utilization involved structures near the site's perimeter, underscoring the adaptive pressures of global conflict on federal lands. President's Park South, encompassing the Ellipse, came under National Park Service administration in 1933, facilitating a gradual shift from ad hoc military and recreational applications toward formalized public and ceremonial roles.^[8] This oversight emphasized preservation and symbolic national significance, evident in the 1923 dedication of the Zero Milestone—a granite marker on the Ellipse serving as a reference point for U.S. highway distances, installed by President Warren G. Harding on June 4.^[21]^[22] By the late 20th century, the Ellipse solidified as a venue for institutional public events, including serving as the site for George Washington University commencement ceremonies from 1992 to 2005, accommodating large gatherings south of the White House.^[23]^[24] This evolution highlighted its transformation into a ceremonial expanse, managed to balance accessibility with its status as a key element of the capital's landscape.

21st-Century Renovations and Security Enhancements

In response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, temporary security measures were rapidly deployed around the White House perimeter, including concrete Jersey barriers, rusted fencing, and bollards along E Street and the southern edges of President's Park South (The Ellipse), prioritizing rapid threat mitigation over aesthetic or functional integration.^[25] These additions fragmented pedestrian access and visual connectivity to the Ellipse's open lawn, reflecting a post-9/11 emphasis on hardened perimeters amid heightened vehicular and intrusion risks.^[26] To reconcile security imperatives with public usability, a 2011 international design competition for President's Park South yielded a winning proposal from Rogers Marvel Architects (subsequently associated with Rogers Partners), envisioning the removal of post-9/11 concrete barriers and their replacement with integrated landscape-security elements such as low, curved seating walls doubling as anti-ram defenses, embedded bollards, and subtly raised grades to deter unauthorized access without enclosing the space.^[27] ^[25] ^[28] The plan emphasized enhanced pedestrian circulation, integrated lighting in walls for nighttime surveillance, additional tree plantings for shade and screening, and widened pathways to accommodate heavy foot traffic while preserving panoramic views of the White House and maintaining the site's original oval geometry derived from Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan.^[27] Implementation focused on adaptive reuse of existing infrastructure, avoiding permanent closures to foster civic gathering without compromising protective layers like surveillance cameras and reinforced undergrades.^[25] Parallel rehabilitation efforts in the 2010s addressed cumulative deterioration from intensive public use, with KCCT Architecture leading master planning and site improvements to walkways, internal roads, drainage systems, and landscaping across the White House grounds and Ellipse.^[10] These works repaired cracked pavements, upgraded stormwater management to mitigate erosion on sloped turf areas, and refreshed plantings to sustain the parklike character, all while embedding security-compliant features such as hidden conduits for cabling and resilient materials resistant to vandalism.^[10] The interventions preserved the Ellipse's 52-acre expanse as an unobstructed foreground to the White House, countering wear from millions of annual visitors without introducing enclosed structures or altering the core open-space configuration.^[10]

Monuments and Memorials

Key Monuments and Statues

The Boy Scout Memorial, a bronze sculpture created by Donald De Lue, was dedicated on November 7, 1964, to honor the Boy Scouts of America and their contributions to citizenship and service.^[29] The work features central figures of two marching Boy Scouts accompanied by symbolic elements including an eagle and inscriptions of the Scout Oath and Law on its granite base, commemorating the site's use for the 1937 National Scout Jamboree.^[30] Positioned on the eastern side of the Ellipse near 15th Street NW, the memorial stands approximately 12 feet tall and emphasizes themes of youth preparedness and patriotism through its dynamic composition.^[31] The Zero Milestone, a granite obelisk measuring about 4 feet high, functions as a reference marker for highway distances across the United States and was dedicated by President Warren G. Harding on June 4, 1923.^[21] Authorized by Congress on June 5, 1920, following an initial temporary stone placed in 1919, the monument includes bronze plaques inscribed with details of its purpose, such as serving as the starting point for transcontinental highways like the Lincoln and Lee Highways.^[22] Located on the northern edge of the Ellipse adjacent to E Street NW, it was intended to standardize national road measurements from Washington, D.C., though this system was never fully implemented.^[32] The Second Division Memorial, sculpted by James Earle Fraser, commemorates the U.S. Army's Second Infantry Division and was dedicated on December 16, 1936, with bronze elements including a central infantryman figure atop a granite shaft flanked by relief panels depicting World War I battles such as Cantigny and Soissons.^[1] Erected to honor the division's 20,000 casualties, the monument's inscriptions list key engagements and emphasize valor without glorification, reflecting post-war commemorative trends in public art.^[33] Situated on the western quadrant of the Ellipse, it measures roughly 60 feet in height and serves as a focal point for military remembrance within President's Park.^[34]

Fountains and Symbolic Features

The two Haupt Fountains flank the northern entrance to the Ellipse at 16th Street NW and Constitution Avenue, installed in 1968 as a gift from publishing philanthropist Enid A. Haupt at the initiative of First Lady Claudia "Lady Bird" Johnson to beautify the capital's landscapes.^[35] Each fountain comprises a monolithic slab of rainbow granite, quarried from 3.5-million-year-old rock in Morton, Minnesota, measuring 18 feet square, nearly 1 foot thick, and weighing 55 tons, with water jets rising from a central pool encircled by red brick patios and ceramic pavers.^[35] ^[36] Designed by architect Nathaniel A. Owings, the fountains serve functional roles in aesthetic enhancement, offering visual cooling effects through water circulation and framing the White House along the primary north-south axis toward the Washington Monument.^[35] ^[36] By 2005, the structures had deteriorated from biological growth, ferrous staining, and water leakage, prompting materials analysis and a full restoration starting in 2007 that included granite cleaning, calcium deposit removal, anchor extraction, paver re-pointing, and installation of polyethylene weep tubes to prevent internal leaks.^[36] This work preserved the original monolithic forms while addressing granite's natural porosity and exposure to urban pollutants.^[36] Beyond the fountains, the Ellipse incorporates abstract symbolic elements in its layout, such as the central elliptical roadway—measuring approximately 1,000 feet in major axis—that evokes continuity and encirclement, unifying the surrounding federal landscape with aligned sightlines to the Washington Monument and Jefferson Memorial.^[3] Deciduous and coniferous trees along the pathways further frame these vistas, symbolizing enduring administrative and ceremonial presidential functions without figurative representation.^[3] These features integrate water elements with geometric precision to reinforce visual coherence across President's Park South.^[37]

Public Events and Significance

Recreational and Ceremonial Uses

The Ellipse has served as a venue for recreational activities since the mid-19th century, initially hosting organized baseball games on multiple fields established there by the 1860s.^[38] The Washington Nationals baseball club played its first recorded game on the site, known then as the "White Lot," on May 5, 1869, drawing crowds of up to 10,000 spectators to temporary stands south of the White House.^[39] These fields accommodated both amateur and semi-professional teams, including Black and white players, until urban development and landscaping efforts phased them out by the early 20th century, reflecting the park's transition from informal sports grounds to a more formalized public space suited to its oval layout.^[40] In contemporary use, the Ellipse supports casual recreation such as picnicking, jogging along its paths, and summer musical performances organized by the National Park Service (NPS), fostering community gatherings amid its 52-acre expanse of lawns and trees.^[1] As part of President's Park, the area contributes to annual recreation visits exceeding 1 million for the broader park unit, with the Ellipse's open terrain enabling unstructured activities that draw families and tourists year-round. This enduring recreational role stems from the site's causal design as a expansive, barrier-free greensward, originally intended for public assembly and maintained to accommodate high foot traffic without erosion or overuse.^[34] Ceremonially, the Ellipse traces its use to 19th-century military reviews and parades, leveraging its elliptical shape—formalized by the 1870s—for orderly troop maneuvers and public spectacles south of the White House.^[41] From 1992 to 2005, George Washington University held its annual commencement ceremonies on the grounds, accommodating thousands of graduates and dignitaries like keynote speaker Herman Wouk in 2001, until NPS planning changes prompted relocation.^[42]^[43] Holiday traditions extend here as well, with White House Easter Egg Roll events beginning on the Ellipse for pre-lawn activities like entertainment and food since at least the early 20th century, as depicted in 1929 imagery of egg-rolling games spilling onto the site.^[44] These uses underscore the park's utility for institutional rituals, enabled by its proximity to federal landmarks and capacity for controlled, large-scale assemblies.^[1]

Political Rallies and Protests

The Ellipse has hosted diverse political rallies and protests under National Park Service (NPS) oversight, enabling First Amendment assemblies through a permitting process that requires approval for groups exceeding 25 participants.^[45] The NPS manages over 3,000 permits annually across the National Capital Region, with more than half allocated to demonstrations, underscoring the site's role in accommodating public expression.^[46] Permit data provides attendance estimates, though actual turnout varies; the Ellipse's capacity supports up to 139,392 individuals at 5 square feet per person.^[47] In the 1960s and 1970s, anti-war protests against Vietnam drew thousands to the Ellipse, often integrated with gatherings on the adjacent National Mall and Lafayette Park.^[48] A notable example occurred in May 1970, when students rallied on the Ellipse following the Kent State University shootings, as part of nationwide mobilization against U.S. military policy.^[49] Larger related events, such as the 1971 march, saw police estimates of 175,000 to 250,000 participants parading toward the Mall, with subsets assembling near the Ellipse.^[50]^[51] Pro-life rallies have utilized D.C. parks, including permitted demonstrations near the White House grounds, to oppose abortion policies.^[52] Annual events like the March for Life, while routing primarily along the Mall to the Capitol, have secured permits estimating up to 150,000 attendees, reflecting sustained conservative mobilization in the vicinity.^[53] Black Lives Matter activities in 2020, protesting police actions, influenced security measures around the Ellipse by necessitating expanded fencing encompassing the full 52-acre area and extending to Constitution Avenue.^[54] These unpermitted expansions contrasted with NPS-approved events of varying ideologies, where permits ensure orderly use without fees or insurance requirements for First Amendment activities.^[55]

Controversies and Debates

Access Restrictions and First Amendment Issues

Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, security measures around the White House and adjacent President's Park South, including the Ellipse, were significantly enhanced to address heightened threats to the executive residence, incorporating bollards, vehicle barriers, and restricted access zones managed by the National Park Service (NPS) and Secret Service.^[56] These changes established layered perimeters prioritizing presidential protection, as causal responses to intelligence on potential vehicular and pedestrian incursions, while NPS regulations under 36 CFR § 7.96 limit demonstrations in the White House area to designated zones like the Ellipse, requiring permits for assemblies exceeding 25 participants to coordinate logistics without fees for First Amendment activities.^[57] Courts have generally upheld such time, place, and manner restrictions as content-neutral when applied to prevent resource damage or safety risks, as in Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984), where prohibitions on overnight camping in Lafayette Park—a comparable venue—were deemed reasonable despite expressive intent.^[58] Subsequent expansions occurred amid 2020 civil unrest, with federal authorities erecting tall, non-scalable fencing encircling the entire Ellipse and extending to Constitution Avenue by June 2020, forming a multi-block security barrier reinforced by concrete Jersey walls to deter breaches observed in prior incidents.^[54] This perimeter, spanning approximately 1.7 miles around the White House complex, persisted in modified forms, reflecting empirical adaptations to documented property damage and intrusions during large-scale gatherings, though critics argued it unduly curtailed routine public access to green space traditionally open for recreation and spontaneous expression.^[59] NPS permit processes, processed first-come-first-served with denials issued only for conflicts like overlapping events or capacity limits, have faced scrutiny for potential viewpoint discrimination in enforcement, particularly in the National Capital Region where high-volume applications strain neutral administration, yet comprehensive denial rate data remains limited, with policies emphasizing resource protection over ideological favoritism.^[60] These restrictions embody a causal tension between security imperatives—driven by the Ellipse's proximity to the president, with historical breaches underscoring vulnerability—and First Amendment rights to assembly, as layered barriers and permit prerequisites can impede unpermitted, impromptu gatherings below threshold sizes, prompting ongoing regulatory challenges in federal courts that affirm balanced limitations but highlight risks of overreach in practice.^[61] While mainstream analyses often frame expansions as proportionate to threats, empirical evidence from post-event reviews indicates that permanent fixtures like reinforced fencing have reduced ad hoc access without proportional reductions in overall permitted demonstrations, raising questions about whether threat-specific responses have calcified into broader exclusions absent refined threat assessments.^[62]

January 6, 2021 Rally and Aftermath

The "Save America" rally at the Ellipse on January 6, 2021, was a permitted First Amendment demonstration organized by Women for America First, authorized by the National Park Service under permit 21-078 for up to 30,000 attendees in the southwest quadrant of the Ellipse.^[63] ^[64] The event featured speeches from supporters of then-President Donald Trump, including Trump himself, emphasizing concerns over alleged irregularities in the 2020 presidential election results, such as discrepancies in vote counts and ballot handling in key states. Transcripts of Trump's address indicate repeated calls for attendees to "peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard" while urging a march to the Capitol to support congressional objections to electoral certification, without explicit directives for violence or property destruction.^[65] Crowd estimates for the Ellipse gathering ranged from 10,000 to 30,000 based on aerial footage and permit capacities, with the assembly remaining largely peaceful during the speeches, preceding the subsequent unrest at the Capitol.^[64] While media and official narratives often characterized the day's events as an "insurrection," empirical assessments, including FBI investigations, found scant evidence of a coordinated plot to overthrow the government, with violence primarily opportunistic rather than pre-organized and resulting in five deaths (one from police gunfire, four from medical emergencies) amid broader low-intensity disruption.^[66] Proponents of the rally framed it as a legitimate expression of dissent against perceived electoral flaws, citing statistical anomalies in swing-state audits and legal challenges dismissed on procedural rather than substantive grounds. In the aftermath, the events prompted heightened security protocols around the Ellipse and White House grounds, including expanded fencing, vehicle barriers, and structural renovations completed between 2021 and 2025 to fortify against mass gatherings.^[64] Debates arose over subsequent permit denials for analogous conservative demonstrations at the site, with critics arguing such revocations evidenced viewpoint discrimination favoring left-leaning protests, as evidenced by approvals for events like Vice President Kamala Harris's 2024 rally at the same location.^[67] These restrictions fueled right-leaning contentions that the rally represented protected political speech addressing verifiable election disputes, rather than an existential threat, underscoring tensions between security imperatives and assembly rights.^[63]

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[55]
[PDF] Investigating How the Pro-Hamas Protests Turned National Park ...
Dec 10, 2024 · NPS requires permits for demonstrations over 25 people, with no fees or insurance. Applications are deemed granted unless denied within 24 ...
[56]
Policing Capital Sites | U.S. Department of the Interior
After September 11, 2001, the Force underwent a significant redeployment of sworn officers to augment icon protection and other anti-terrorism security needs.Missing: restrictions post-<|separator|>
[57]
36 CFR 7.96 -- National Capital Region. - eCFR
(i) NPS processes permit applications for demonstrations and special events in order of receipt. NPS will not accept applications more than one year in advance ...
[58]
Clark v. Commun. for Nonviolence | 468 U.S. 288 (1984)
The issue in this case is whether a National Park Service regulation prohibiting camping in certain parks violates the First Amendment.Missing: Ellipse | Show results with:Ellipse
[59]
White House surrounded by fencing during protests in D.C.
Jun 6, 2020 · In total, Google Maps analysis suggests, roughly 1.7 miles of fencing now surrounds the White House, forming a gigantic metal cocoon.Missing: expansions | Show results with:expansions
[60]
[PDF] the National Park Service's First Amendment Permit Process
Dec 1, 2024 · NPS requires a permit for groups over 25 for First Amendment activities, to ensure safety and resource protection. The permit is written ...Missing: percentage | Show results with:percentage
[61]
Regulating the landscape of protest: The National Park Service ...
Since NPS began requir ing permits for First Amendment ... ONGOING CHALLENGES TO REGULATING FIRST AMENDMENT DEMONSTRATION IN NATIONAL CAPITAL PARKS.
[62]
[PDF] Landscapes of Protest - NPS History
According to their website, “The National Mall and Memorial Parks Division of. Permits Management manages more than 4,000 permitted activities each year.”4 ...
[63]
[PDF] Permit 21-078 Women for America First Redacted
Jan 6, 2021 · This permit authorizes the use of the Ellipse southwest quadrant, west of the vista site line and south of the tree lighting site starting on ...
[64]
[PDF] Review of the U.S. Department of the Interior's Actions Related to ...
Dec 18, 2023 · On January 1, 2021, the NPS issued a permit to WFAF authorizing it to conduct its demonstration at the Ellipse. Based on WFAF's application, ...
[65]
Read Trump's Jan. 6 Speech, A Key Part Of Impeachment Trial - NPR
and are being defended by ...
[66]
Exclusive: FBI finds scant evidence U.S. Capitol attack was ... - Reuters
Aug 20, 2021 · But the FBI has so far found no evidence that he or people directly around him were involved in organizing the violence, according to the four ...
[67]
Permit approved for Kamala Harris's Tuesday rally at Ellipse - The Hill
Oct 26, 2024 · National Park Service grants Harris permit for up to 20K attendees at Ellipse rally · Yes, I think so · Maybe, I'm not sure · No, I don't think so