A-Square

A-Square was an American firearms manufacturing company founded in 1979 by retired U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Arthur B. Alphin, a West Point graduate with expertise in weapons systems engineering, specializing in the design and production of high-powered rifles, cartridges, and ammunition tailored for big game and dangerous game hunting.^[1] The company quickly gained prominence for its innovative custom calibers, such as the .500 A-Square developed by Alphin in 1976 and later commercialized, which emphasized maximum penetration and stopping power for large African species like elephant and Cape buffalo.^[2] The company's rifles, including models like the Hannibal and those chambered in extreme calibers such as the .577 Tyrannosaur developed in 1993, were engineered for reliability in harsh conditions and adopted by professional hunters worldwide, with production peaking in the 1980s and 1990s as A-Square employed up to 27 people and secured international orders from African governments including Zimbabwe and Botswana.^[1] A-Square's contributions extended to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI), where Alphin served on technical and executive boards starting in 1992, influencing industry standards for cartridges and ballistics.^[1] In 2010, A-Square was acquired by Sharps Rifle Company, becoming a division until operations ceased in February 2012, marking the end of its independent production of custom big-bore firearms.^[3]

Overview

Company Profile

A-Square was founded in 1979 by Arthur "Art" Alphin, a retired U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel and military historian who taught in the Military History Department at the United States Military Academy at West Point from 1981 to 1984, with the purpose of marketing his original rifle designs and concepts tailored for dangerous game hunting.^[1] At its peak, the company employed up to 27 people.^[1] The company operated as a manufacturer of high-end bolt-action rifles, custom ammunition, and bullets, specializing in large-caliber cartridges optimized for African big game pursuits, and placed a strong emphasis on mechanical reliability to ensure performance in high-stakes scenarios.^[1] As one of the specialized firms in the industry, A-Square held membership in the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI), an association dedicated to establishing safety and performance standards for firearms and ammunition. Its products achieved worldwide distribution, though the primary market consisted of dedicated hunting enthusiasts seeking equipment for challenging safaris.^[1] Notable examples include the Hannibal bolt-action rifle model and the .500 A-Square cartridge, designed for extreme stopping power.^[4] The company's facilities were located across multiple sites in Madison, Indiana (initially), Bedford, Kentucky (from 1991), Louisville, Kentucky, and Jeffersonville, Indiana, before dividing operations in 2007 with rifle production in Glenrock, Wyoming, and the ammunition plant in Chamberlain, South Dakota.^[5]^[3]^[6] Prior to 2010, A-Square remained privately held by its founder, Arthur Alphin.^[1]

Products and Innovations

A-Square specialized in bolt-action rifles designed for hunting, particularly dangerous game, with a lineup centered on three primary models: the Hannibal for big-bore applications, the Hamilcar for medium-bore uses, and the Genghis Khan for varmint and light game. The Hannibal model was built on a P-17 Enfield receiver and chambered in calibers .416 Rigby and larger, such as .458 Winchester Magnum, .470 Nitro Express, .500 A-Square, and .577 Tyrannosaur, featuring 22- to 26-inch barrels, deluxe oil-finished walnut stocks with pistol grips and recoil pads, and Teflon-coated metal parts for enhanced durability.^[7] The Hamilcar was intended for medium-bore calibers ranging from .243 Winchester to .338 Winchester Magnum, including options like .270 Winchester, .30-06 Springfield, and .338-06 A-Square. The Genghis Khan targeted varmint and light game hunters, available in calibers such as .22-250 Remington, .243 Winchester, 6mm Remington, and .25-06 Remington, employing a Winchester pre-1964 Model 70 action, heavy tapered barrels, and Coil-Chek stocks to mitigate recoil during extended shooting sessions.^[8] These rifles incorporated technical innovations tailored for reliability in harsh environments like African safaris. Customers could specify upgrades such as higher grades of walnut stocks, alternative metal finishes like matte bluing or Teflon coatings, express sights for quick target acquisition, and custom scope rings, emphasizing the company's focus on bespoke builds over mass production. A-Square's designs prioritized ruggedness and precision, with ammunition velocities engineered to match historical specifications for obsolete cartridges, ensuring compatibility with traditional dangerous game loads.^[3] In addition to rifles, A-Square produced a wide range of ammunition from .243 Winchester to .416 Taylor, including standard and wildcat cartridges suited for big-game hunting, with an emphasis on dangerous game applications. Notable proprietary developments included the .500 A-Square, a belted bottleneck cartridge introduced in 1976 based on the .460 Weatherby Magnum case necked up to .510-inch bullets, delivering over 8,000 foot-pounds of muzzle energy for stopping power against charges from elephant or lion.^[9] The .577 Tyrannosaur, launched in 1993 at the request of professional hunters seeking extreme stopping power, utilized a 14.9mm-diameter 750-grain monolithic solid bullet at 2,460 feet per second, generating more than 10,000 foot-pounds of energy but with significant recoil that limited its use to specialized scenarios.^[10] The company also manufactured monolithic solid bullets suitable for deep penetration in thick-skinned animals. A-Square's production emphasized quality and customization rather than high volume, resulting in limited runs of rifles and ammunition that catered to discerning hunters and collectors, with output focused on reliability for extreme field conditions rather than broad market availability.^[3]

History

Founding and Early Years

Arthur B. Alphin, a United States Army officer with expertise in weapons systems engineering, began developing innovative rifle designs and cartridges in the mid-1970s while addressing limitations in existing firearms for dangerous game hunting. After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1970 with a Bachelor of Science in Weapons Systems Engineering, Alphin served in various military roles, including as a company commander and gunnery instructor, where he gained deep knowledge of ballistics and firearms mechanics. His interest in improving big-game rifles was spurred by personal experiences on safari in Africa, where he encountered reliability issues with conventional designs like the .458 Winchester Magnum. In response, Alphin prototyped the .500 A-Square cartridge in 1976, basing it on the .460 Weatherby Magnum case to enhance penetration and stopping power for large, dangerous animals.^[1] From 1974 to 1979, prior to formal commercialization, Alphin conducted extensive private research and experimentation on rifle components, including magazines, feed ramps, extractors, ejectors, and bolt faces, aiming to create more reliable controlled-round-feed actions for harsh field conditions. This period involved rigorous testing of terminal ballistics for spin-stabilized projectiles, drawing on his military background in ballistics and gunnery. Alphin's designs began attracting attention among hunters through informal marketing, leading to initial orders and growing acceptance in the sporting community, particularly for their emphasis on durability in African safaris. By the late 1970s, these prototypes demonstrated practical advantages over standard sporting rifles, setting the stage for broader adoption.^[11]^[2] In 1979, Alphin formally established the A-Square Company to commercialize his innovations, initially operating on a small scale to produce custom rifles tailored for trophy hunting. The company quickly built a reputation for pioneering cartridges and robust rifle actions, with early products focusing on dangerous game applications that reflected Alphin's expertise in military history and ballistics. Initial operations relied heavily on Alphin's personal involvement in design and testing, facing challenges such as limited resources and the need to differentiate in a competitive market dominated by established manufacturers. Despite these hurdles, A-Square's commitment to innovative, field-proven solutions fostered early loyalty among professional hunters and gained international recognition by the mid-1980s.^[1]

Expansion and Operations

In 1991, A-Square relocated its operations to a dedicated manufacturing facility in Bedford, Kentucky, marking a significant step in scaling up production of rifles and ammunition. This move from its initial base in Madison, Indiana, allowed the company to expand its capacity and meet growing demand for its specialized big-game cartridges and firearms, sustaining operations there for nearly two decades.^[5]^[3] Further expansions occurred in the mid-2000s, with the company shifting its rifle manufacturing to a new plant in Glenrock, Wyoming, in 2007, while establishing an ammunition-focused facility in Chamberlain, South Dakota, around the same time. These relocations supported increased workforce—peaking at 27 employees—and broadened global distribution, including exports to international markets for trophy hunting. By this period, A-Square had solidified its position as a leader in high-end, limited-run products tailored for demanding environments.^[12]^[6]^[1]^[3] Operationally, A-Square emphasized the reliability of its products for safari and dangerous-game hunting, gaining a strong reputation among professional hunters through custom orders and special calibers developed in response to field needs. The company formed partnerships with major firearms makers, such as Ruger, Winchester, and Browning, which adopted several A-Square cartridges, enhancing its influence in the industry. By the late 2000s, with two operational plants, A-Square focused on premium, low-volume production that prioritized quality and innovation for elite hunting applications.^[1]^[13]

Corporate Developments

Acquisition and Controlling Interest Changes

In 2010, Sharps Rifle Company LLC acquired a controlling interest in A-Square, integrating the company as a division and marking a significant shift in ownership structure. This deal positioned Sharps, which had been previously associated with A-Square founder Art Alphin, as the parent entity overseeing A-Square's operations in South Dakota and Wyoming.^[3]^[14] Alphin retained a minority stake while maintaining a leadership role in the combined operations.^[15] The acquisition was motivated by the opportunity to capitalize on Sharps' historical brand legacy in firearms manufacturing, enabling broader market access for A-Square's rifle and ammunition products. Additionally, the ownership changes facilitated funding for ongoing expansions, including those established in Wyoming and South Dakota facilities.^[15] Operationally, A-Square transitioned to functioning as a division within Sharps Rifle Company, with production continuing uninterrupted under the new oversight. Sharps CEO Michael Blank played a key role in guiding the integrated structure, ensuring continuity in manufacturing and administrative functions.^[16] The transition period focused on management realignments and strategic refinements to align A-Square's innovations with Sharps' broader portfolio, without requiring immediate alterations to existing plant infrastructure or production lines. This integration aimed to strengthen the companies' competitive position in the firearms industry during a phase of internal growth.^[3]

Closure and Asset Transfer

In October 2011, A-Square laid off all employees at its manufacturing plants in Chamberlain, South Dakota, and Glenrock, Wyoming, amid mounting financial pressures.^[17] This action followed the determination that A-Square of South Dakota LLC and A-Square of Wyoming LLC were insolvent and no longer viable as operating entities.^[17] Compounding the instability, A-Square founder and president Art Alphin faced a felony charge in February 2011 for obtaining property by false pretenses, stemming from a falsified 2007 application for $1,500 in state workforce grant funding for a former employee.^[18] The charge, punishable by up to 10 years in prison and a $10,000 fine, highlighted ongoing legal and operational challenges that eroded investor confidence.^[18] By early 2012, the company's fiscal insolvency had deepened, leading Alphin and CEO Michael Blank to formally cease all A-Square operations on February 15, 2012.^[17] The plants in Chamberlain and Glenrock were not reopened under A-Square's management, marking the effective shutdown of production activities.^[17] A-Square of Wyoming had already defaulted on its lease for the Glenrock facility, prompting the local town council to terminate the agreement on February 27, 2012.^[16] On the same day operations ceased, Blank transferred A-Square's intellectual property, inventory, equipment, and other contents from the Glenrock facility—along with assets from related entities—to the newly formed Sharps Rifle Company Inc., a Wyoming corporation owned by Kevin Tierney (CEO) and William Martin (president and COO).^[17]^[16] Tierney and Martin envisioned restarting manufacturing at the Glenrock site with a $1 million investment, focusing on broader firearms production rather than A-Square's traditional emphasis on precision big-game rifles.^[17]^[16] The closure and asset transfer effectively ended A-Square as an active entity, with no revival of the original brand under the new ownership.^[17] The employee layoffs and operational halt left local communities in South Dakota and Wyoming without the jobs and economic activity previously supported by the company.^[17]