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808

The Rhythm Composer, commonly known as the 808, is an analog manufactured by the company from 1980 to 1983. Designed primarily as an affordable for composing rhythms, it utilized analog synthesis to generate drum sounds rather than sampled audio, a choice driven by the high cost of digital memory chips at the time. The machine featured a 16-step programmable sequencer, individual level and tuning controls for each sound, and outputs for integration with other studio equipment, making it accessible to both professional musicians and hobbyists. Developed by engineer Tadao Kikumoto as a successor to Roland's earlier CR-78 Compurhythm, the TR-808 was priced at around $1,195 upon release, which limited initial sales to approximately 12,000 units worldwide before production ceased in due to the exhaustion of a key component. Despite modest commercial success during its run—partly because its synthetic sounds were seen as less realistic than competitors like the Linn LM-1—the 808's distinctive tonal palette, particularly its deep, tunable with extended decay, became legendary after discontinuation. This sound, often referred to simply as the "808," features a sharp attack followed by a sustained low-frequency rumble, achieved through analog circuitry including oscillators and filters. The TR-808 profoundly influenced electronic music across genres, starting with early adopters in the 1980s who embraced its raw, otherworldly timbre for innovative beats. In hip-hop, it powered foundational tracks like Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" (1982), where its kick drum defined the electro-funk style, and later became a staple in rap production, as heard in Marvin Gaye's "(Sexual) Healing" (1982) and Kanye West's use of 808 samples on albums like 808s & Heartbreak (2008). Techno and house pioneers, including artists from Detroit's Belleville Three and Chicago's house scene, incorporated the 808's hi-hats, claps, and cowbell into club tracks, while pop icons like Phil Collins employed it on hits such as "One More Night" (1985). Its legacy endures in modern music production, with emulations and samples ubiquitous in software like Roland's own TR-08 module (2017 reissue) and digital audio workstations, ensuring the 808's sound remains a cornerstone of bass-heavy genres from trap to EDM.

Roland TR-808

Development and release

The Rhythm Composer was developed in the late 1970s by a team at , led by engineer Tadao Kikumoto under company founder Ikutaro Kakehashi and chief engineer Makoto Muroi, as an advancement in the firm's rhythm composer series that followed models like the CR-78 CompuRhythm and DR-55 Dr. Rhythm. Kakehashi, who had previously founded Ace Electronics Industries before establishing Roland in 1972, collaborated with American musician and engineer on early concepts, drawing from Lewis's expertise in electronic percussion to push beyond preset rhythm limitations. The primary motivation was to produce an affordable, fully programmable capable of emulating acoustic drum sounds through analog synthesis, avoiding the high costs of digital sampling technology prevalent in competitors like the Linn LM-1, which retailed for around $5,000. Development emphasized cost-effective components, including analog circuits where a defective unexpectedly generated the machine's signature booming tone—a "happy accident" that Kakehashi embraced rather than discarded. Early phases integrated a 16-step sequencer for pattern programming and individual triggers for each sound, allowing users to create and chain rhythms in , with testing focused on ensuring intuitive operation for both studio professionals and home musicians. The TR-808 was released in late 1980 with an initial retail price of $1,195 USD, positioned as an accessible tool for composers and performers seeking programmable percussion without breaking the bank. Distribution began through Roland's global network, targeting music retailers and studios, though initial reception was modest due to the novelty of its synthetic sounds in an era dominated by acoustic drum preferences.

Design and features

The employs analog synthesis throughout its sound generation, utilizing discrete electronic circuits to produce all drum voices rather than samples. For tonal percussion such as the , snare, toms, and , the machine relies on oscillators to generate fundamental waveforms, which are then shaped by low-pass filters and modulated via generators to control attack, decay, and release characteristics. This approach allows for adjustable parameters like pitch tuning and decay time, enabling users to customize the 's long, tunable decay for sub-bass applications or the snare's snap via noise injection and transient shaping. The , , and rim shot sounds are created using analog generators, filtered through band-pass circuits and enveloped for metallic decay, providing the machine's signature sizzle without processing. At the core of the TR-808's operation is its 16-step sequencer, expandable to 32 steps per in combined A/B modes, supporting both step-by-step programming—where users toggle illuminated buttons to place triggers—and input for live recording of rhythms. can be chained in song mode to create sequences up to 768 measures long, with 32 memories (including variations and fills) and controls that apply velocity-like sensitivity to individual steps for dynamic emphasis. This sequencer design facilitates intuitive beat construction, with adjustable via a dedicated knob ranging from 40 to 300 . The TR-808 features 12 individual mono output jacks, one for each instrument voice, allowing separate routing to a mixing console for independent processing, alongside a single stereo mix output for unified playback. Released in the pre-MIDI era, it lacks MIDI connectivity but includes DIN sync inputs and outputs operating at 24 pulses per quarter note for synchronization with tape recorders or other Roland gear like the TB-303 synthesizer. The control panel, labeled as a "Rhythm Composer," organizes functions across a compact layout with 16 step buttons, instrument selector switches, and dedicated faders for master volume and tempo, complemented by rotary knobs for tuning, decay, and sensitivity adjustments on applicable voices. This ergonomic interface, including LED indicators for pattern playback, supports both studio and live use without requiring external programming aids.

Production and discontinuation

The was manufactured from 1980 to 1983, with approximately 12,000 units produced worldwide. Despite its innovative analog synthesis, the TR-808 experienced initial commercial failure, attributed to its $1,195 retail price, which was considered high for the era despite being more affordable than competitors like the Linn LM-1 at around $5,000; additionally, the prevailing preference in rock and for realistic acoustic sounds overshadowed its synthetic tones, while electronic music had not yet gained mainstream traction. Initial sales were low, with fewer than half of the total units sold in the first year, resulting in significant surplus inventory by 1983. Production was discontinued in 1983 as Roland transitioned to digital sampling technology with models like the TR-909, compounded by the exhaustion of key components such as the 2SC828-R transistor used for its signature sounds. Remaining stock was liquidated at steep discounts, with used units available for as low as $100 in the mid-1980s. By the 1990s, rising demand from hip-hop and electronic music producers transformed the TR-808 into a sought-after collectible on the resale market, driving up prices from bargain-basement levels to premium values as its unique sound gained cult status.

Cultural impact and legacy

The Roland TR-808 played a pioneering role in the emergence of hip-hop, most notably through its use in Afrika Bambaataa's 1982 track "Planet Rock," which introduced the machine's distinctive rhythms to the genre and influenced its early electro-funk style. In parallel, the TR-808 became foundational to techno music, shaping the Detroit sound of the 1980s with its programmable sequences and analog percussion that defined electronic dance music's raw energy. Beyond these origins, the TR-808 saw broad adoption across , and electronic music, powering numerous chart-topping hits and ultimately appearing on more records than any other . Its versatility extended to productions like Marvin Gaye's "" (1982), which earned two , underscoring the machine's role in elevating electronic rhythms to acclaim. The TR-808 experienced a significant revival in the 1990s, particularly in and , as affordable second-hand units—often available for under $100—enabled widespread experimentation, later amplified by software emulations that democratized access to its sounds. This resurgence cemented its influence in subgenres like and , where its booming became a staple. The machine's cultural resonance continues, with marking its 45th anniversary in 2025 through video series, collaborations like New Balance sneakers and XLARGE apparel, and in-store events; additionally, the 2024 TR-1000 Rhythm Creator reissue recreates its analog circuits using modern components. Economically, the TR-808's legacy transformed it from a commercial disappointment— with only about 12,000 units produced—to a collector's item, with original units fetching over $5,000 on the second-hand market as of 2025 due to high demand among producers and enthusiasts.

808 in music

The 808 sound

The signature sound of the centers on its booming sub-bass kick drum, generated through a bridged-T oscillator that produces a decaying pseudo-sinusoidal akin to a , paired with a controllable decay envelope. The tone control enables tuning across the sub-bass spectrum, typically centering around 50-60 Hz for a deep, resonant boom. Complementing the kick, the snare offers a distorted, punchy from analog synthesis combining filtered with a tonal oscillator, while the hi-hats deliver sharp, metallic attacks via circuits employing multiple square wave oscillators. Key production techniques for the 808 sound include layering the kick with subharmonic enhancers to extend the perceived low-end depth, applying through simulation plugins for added richness and punch, and boosting in the sub-60 Hz range to amplify the bass impact without overwhelming the mix. The original analog hardware's sonic profile has transitioned to digital formats, exemplified by the TR-808 software emulation—a VST/AU plugin released in that models the circuit behaviors for authentic replication in DAWs. As of 2024, Roland continues to update the Cloud version with new patches, such as the TR-808 Arabian Prince collection. A defining acoustic property is the kick's extended decay, reaching multi-second durations at maximum settings, which facilitates seamless integration as a foundation in genres like , blending percussive drive with sustained low-frequency .

Notable recordings and artists

The played a pivotal role in early , particularly through its distinctive electronic beats that helped define the electro subgenre. & the Soulsonic Force's "Planet Rock" (1982) marked one of the first major hits to feature the TR-808 prominently, using its programmed rhythms to blend Kraftwerk-inspired synths with rap vocals and establish a futuristic sound that influenced countless producers. Similarly, Newcleus's "Jam on It" (1984) showcased the TR-808's claps, cowbells, and patterns to create a dense, groovy electro-funk track that highlighted the machine's versatility in layering percussive elements over minimalistic arrangements. In mainstream , the TR-808's booming bass and kick sounds became staples for high-energy anthems. Kanye West's "" (2005) from helped propel the song to No. 1 on the and exemplified West's early integration of electronic elements into polished, radio-friendly productions.) The TR-808 also left an indelible mark on electronic music, where its analog warmth added emotional depth to club tracks. May's "Strings of Life" (1987), released under the alias Rhythim Is Rhythim, employed the TR-808's kick and hi-hats alongside elements to craft a seminal anthem that fused stabs with driving rhythms, becoming a cornerstone of Detroit's sound. Daft Punk's "Around the World" (1997) from supported the duo's filtered grooves with drum patterns inspired by machines, creating a hypnotic loop that propelled the track to global dancefloor ubiquity. In modern trap music, the TR-808 evolved with techniques like slides and pitch bends to produce aggressive, sub-heavy basslines. Waka Flocka Flame's "No Hands" (2010) exemplified this through producer Lex Luger's distorted TR-808 kicks with gliding pitches, delivering a high-BPM party banger that peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and helped popularize trap's explosive energy. Several artists have built enduring styles around the TR-808, amplifying its role across genres. Following the 2008 release of his album 808s & Heartbreak, Kanye West heavily relied on pitched-up TR-808 sounds and Auto-Tune to craft introspective, minimalist beats that reshaped hip-hop's emotional landscape and influenced a generation of producers. OutKast further integrated the TR-808 into Southern hip-hop, using its deep bass and hi-hat patterns to blend funk, soul, and rap, thereby elevating Atlanta's crunk and Dirty South scenes to national prominence.

Related media

The English electronic music band , formed in in 1988 by Graham Massey, Martin Price, and Gerald Simpson, took its name from the drum machine. The group's debut album, Newbuild (1988), prominently featured the synthetic sounds of drum machines, helping to pioneer the acid house scene in the UK. Kanye West's fourth studio album, (2008), innovatively blended Auto-Tune-processed vocals with the booming percussion of the , creating a stark, emotive sound that influenced modern hip-hop and R&B. The album debuted at number one on the chart, selling 450,000 copies in its first week. It has since been certified triple platinum by the RIAA as of November 23, 2020. The 2015 documentary film 808, directed by Alexander Dunn, explores the history and cultural significance of the through interviews with artists including , who discusses its revolutionary impact on music production. The film premiered at (SXSW) on March 13, 2015, and received a special screening at the (BFI) in later that year. Other media referencing the 808 includes the 1999 debut single "808" by American R&B Blaque, which peaked at number eight on the and incorporated the drum machine's signature . Additionally, producer has frequently highlighted the TR-808's role in his work during interviews, such as crediting its minimalistic patterns in early tracks like "Grindin'" (2002).

Area code 808

Introduction and history

The 808 area code serves as the exclusive telephone numbering plan area for the entire state of under the (NANP). Established in 1957, it was created to encompass all the , from the Big Island of Hawaii in the southeast to in the northwest, providing unified coverage for the remote Pacific . Its introduction aligned with the broader post-World War II expansion of telephone infrastructure across the , including , which was then a U.S. . In , the first trans-Pacific telephone linked the islands to the , enabling reliable long-distance service and direct dialing capabilities that supported both growing civilian needs and in a strategically vital location. This timing preceded Hawaii's statehood in 1959 by two years, marking a key step in integrating the islands into the national telecommunications network. The Public Utilities Commission (PUC) regulates providers operating in the state, ensuring service reliability as mandated by state law. Throughout its history, the code has remained undivided, with no splits or overlays implemented despite periodic discussions on relief measures starting in the to address potential number exhaustion from increasing demand. In 2021, Hawaii implemented mandatory 10-digit dialing for all local calls to support the nationwide suicide and crisis lifeline. As of 2025, the 808 area code supports over 1.4 million residents amid ongoing population pressures and a robust industry that amplifies usage. This sustained growth underscores the code's enduring role in connecting 's dispersed communities while highlighting challenges in conserving finite numbering resources.

Geographic coverage

The area code 808 encompasses the entire state of within the (NANP), covering all eight principal islands: (with as the primary hub), , Hawaiʻi (commonly known as the Big Island), , , , , and . Key urban centers served include on (primarily ZIP codes 96813–96830), Hilo on the Big Island, Kailua-Kona on the Big Island, and Lahaina on . The coverage also extends to offshore and military installations, such as the naval base on , as well as remote atolls in the Hawaiian archipelago that fall under state jurisdiction. Fully domestic under the , 808 has no international extensions or overlays. It serves a resident population of approximately 1.4 million, augmented by substantial seasonal that influences demand and utilization.

HTTP 808

Definition and purpose

HTTP 808 is not a standard HTTP defined by the IETF or any . Some non-standard or custom implementations may use it for various purposes, such as redirects, but it lacks official documentation or widespread recognition. Standard permanent redirects are handled by codes like 301 (Moved Permanently) or 308 (Permanent Redirect).

Usage in web servers

There is no documented standard usage of HTTP 808 in major web servers like , , or . Custom proxy configurations might employ non-standard codes, but this is not recommended for interoperability. For redirects in proxies, standard 3xx codes should be used to ensure with clients and caches. Browser support for non-standard codes like 808 is inconsistent and may result in errors or fallback behavior.

Other uses

Year 808

Year 808 AD was marked by conflicts and diplomatic maneuvers across and the , as well as the onset of significant shifts in . In the Frankish Empire, King responded to Danish incursions into territories, while the faced Bulgarian aggression on its northern borders. The experienced internal strains leading to succession disputes, and early Viking raids continued to disrupt Irish monastic sites. In , the navigated alliances amid the fragmentation of the , all against the backdrop of the ongoing Carolingian cultural revival. In the Frankish Empire, Danish King Godfred launched a major expedition against the Abodrites, a Slavic group allied with Charlemagne, capturing several strongholds and executing their leader Godelaib by hanging, while imposing tribute on two-thirds of their territory. Godfred's forces, joined by the Wiltzite Slavs due to longstanding enmity with the Abodrites, suffered heavy losses, including the death of Godfred's nephew Reginold during the siege of a fortress. In response, Charlemagne dispatched his son Charles with a Frankish-Saxon army across the Elbe River to ravage the lands of the Linones and Smeldingi tribes, who had defected to Godfred; the campaign devastated their fields without significant Frankish casualties. Godfred subsequently destroyed the Slavic trading center of Reric on the Baltic coast, relocating its merchants to his port at Sliesthorp (modern Schleswig) to boost his kingdom's economy through tolls, and initiated construction of a massive defensive rampart—the Danevirke—along the Eider River from the Baltic to the North Sea. Diplomatically, the exiled Northumbrian king Eardwulf sought refuge with Charlemagne at Nijmegen, receiving support that facilitated his restoration via a joint papal-imperial mission involving Deacon Ealdwulf and abbots Rotfrid and Nanthar. The Byzantine Empire under Emperor Nikephoros I contended with Bulgarian raids, including a surprise attack on imperial headquarters along the Strymon River, amid broader campaigns from 807 to 809 aimed at securing northern frontiers against Bulgar incursions. These efforts reflected Nikephoros's strategy to stabilize the Balkans while managing fiscal pressures from ongoing tensions with the Abbasid Caliphate in Asia Minor, though no major eastern offensive occurred that year. In the , Abbasid Caliph traveled to in to suppress a rebellion led by Rafi ibn al-Layth, which strained relations with his designated successor in and foreshadowed the civil war following Harun's death in 809. These tensions highlighted growing divisions within the , culminating in al-Ma'mun's ascension amid fratricidal conflict in 813. Elsewhere, the Irish Annals recorded the continuation of Viking raids that began in 795 and disrupted ecclesiastical centers. In , the under Emperor Xianzong pursued internal reforms to curb regional warlords and eunuch influence, while the death of Ay Tengride Ülüg Bulmış Alp Ulug Kutlug Bilge Kagan exacerbated the fragmentation of the , a key Tang ally against eastern threats. Culturally, the advanced through the completion and dissemination of scholarly manuscripts in Frankish scriptoria, building on Alcuin's earlier educational reforms to standardize Latin texts and revive classical learning across the empire.

Highways numbered 808

Several highways around the world bear the number 808, typically as secondary, local, or former routes established as part of post-World War II numbering systems for regional connectivity. These roadways often serve urban arterials, rural connectors, or resource access paths rather than major interstates. In the United States, State Road 808 (SR 808) in runs east-west through southern Palm Beach County as Glades Road, functioning as a key arterial boulevard that connects in unincorporated Boca Raton to Interstate 95 near the . The route supports local and commercial development in the Boca Raton area, with recent improvements including a at I-95 to enhance safety and capacity. Louisiana Highway 808 (LA 808) is a short state-maintained route in rural Vernon Parish, acting as a connector between local roads in the northwestern part of the state near the border. It provides essential access for agricultural and residential areas in this forested, low-population region. In , Maryland Route 808 (MD 808), also known as , is a brief north-south spur in Mount Airy, Carroll County, extending about 2.34 miles from Ridgeville Boulevard to MD 27. This local road serves the town's and residential neighborhoods, linking to broader networks. Puerto Rico Highway 808 (PR-808) is a urban route spanning roughly 2.9 kilometers in the municipalities of and Naranjito, facilitating local travel between PR-803 and PR-811 amid hilly terrain. It includes structures like the bridge over the and supports community connectivity in central . In , Highway 808 was a provincial highway in , designated in 1966 as a resource road extending from Highway 599 near northward to the Otoskwin , aiding and access in remote areas. The route, part of the broader Resource Trail, was decommissioned in 1983 and transferred to local maintenance due to low usage and maintenance costs. Internationally, minor equivalents include the B808 in the , an urban B-road in , , that curves through the city's west end and north side, connecting to as a local distributor. No major 808-numbered highways exist elsewhere, with such designations generally limited to secondary or defunct local routes.

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