Woolf Barnato
Joel Woolf Barnato (nicknamed "Babe"; 27 September 1895 – 27 July 1948) was a British financier and racing driver, renowned as the heir to a vast diamond mining fortune and as a leading figure among the "Bentley Boys" of the 1920s, achieving three consecutive victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1928, 1929, and 1930.[1][2] Born in Westminster, London, to Barney Barnato, a co-founder of De Beers Consolidated Mines, Barnato inherited immense wealth from the family's South African diamond interests following his father's death in 1897.[3][4] Educated at Charterhouse School, Barnato served as a captain in the Royal Field Artillery during World War I and later as a wing commander in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in World War II.[3] He married three times: first to Dorothy Maitland Falk in 1915, with whom he had three daughters; then to Jacqueline Claridge in 1933, producing two sons; and finally to Joan Jenkinson shortly before his death.[1][3] In 1925, Barnato purchased his first Bentley, quickly becoming a key supporter of the marque and assuming its chairmanship in 1926 to rescue the company from financial collapse through personal investment.[4][3] As a member of the Bentley Boys—a group of affluent enthusiasts who raced the cars—he bankrolled the team's efforts, leading to dominance at Le Mans and earning the nickname "Mr. 100 per cent" from race organizers for his perfect win record.[2][1] He also secured victories in the 1929 British Automobile Racing Club Six-Hour Race and the 1930 Junior Car Club Double-Twelve Race before retiring from competition in 1930.[1] Beyond racing, Barnato gained fame for a 1930 wager against the luxurious Train Bleu, driving a Bentley Speed Six from Cannes to the English Channel in under 24 hours, arriving in Boulogne by 10:30 a.m. on 14 March after navigating French roads during a period of unrest.[4] An athletic socialite known for lavish parties and pursuits like golf, skiing, and powerboating, he owned the 1,000-acre Ardenrun Place estate in Surrey, a hub for the Bentley Boys.[2][4] Following the 1929 stock market crash, he sold Bentley to Rolls-Royce in 1931, after which he managed his private collection of racing cars until his death from complications during surgery for cancer.[2][1]Early Life
Family Background and Inheritance
Joel Woolf Barnato was born on 27 September 1895 at Spencer House, St James's Place, London, the youngest child of Barney Barnato, a British financier and diamond magnate, and his wife Frances Christina "Fanny" Bees.[5][6] Barney, born Barnet Isaacs in London's East End, had risen from poverty to immense wealth in South Africa's diamond fields after arriving in Kimberley in 1873, where he initially traded in diamonds and speculated on mining claims.[7] In 1888, Barney co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited through a merger with rival operations led by Cecil Rhodes, gaining control over the Kimberley diamond mines and establishing a near-monopoly on global diamond production.[8] The family belonged to the prominent Jewish community in South Africa's diamond trade, many of whom had emigrated from London's East End to seek fortunes in the Kimberley rush.[9] Barney Barnato died on 14 June 1897 at age 46, when the family was returning to England aboard the steamer Scot near Madeira; he was found drowned after apparently jumping overboard, officially ruled a suicide amid reports of his declining mental health, though some accounts suggest it may have been an accident.[10] At just under two years old, Woolf thus became heir to his father's substantial estate, valued at approximately £3 million (equivalent to several hundred million pounds in modern terms), derived primarily from diamond mining interests.[11] This vast inheritance provided Woolf with lifelong financial security, allowing him to pursue high-risk endeavors in business and motorsport without constraint.[12] Following Barney's death, control of the family's diamond holdings passed to his nephews—Woolf's uncles—Jack Barnato Joel and Solomon "Solly" Barnato Joel, who had been brought into the business by Barney and expanded the Barnato Diamond Mining Company alongside their brother Woolf Joel (murdered in 1898).[9] The uncles effectively stewarded the estate until Woolf reached adulthood, ensuring the continuation of the family's influence in the South African diamond sector.[13] Woolf had two older siblings: brother Isaac Henry Woolf Barnato (1894–1918) and sister Leah Primrose Barnato (1893–1933), both of whom shared in the family's opulent lifestyle amid the Jewish diamond magnates' circle.[6]Education and World War I Service
Barnato's substantial family inheritance provided him with access to elite educational institutions, where he pursued a well-rounded development in academics and athletics. He attended the prestigious Charterhouse School from around 1909 to 1914, followed by Trinity College, Cambridge, though his university studies were interrupted by the war.[12][14] At Charterhouse, Barnato emerged as an all-round sportsman, demonstrating particular aptitude in cricket and boxing, activities that fostered his competitive spirit and physical prowess early on.[15][14] The outbreak of World War I in 1914 prompted Barnato to enlist immediately, forgoing further civilian pursuits. He underwent officer training and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Field Artillery of the British Army.[14][5] Throughout the conflict, he served in multiple theaters, beginning with artillery operations at Ypres in 1915, where his unit provided crucial support during intense fighting in Belgium.[16] By 1917, Barnato had transferred to the Middle Eastern front, participating in the Third Battle of Gaza as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's artillery batteries, which played a key role in breaking Ottoman lines.[16] In 1918, he contributed to desert campaigns in the Jordan Valley, delivering precise artillery fire that aided Allied advances against Turkish forces.[16] His leadership and reliability led to promotion to Captain by war's end.[14] For his service, Barnato received the 1914-15 Star.[5] Demobilized in 1919 following the Armistice, Barnato returned to civilian life with the physical conditioning and tactical acumen gained from frontline artillery duties, qualities that later underpinned his success in high-stakes endeavors like motor racing.[5] The war's demands had built his resilience and command skills, easing his transition to managing personal and professional challenges in the interwar years.[14]Pre-Racing Career
Business Ventures
Following World War I, Woolf Barnato entered the family diamond business, taking on management of the inherited interests in Kimberley, South Africa, which had been established by his father Barney Barnato through ventures like the Barnato Diamond Mining Company and its merger into De Beers Consolidated Mines.[13] These interests encompassed ongoing diamond production and operations in the Kimberley mines, where Barnato Bros held significant stakes originating from the late 19th century.[13] Throughout the 1920s, Barnato oversaw these holdings, focusing on preserving the family's legacy in the diamond sector amid post-war economic shifts.[13] A key aspect of Barnato's efforts to stabilize the family holdings involved a prolonged legal dispute with his cousins, Jack and Solly Joel, over profits from Barnato Brothers, the London-based firm handling diamond dealings tied to the South African mines.[17] The lawsuit, initiated after the war, sought an accounting of transactions from Barney Barnato's death in 1897 up to the 1917 dissolution of the partnership with the Joel brothers, claiming Barnato's entitlement to a share of accumulated profits estimated at nearly £1,000,000.[18] After eight years of evidence gathering, including reviews of 30 years of financial records, the case settled out of court in 1925, with the Joels agreeing to pay Barnato £1,000,000, benefiting him, his sister, and the heirs of his deceased brother.[17] As a financier, Barnato leveraged his position in the family enterprise to pursue broader commercial activities, including investments in property that reflected his growing wealth.[13] In 1921, he acquired Ardenrun Place, a 1,000-acre estate in Surrey, England, as a significant real estate holding.[13] He later purchased Ridgemead House, further diversifying into property amid his oversight of diamond-related finances.[13] Barnato's multimillion-pound inheritance, secured at age two following his father's death and augmented through such legal recoveries, enabled him to fund high-risk investments, demonstrating his entrepreneurial approach while maintaining the stability of the core family diamond assets.[13] This financial independence allowed him to explore ventures beyond immediate family obligations, though always rooted in the acumen honed from the Kimberley legacy.[13]Sports Involvement
Barnato was a dedicated all-round sportsman whose early athletic pursuits reflected the competitive spirit instilled by his education at Charterhouse School and Cambridge University. Influenced by the public school ethos that emphasized sports as a means of building character and discipline, he engaged in a variety of activities that honed his physical prowess and competitive edge before transitioning to motor racing.[15][19] In cricket, Barnato excelled as a wicketkeeper and lower-order right-hand batsman during his school and university years, later making his first-class debut for Surrey County Cricket Club in 1928. He appeared in six matches for the county between 1928 and 1930, where he took five catches and effected one stumping while scoring 23 runs across eight innings at an average of 3.20. His schoolboy performances at Charterhouse showcased his all-round abilities, though specific batting averages from those matches remain undocumented in available records.[20][19][21] Barnato's passion for golf was particularly notable, achieving a scratch handicap. He was regarded as one of the most versatile sportsmen of his era, frequently playing at prestigious courses that aligned with his social circles.[13][21] Beyond these, Barnato participated in amateur boxing as a lightweight contender, demonstrating his toughness in the ring, and was a strong swimmer and competent tennis player at country house level. In the mid-1920s, he extended his competitive interests to motor boating, helming high-speed craft in international races such as the 1926 Duke of York Trophy event on the Thames, where he drove a powerful boat owned by fellow enthusiast Betty Carstairs. These pursuits, funded by his family inheritance, underscored his drive for excellence across diverse athletic domains.[15][22][23]Bentley Motors
Investment and Leadership
Barnato's passion for Bentley automobiles began in 1925 when he purchased his first 3 Litre model, having been deeply impressed by the car's performance and the marque's success at the 1924 Le Mans 24 Hours, where John Duff and Frank Clement secured a victory.[24][2] This acquisition ignited his enthusiasm, leading him to compete successfully in numerous races at Brooklands, where the vehicle's reliability and speed solidified his commitment to the brand.[25][26] Facing imminent receivership due to chronic underfunding and mounting debts, Bentley Motors received a lifeline in late 1925 from Barnato, who, through his investment vehicle Baromans Ltd, injected over £100,000 to rescue the company and preserve its workforce.[24][22] This financial intervention, supported by fellow enthusiasts known as the Bentley Boys, restructured the firm and elevated Barnato to chairman in 1926, allowing him to steer its operations with a focus on innovation and market viability.[27] His prior experience in finance and mining ventures, inherited from his family's diamond empire, informed these decisive actions.[25] As chairman, Barnato oversaw the development and production of the Speed Six, an enhanced 6½ Litre model introduced in 1928 that became a cornerstone of Bentley's lineup, blending luxury with performance to appeal to affluent buyers.[24] He navigated ongoing financial pressures with continued personal funding, which helped stabilize operations amid economic challenges.[28] On the board, Barnato appointed key figures such as experienced racers and engineers to bolster expertise, while strategically emphasizing motorsport participation—through the Bentley Boys—to enhance brand prestige and drive sales.[2][27]Collaboration with W. O. Bentley
Barnato's professional relationship with W. O. Bentley began in the early 1920s at Brooklands, where Barnato, already an active racer, developed a strong admiration for Bentley's innovative engineering following the marque's debut appearances there; this led to his purchase of a 3-litre Bentley in 1925, which he promptly sponsored for racing and used to secure multiple victories at the track.[29][30] As chairman from 1926, Barnato made key contributions to Bentley's technical development by funding research and development for supercharged models, most notably approving the production of 50 units of the 4½-litre supercharged variant in 1929—designed by Amherst Villiers despite W. O. Bentley's opposition to the forced induction approach—enabling greater power outputs for competitive applications.[31][32] He also influenced the company's emphasis on mechanical reliability tailored to endurance racing, drawing from his own experiences to prioritize durable components that could withstand prolonged high-speed stresses, thereby shaping Bentley's reputation for robust performance.[33] The two men shared a strong personal rapport grounded in a mutual vision for British luxury sports cars that blended superior engineering with opulent touring capability, fostering a collaborative dynamic where W. O. Bentley's technical expertise complemented Barnato's strategic insights. Though lacking deep technical knowledge himself, Barnato offered non-technical guidance on leveraging racing successes for brand marketing, promoting Bentley as a symbol of speed and prestige to affluent buyers.[34][30] In 1931, facing severe financial strain from the Great Depression that threatened Bentley's collapse despite Barnato's prior investments, he orchestrated the sale of the company to Rolls-Royce, a decision that secured its ongoing viability and permitted W. O. Bentley to remain as chief engineer under the new ownership; Barnato then withdrew from his active leadership position.[30][35]Motor Racing Achievements
Le Mans Victories
Woolf Barnato, as the leading figure among the Bentley Boys, spearheaded Bentley's dominance at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1928 to 1930, securing three consecutive overall victories that underscored the marque's emphasis on reliability and endurance over outright speed.[24] These triumphs were achieved through meticulous team coordination, conservative pacing to preserve mechanical integrity, and strategic pit stops that minimized downtime, all under Barnato's direction as Bentley's chairman and de facto team captain.[34] The efforts involved collaboration with fellow drivers such as Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin and Frank Clement, who contributed to overall team positioning and shared mechanical insights during the races.[36] In 1928, Barnato partnered with co-driver Bernard Rubin in the Bentley 4½ Litre "Sport" (chassis ST3001), a prototype emphasizing durability for the endurance event.[37] The duo led from the start after a prolonged duel with the Stutz Blackhawk of Édouard Brisson and Robert Bloch, maintaining a commanding position despite late-race challenges including chassis frame fatigue and a leaking radiator that required careful nursing to the finish.[34] Barnato's strategy focused on consistent lap times to avoid over-stressing the car, covering a total distance of 2,669.272 km over 155 laps at an average speed of 111.219 km/h, marking Bentley's second Le Mans win and setting a world record for the farthest distance traveled in 24 hours on a road course.[37] This victory highlighted the Bentley Boys' pit crew efficiency, with quick fuel and tire changes that kept the car ahead of rivals.[38] Barnato returned in 1929 with Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin as co-driver in the newly introduced Bentley Speed Six (6½-litre inline-six, chassis LB2332, known as "Old Number One"), a model designed by W.O. Bentley for superior torque and longevity.[24] The team adopted a conservative pace from the outset, as advised by W.O. Bentley, to prioritize reliability amid growing competition; this approach paid off as the car led virtually throughout, fending off challenges without major mechanical setbacks.[34] Barnato and Birkin completed 174 laps for a distance of 2,843.83 km at 118.49 km/h average, finishing first by a significant margin—114 km ahead of the second-placed Bentley—while three other Bentleys placed second, third, and fourth, demonstrating the team's coordinated dominance.[37] Pit strategies emphasized rapid driver swaps and minimal interventions, allowing the Speed Six to showcase its endurance prowess.[39] The 1930 race cemented Barnato's hat-trick, again with the Speed Six "Old Number One" (chassis LB2332) and co-driver Glen Kidston, facing stiff opposition from a factory Mercedes-Benz team.[37] Barnato's squad deployed supercharged "Blower" Bentleys early to unsettle the Mercedes drivers with high-speed pressure, taking the lead on lap 36 after the rivals' cars suffered reliability failures; the strategy shifted to controlled pacing thereafter to conserve resources.[34] Despite no critical breakdowns on their entry, the team navigated minor electrical concerns across the fleet through vigilant pit monitoring, with Barnato coordinating via signals with teammates like Clement and Watney, who secured second place.[24] The victory covered 2,930.663 km in 179 laps at 122.111 km/h, Bentley's fourth straight win and Barnato's perfect record, achieved through the Bentley Boys' collective focus on mechanical sympathy and tactical teamwork.[37]| Year | Co-Driver | Car Model | Distance (km) | Laps | Key Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 | Bernard Rubin | 4½ Litre "Sport" | 2,669.272 | 155 | Consistent pacing to manage chassis stress |
| 1929 | Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin | Speed Six | 2,843.83 | 174 | Conservative speed for reliability dominance |
| 1930 | Glen Kidston | Speed Six | 2,930.663 | 179 | Early pressure on rivals, then resource conservation |
The Blue Train Race
In March 1930, Woolf Barnato, buoyed by his recent successes at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, accepted a wager at the Carlton Hotel in Cannes with his friend and secretary Dale Bourne to drive his Bentley Speed Six from the Côte d'Azur to London ahead of the luxurious Blue Train, known as Le Train Bleu.[40][41] The bet, reportedly worth £200, stemmed from banter over the train's reputed speed and reliability, with Barnato confident in his 6½-litre Bentley to cover the demanding route.[42] On March 13, Barnato departed Cannes at 6:00 p.m. in a H.J. Mulliner four-door saloon-bodied Speed Six, shortly after the train's 5:45 p.m. departure from the station.[40][41] The 752-mile drive north through France passed via Paris, enduring heavy rain from Lyon onward, thick fog in central regions, and a tire blowout north of the capital; refueling delays occurred in Auxerre at 4:20 a.m., and police pursuits added tension amid speeding allegations.[41][42] Crossing to England by ferry from Boulogne to Folkestone, Barnato pressed on to London, averaging around 45 mph overall despite the obstacles.[41] Arriving at London's Reform Club at 3:20 p.m. on March 14, Barnato triumphed by four minutes, as the Blue Train pulled into Calais at 3:24 p.m.[42][41] The victory, verified by press contacts, secured the £200 wager and generated widespread media coverage that revitalized Bentley's image during financial struggles.[42] Although French officials imposed fines for speeding exceeding the equivalent of the bet amount and banned Bentley from the 1930 Paris Motor Show for "hooliganism," the episode cemented the marque's reputation for daring performance and endurance.[42][41]Personal Life
Marriages and Children
Barnato's first marriage was to the American Dorothy Maitland Falk, daughter of a New York stockbroker, in 1915; the couple divorced in 1933 after having two daughters together.[43][44][1] Their elder daughter, Virginia Barnato (1916–1980), married into the Flory family and pursued a life in high society, while the younger, Diana Barnato (1918–2008), became a renowned aviator.[45][46][47] Diana Barnato Walker served as one of the first female pilots in the Air Transport Auxiliary during World War II, ferrying over 250 aircraft including Spitfires, and in 1963 became the first British woman to break the sound barrier, reaching Mach 1.6 in an English Electric Lightning.[48][49] Barnato supported his daughters' aviation pursuits, providing the financial resources and encouragement that enabled Diana's training at Brooklands Flying Club in the 1930s and her subsequent career achievements.[50][51] His second marriage, to the American heiress Jacqueline Claridge Quealy, daughter of a San Francisco coal magnate, took place in 1933 and lasted until their divorce in 1947; it produced two sons, Peter Woolf Barnato and Michael Jay Barnato.[12][3][52] The union, marked by transatlantic travels and social prominence, ended amid substantial divorce settlements reflecting both parties' wealth.[53] Barnato's third and final marriage was to Joan Gladys Jenkinson, an English woman, in December 1947; the couple had no children and remained married until his death the following year.[12][1][44] As members of a prominent Jewish family descending from diamond magnate Barney Barnato, Woolf and his children were raised with an awareness of their heritage, which influenced family philanthropy and cultural ties, including synagogue affiliations through Woolf's mother.[3][14] This background fostered a sense of resilience and community support evident in the adventurous paths pursued by his daughters.[7]Residences and Lifestyle
Barnato maintained a primary residence in London at a spacious flat in Grosvenor Square, which he expanded by purchasing the adjoining unit following the 1933 destruction of his earlier country home. This Mayfair location, in close proximity to Park Lane, served as a central social hub for the Bentley Boys, where the group of affluent racing enthusiasts often gathered to plan and celebrate their motorsport endeavors.[13] In the 1920s, Barnato acquired Ardenrun Place, a grand estate near Lingfield in Surrey, encompassing 1,000 acres of land complete with a private golf course, home farm, stable block, and extensive garaging facilities. The property became a venue for lavish entertaining, hosting the Bentley Boys for informal car races—occasionally joined by rival Ettore Bugatti and his vehicles—and welcoming the Surrey Cricket team along with international visitors such as the Australian side led by Don Bradman. Barnato utilized the stables for horse breeding, cultivating successful racehorses as part of his diverse sporting interests.[13][14][54] Following the fire that razed Ardenrun Place, Barnato commissioned architect Robert Lutyens to design Ridgemead House (also associated with the Wentworth Court Estate) at Englefield Green near Egham, completed between 1933 and 1940. This opulent 25-bedroom mansion featured a swimming pool, squash court, and 20 acres of formal gardens, reflecting Barnato's preference for grand yet functional country retreats suited to his active lifestyle. The estate, which included several gate lodges, was sold by his widow after his 1948 death for £25,000 and later repurposed as a nursing home.[13][55] Barnato's wealth stemmed from his family's diamond mining interests in South Africa, inherited from his father Barney Barnato's stakes in De Beers and related ventures in Kimberley, though he primarily resided in Britain without documented personal properties or lodgings on the continent. Complementing his estates, he owned the motorboat Ardenrun V, powered by a Bentley engine, which he raced successfully, securing prizes including the 1925 Duke of York Trophy on the Thames. This vessel facilitated leisure cruises and competitive outings, aligning with his broader passion for speed across land and water.[56][57]Later Life and Death
World War II Service
At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Woolf Barnato joined the Royal Air Force, where he was commissioned as a Wing Commander due to his prior experience and prominence.[2] In this role, Barnato was responsible for overseeing the air defense of key aircraft factories and airfields in southern England, coordinating fighter patrols to counter Luftwaffe bombing raids in association with the Ministry of Aircraft Production.[13][1] His duties focused on strategic command rather than combat flying, as he was 44 years old and deemed too old for active piloting.[13] Barnato's efforts were particularly critical during the Battle of Britain in 1940, when German air assaults targeted industrial sites essential to Britain's war production; he helped ensure the protection of these facilities through organized defensive measures.[58] Barnato served until demobilization in 1945, following the end of hostilities in Europe.[2]Death and Immediate Aftermath
In the summer of 1948, Woolf Barnato's health deteriorated, leading him to undergo a long-postponed abdominal operation for cancer. He was admitted to the London Clinic in Marylebone on July 24 for the procedure, which was initially successful.[13][1] However, complications arose shortly after, and Barnato died on July 27, 1948, at the age of 52, from post-operative thrombosis at the Marylebone hospital.[13][1][14] Barnato's funeral took place at Englefield Green, Surrey, drawing attendance from numerous motor-racing figures in recognition of his achievements. The cortege was led by the 6½-litre Bentley Speed Six he had co-driven to victory at the 1929 24 Hours of Le Mans, symbolizing his enduring legacy in the sport. He was buried in St Jude's Cemetery, Englefield Green.[59][1] Following his death, Barnato's substantial estate, valued in probate at over £1 million, passed primarily to his widow Joan and his children from prior marriages. Assets such as parts of his noted art collection were subsequently sold, realizing more than £25,000 in auctions to settle the estate.[1]Legacy
Posthumous Honours
Following Barnato's death in 1948, the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) first presented what would become its highest honor (unnamed at the time, to Cameron R. Argetsinger); it was renamed the Woolf Barnato Award in 2001 to recognize members for outstanding long-term contributions to the club, with the inaugural award under this name presented in 2002 to Roger Eandi.[60] Obituaries at the time highlighted his enduring legacy as a leader of the "Bentley Boys," crediting him with elevating Bentley's prestige through his racing prowess and financial support for the marque.[59] The British Racing Drivers' Club (BRDC), of which Barnato was a founding member as one of the original Bentley Boys, instituted the Woolf Barnato Trophy in his honor, awarded annually to the highest-placed British or Commonwealth driver in a British car at the 24 Hours of Le Mans.[61] Barnato's influence extended posthumously through his family, particularly his daughter Diana Barnato Walker, whose aviation achievements reflected his own interest in flight; she received the Jean Lennox Bird Trophy in 1962 for notable contributions to aviation and was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1965 for services to flying, including her record-breaking 1963 supersonic flight in an English Electric Lightning as the first British woman to exceed the speed of sound.[62] In modern times, Barnato's story has been celebrated in publications such as Bentley: The Story (2003) by Andrew Frankel, which chronicles the Bentley Boys' era and his pivotal role in the company's racing triumphs.Racing Record
Barnato achieved a perfect record at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, securing victories in all three of his starts between 1928 and 1930, driving Bentley entries he helped support as the company's owner.[63][64][65] His overall competitive racing career included approximately 10 victories across major events, with additional participations at Brooklands and the RAC Tourist Trophy.[1]| Year | Co-driver | Car Model | Position | Laps | Distance (km) | Average Speed (km/h) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 | Bernard Rubin | Bentley 4½ Litre | 1st | 155 | 2,669.272 | 111.219 |
| 1929 | Henry "Tim" Birkin | Bentley Speed Six | 1st | 174 | 2,843.830 | 118.492 |
| 1930 | Glen Kidston | Bentley Speed Six | 1st | 179 | 2,930.660 | 122.110 |