The Fighting 69th
The Fighting 69th is a 1940 American war film directed by William Keighley and starring James Cagney as Private Jerry Plunkett, Pat O'Brien as Father Francis P. Duffy, and George Brent as Wild Bill Sheridan.[1] The film dramatizes the experiences of New York City's 69th Infantry Regiment—known as the "Fighting 69th" for its Irish-American heritage and valor—during World War I, focusing on a brash recruit's transformation amid the horrors of trench warfare in France. Loosely based on the regiment's real history, including its redesignation as the 165th Infantry and service under Father Duffy, the movie portrays themes of courage, redemption, and camaraderie. Produced by Warner Bros., it was released on January 20, 1940, and received praise for its cast performances despite some historical liberties.Background
Historical Basis
The 69th New York Infantry Regiment, an Irish-American unit, traces its origins to 1851 when Irish immigrants in New York City formed a militia company amid rising anti-Irish sentiment, officially organizing as the 69th Regiment of the New York State Militia.[2] During the Civil War, it mustered into federal service in September-November 1861 as part of the Irish Brigade under General Thomas Francis Meagher, recruited largely from New York City's Irish communities and earning a reputation for fierce combat in battles such as Antietam and Fredericksburg.[3] The nickname "Fighting 69th" originated from Confederate General Robert E. Lee's reported remark after the regiment's gallant but costly charge at Fredericksburg in December 1862, where it suffered heavy losses while advancing under devastating fire.[4] By World War I, the regiment had evolved into a core unit of the New York National Guard, maintaining its Irish heritage while serving in various mobilizations, including the Mexican border campaign in 1916.[3] In World War I, the 69th was federalized in July 1917 as the 165th Infantry Regiment within the 42nd "Rainbow" Division, departing for France in October 1917 after training in Camp Mills, New York, and arriving in Saint-Nazaire by November.[5] The unit entered the trenches in the Vosges sector in February 1918 before engaging in major offensives, leading the assault across the Ourcq River on July 26, 1918, which broke German lines but resulted in nearly 1,400 casualties—42 percent of its strength, including 264 killed in action.[5] During the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in September-November 1918, the 165th advanced as part of the division's vanguard toward Sedan, capturing key positions like Hill 252 amid intense artillery and machine-gun fire, contributing to the armistice on November 11.[5] Overall, the regiment endured over 2,500 casualties, including nearly 900 fatalities, while earning 60 Distinguished Service Crosses and three Medals of Honor for its valor.[5] Prominent figures shaped the regiment's legacy, including Father Francis P. Duffy, who joined as chaplain in 1914 and deployed to France with the 165th, where he boosted morale by conducting services in the trenches, administering last rites under shellfire, and evacuating wounded soldiers during battles like Villers-sur-Fere in July 1918.[6] For his heroism, Duffy received the Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, and French Legion d'Honneur, becoming the most decorated U.S. Army chaplain of the war; he survived to retire in 1932.[6] William "Wild Bill" Donovan commanded the 1st Battalion, instilling discipline through rigorous training and leading assaults with personal bravery; wounded three times, he earned the Medal of Honor for reorganizing his battalion under heavy fire near Landres-et-Saint-Georges on October 15-16, 1918, during Meuse-Argonne.[7] Sergeant Joyce Kilmer, a celebrated poet known for works like "Trees," served in the regimental intelligence section, enhancing unit esprit de corps with his literary contributions before being killed by a sniper's bullet on July 30, 1918, while scouting enemy lines at the Ourcq River.[8] The regiment's traditions, rooted in its Irish identity, include leading New York City's St. Patrick's Day Parade since 1851—over 170 times as of 2025—to celebrate its heritage, with participants attending Mass at St. Patrick Cathedral beforehand and carrying blackthorn shillelaghs as officers' accoutrements.[4] Soldiers don a sprig of boxwood from the Fredericksburg battlefield on their uniforms during the event, symbolizing Civil War sacrifices, while Irish Wolfhounds serve as mascots.[4] Post-World War I, the "Fighting 69th" moniker solidified as a symbol of resilience, with the unit returning to National Guard service and perpetuating its legacy through annual commemorations and deployments.[4]Development
The project for The Fighting 69th emerged from Warner Bros.' strategic pivot toward World War I narratives in the late 1930s, reflecting a broader industry shift from early-decade pacifism to more patriotic storytelling as European tensions escalated ahead of global conflict. The screenplay was crafted by Norman Reilly Raine, Fred Niblo Jr., and Dean Franklin as an original adaptation, emphasizing a central fictional antagonist to drive the narrative of personal transformation amid wartime trials. Raine's contributions particularly shaped the role of Private Jerry Plunkett as a defiant, street-smart recruit whose bravado masks underlying fears, providing a vehicle for exploring discipline and sacrifice within the regiment's historical framework.[9] Casting centered on James Cagney for the pivotal role of Plunkett, a composite character blending elements of real regiment troublemakers, selected to capitalize on Cagney's signature tough-guy archetype honed in gangster dramas like The Public Enemy (1931), which suited the portrayal of a cocksure Brooklynite clashing with authority. This assignment facilitated Cagney's 1940 return to Warner Bros. following protracted negotiations over his 1936 contract dispute, where he had sought greater creative control and higher pay before re-signing in 1938 under favorable terms. Pat O'Brien reprised his frequent priestly foil to Cagney as Father Francis P. Duffy, the historical chaplain who guides the unit spiritually, marking their sixth collaboration and leveraging O'Brien's established rapport with the lead. George Brent was chosen as Major "Wild Bill" Donovan, the regiment's storied commander, for his reliable dramatic presence in ensemble war stories. Jeffrey Lynn portrayed poet Joyce Kilmer, another real figure woven into the ensemble as a voice of idealism. Director William Keighley was engaged for his proven handling of action-oriented period films, including the swashbuckling The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), which demonstrated his ability to balance spectacle with character depth—qualities essential for animating the regiment's camaraderie and battlefield intensity. Executive producer Hal B. Wallis maintained close oversight of the pre-production, aligning the script and talent with Warner Bros.' goal of producing morale-boosting content amid international unrest, as seen in his supervision of similar high-stakes vehicles.[10]Plot
In 1917, as the United States enters World War I, brash New York recruit Jerry Plunkett (James Cagney) joins the 69th Infantry Regiment, known as the "Fighting 69th," an all-Irish American unit commanded by Major "Wild Bill" Donovan (George Brent). Plunkett's arrogance and defiance during training clash with the regiment's discipline, particularly under the guidance of chaplain Father Francis P. Duffy (Pat O'Brien) and poet Joyce Kilmer (Jeffrey Lynn). As the regiment deploys to France, Plunkett's cowardice emerges in combat. During an assault on the Rouge Bouquet woods, his hesitation contributes to heavy casualties. Later, in no man's land, Plunkett's panic leads to the deaths of Lieutenant "Long John" Wynn (Frank McHugh) and his brother Private "Timmy" Wynn (Dennis Morgan), prompting Donovan to court-martial him. Imprisoned and facing execution, Plunkett escapes during a German bombardment. Witnessing Duffy's bravery amid the chaos, he experiences a spiritual awakening. In the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Plunkett redeems himself by single-handedly operating a captured trench mortar against a German position, aiding the regiment's advance across the Ourcq River. Fatally wounded by grenade shrapnel, Plunkett dies heroically, receiving Duffy's blessing as the unit honors his sacrifice.[11]Cast
| Actor | Role |
|---|---|
| James Cagney | Pvt. Jerry Plunkett |
| Pat O'Brien | Father Duffy |
| George Brent | Wild Bill Donovan |
| Jeffrey Lynn | Joyce Kilmer |
| Alan Hale | Sgt. "Big Mike" Wynn |
| Frank McHugh | Crepe Hanger Burke |
| Dennis Morgan | Lt. Ames |
| William Lundigan | Timmy Wynn |
| Dick Foran | Lt. "Long John" Wynn |
| Guinn "Big Boy" Williams | Paddy Dolan |
| Henry O'Neill | The Colonel |
| John Litel | Capt. Mangan |