Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

AD 60

AD 60 was a leap year in the Julian calendar during the reign of Emperor Nero, who had ruled the Roman Empire since AD 54. The year is chiefly remembered for the outbreak of the Boudican revolt in the Roman province of Britannia, where Queen Boudica of the Iceni tribe led an uprising against Roman authorities following the death of her husband Prasutagus and the subsequent mistreatment by Roman officials.^[1] This rebellion resulted in the sacking and destruction of key Roman settlements, including Camulodunum (modern Colchester), the provincial capital, where native forces massacred Roman veterans and civilians.^[2] The revolt, fueled by grievances over taxation, cultural suppression, and the flogging of Boudica and the rape of her daughters, highlighted tensions in recently conquered Britain and temporarily threatened Roman control before its suppression in AD 61.^[3] Elsewhere, the empire experienced relative stability under Nero's administration, influenced by advisors like Seneca, though underlying fiscal and political strains were emerging.^[4]

Events in the Roman Empire

Britain: Outbreak of Boudica's Revolt

The death of Prasutagus, client king of the Iceni tribe in eastern Britain, around AD 60 triggered the immediate prelude to revolt. Prasutagus had sought to secure his kingdom's continuity by willing half of his estate to the Roman emperor Nero and the other half to his two daughters, under the assumption of continued client status following the Roman conquest of Britain in AD 43. Roman procurator Catus Decianus and officials, however, disregarded this arrangement, treating the Iceni lands as conquered territory subject to direct provincial rule and confiscation. This annexation involved the seizure of royal assets, including ancestral treasures and noble properties, which Tacitus attributes to the rapacity of Roman creditors and administrators seeking to enforce debts accumulated under client arrangements. Direct personal outrages against Boudica, Prasutagus' widow and regent, escalated tensions into open rebellion. According to Tacitus in his Annals (14.31), Boudica was publicly flogged by Roman agents, while her daughters suffered sexual violation, acts framed as punitive enforcement of subjugation but serving as catalytic humiliations in a tribal society valuing noble women's status. Dio Cassius corroborates the familial abuses in his Roman History (62.2), adding economic stressors like the aggressive recall of loans extended by Seneca the Younger, Nero's advisor, which impoverished Iceni elites and fueled perceptions of exploitative Roman fiscal policy. These events, drawn from Roman historiographical traditions written decades later (Tacitus c. AD 116, Dio c. AD 200), reflect elite Roman viewpoints that emphasize barbarian volatility while underscoring administrative overreach as a causal factor, though archaeological evidence of pre-revolt Roman financial instruments in Britain supports the debt dimension.^[5] The Iceni mobilized under Boudica's leadership in late AD 60, rallying an estimated force numbering in the tens of thousands through tribal assemblies invoking vengeance and ancestral rights. Alliances formed rapidly with the neighboring Trinovantes, who resented Roman veteran colonies displacing locals at Camulodunum (modern Colchester), the provincial capital and symbolic seat of Roman power. The rebels overran Camulodunum with minimal resistance, as its garrison of about 200 auxiliary troops proved inadequate against the onslaught; the city was systematically destroyed by fire, with Tacitus noting the massacre of its inhabitants, including civilians and retired legionaries. This sack, corroborated by burn layers in excavations at Colchester, marked the revolt's outbreak and initial success, paralyzing Roman governance in southeast Britain until reinforcements arrived under governor Suetonius Paulinus.^[6]

Rome: Nero's Domestic Affairs and Administration

In AD 60, Nero's administration in Rome continued to benefit from the stabilizing influence of his chief advisors, the philosopher Seneca and praetorian prefect Burrus, who had guided policy since the emperor's accession in AD 54, fostering a period of relative domestic tranquility and procedural efficiency in governance.^[7] This duo emphasized senatorial consultation and restrained imperial intervention, allowing Nero to focus on cultural patronage rather than direct administrative overhaul, though primary accounts from later historians like Tacitus reflect senatorial resentment toward such advisory dominance.^[8] Judicial proceedings saw Nero personally presiding over select cases, adhering to customary advisory protocols to avoid hasty judgments, which Suetonius notes as a deliberate effort to project measured authority. A hallmark domestic initiative that year was the inauguration of the Neronia, quinquennial games modeled on Greek festivals, held during Nero's fourth consulship and encompassing competitions in music, oratory, poetry, gymnastics, and equestrian events.^[9] These contests, explicitly designed to elevate artistic and athletic pursuits in Roman public life, underscored Nero's philhellenism and marked a shift toward integrating Hellenistic cultural elements into imperial spectacle, diverging from traditional Roman emphasis on martial displays.^[10] While Tacitus critiques the games as emblematic of Nero's personal extravagance (Annals 14.20), they aligned with broader early-reign policies discouraging bloodshed in circuses and promoting public entertainment without lethal combat, sustaining popular support amid ongoing fiscal measures like prior tax reductions from AD 58.^[11] Economically, the administration upheld currency stability and incremental fiscal prudence inherited from Claudius-era foundations, avoiding major debasement until the Great Fire of AD 64 necessitated reforms; no significant provincial tribute hikes or confiscations disrupted Rome's core in AD 60, contributing to urban prosperity before later excesses.^[7] This era's domestic focus on cultural amplification and advisory-led routine contrasted with emerging personal indulgences, such as Nero's affair with Poppaea Sabina, which strained relations with his wife Octavia but did not yet precipitate overt political purges.^[12] Overall, AD 60 represented a transitional plateau in Nero's rule, bridging competent institutional continuity with the emperor's growing artistic self-assertion.

Arrival of Paul the Apostle in Rome

Paul the Apostle reached Rome circa AD 60 after appealing to Caesar under his Roman citizenship rights, as recorded in the New Testament's Acts of the Apostles (Acts 25:11–12).^[13] His transport began from Caesarea Maritima under the guard of centurion Julius of the Augustan Cohort, involving a circuitous Mediterranean voyage marked by adverse autumnal winds.^[14] The ship, an Alexandrian grain vessel carrying 276 passengers including prisoners, encountered a severe storm, leading to jettisoning cargo and eventual wreck on the Malta reef in late AD 59; all survived, with Paul credited in the account for predicting safety and healing locals after a viper bite.^[15] The group wintered in Malta before sailing in spring AD 60 on another Alexandrian ship to Syracuse, Rhegium, and Puteoli, Italy's primary port.^[16] From Puteoli, Paul traveled the Appian Way northward approximately 130 miles to Rome, accompanied by fellow believers Aristarchus and Luke.^[17] At the Forum of Appius, 43 Roman miles south of the city, and the Three Taverns, 33 miles south, he encountered delegations of local Christians who had heard of his approach, prompting Paul to thank God and gain renewed resolve despite his chains (Acts 28:15).^[18] These meetings indicate an established Christian community in Rome predating Paul's arrival, likely comprising Jewish converts and Gentile sympathizers influenced by oral traditions from Pentecost (Acts 2) rather than direct apostolic founding.^[19] Upon entering Rome, Paul received relatively lenient custody, permitted to dwell in private lodgings under soldierial guard rather than a public prison, reflecting Roman procedural norms for appealing citizens.^[20] He summoned Jewish leaders to explain his presence and preached from rented quarters, initially to synagogue attendees who divided over his message—some accepting, others rejecting—leading him to turn to Gentiles per Isaiah's prophecy (Acts 28:16–28).^[21] This phase lasted two years, during which he composed epistles like Philippians, Colossians, Ephesians, and Philemon, addressing churches amid his detention; the voyage's nautical details in Acts align with known ancient seafaring practices, lending plausibility to the narrative despite reliance on a single primary source.^[22] No contemporary non-Christian corroboration exists for these events, though Paul's epistle to the Romans (written circa AD 57) anticipates such a visit for mutual encouragement.^[23]

Events Outside the Roman Empire

Eastern Regions and Parthia

In AD 60, Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo consolidated control over Armenia amid the ongoing conflict with Parthia, capturing the major city of Tigranocerta after its inhabitants surrendered and presented a golden crown in a gesture of submission.^[24] This followed the destruction of Artaxata, Armenia's capital, enabling Corbulo to claim dominion over the entire kingdom.^[24] To secure Roman influence, Corbulo installed Tigranes VI, a Cappadocian prince and descendant of Herod the Great, as client king of Armenia, supported by a garrison of approximately 1,000 legionaries, three auxiliary cohorts, and two cavalry alae totaling 3,000–4,000 troops stationed primarily at Artaxata.^[25]^[26] Parthian king Vologases I, whose forces had installed his brother Tiridates I on the Armenian throne in 54, mounted limited resistance due to domestic upheavals, including revolts and succession challenges from his brothers Pacorus and Tiridates II that diverted resources from the eastern front.^[27] Tiridates I fled to Parthian territory following these defeats, temporarily ceding Armenia to Roman administration while Vologases focused on internal stabilization.^[24] In the broader eastern Roman provinces, such as Cappadocia and Syria, Corbulo's operations relied on logistical bases including supply lines from Trebizond on the Black Sea, maintaining provincial stability amid the Armenian campaign without reported major disturbances.^[24] This phase marked a high point of Roman leverage in the region, though Tigranes' rule proved short-lived as Parthian pressures resumed by 61–62, leading to further clashes.^[25]

Religion and Culture

Early Christianity

In AD 60, early Christianity remained a numerically small movement within the Roman Empire, comprising decentralized house churches in key urban centers such as Jerusalem, Antioch, Ephesus, Corinth, and emerging communities in Rome. Adherents, drawn initially from Jewish populations in Judea and Galilee, had begun incorporating Gentile converts through missionary efforts, emphasizing belief in Jesus of Nazareth's crucifixion, resurrection, and messianic role without requiring full adherence to Jewish law for non-Jews—a development solidified by the Jerusalem Council around AD 49. These groups practiced baptism as initiation and shared meals evoking Jesus' Last Supper, meeting amid everyday Roman life without formal hierarchy beyond apostolic oversight.^[28]^[29] Leadership centered on surviving apostles and their delegates, with James, brother of Jesus, directing the Jerusalem church focused on Jewish believers until his martyrdom in AD 62. Paul's extensive travels had established Gentile-oriented congregations across Asia Minor and Greece, promoting doctrines of grace, faith, and ethical living derived from Jesus' teachings and his own visions. From his house arrest in Rome beginning circa AD 60, Paul authored epistles like Colossians and Philemon, urging perseverance amid trials and household conduct, while continuing to preach to visitors. These writings addressed practical issues such as false teachings and community unity, reflecting Christianity's adaptive growth amid cultural pluralism.^[30]^[31] No empire-wide persecution targeted Christians in AD 60, though local suspicions arose from their refusal to participate in imperial cult or pagan rituals, viewing them as a disruptive Jewish sect. Nero's court included Jewish sympathizers like his consort Poppaea, delaying systematic hostility until the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. The faith's expansion relied on oral transmission and emerging written texts, with estimates placing total adherents at around 6,000, a fraction of the empire's 60 million, yet demonstrating steady growth through personal networks rather than coercion.^[32]^[33]

Pagan Roman Religion and Philosophy

In AD 60, the pagan religious landscape of Rome adhered to the traditional polytheistic system, emphasizing ritual orthopraxy over doctrinal belief, with state-sponsored sacrifices, vows, and festivals aimed at securing divine favor for the res publica. Priesthoods such as the augurs, who divined the gods' will through observation of avian behavior and lightning, and the haruspices, who examined entrails for omens, remained integral to public decision-making, reflecting a causal view that improper rites could provoke celestial displeasure.^[34] ^[35] Emperor Nero, holding the title of pontifex maximus, continued to oversee these practices, inaugurating the Neronia games that year as a quinquennial festival incorporating musical, poetic, and athletic contests under the patronage of deities like the Muses and Apollo, thereby fusing Roman piety with Hellenistic spectacle to legitimize his rule.^[36] Philosophically, Stoicism predominated among Roman intellectuals in AD 60, advocating a materialist cosmology where divine reason (logos) permeated the universe, demanding human alignment through virtue, self-mastery, and indifference to externals. Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Nero's longstanding advisor and a leading Stoic, exemplified this school by applying its principles to imperial governance and personal ethics, critiquing luxury and promoting rational endurance amid political volatility.^[37] ^[38] His influence extended to composing tragedies and moral essays during this period, which dramatized human folly against Stoic ideals of fate's inevitability, though his court role highlighted tensions between philosophical detachment and pragmatic power.^[39] Emerging Stoic figures like Gaius Musonius Rufus also lectured in Rome, reinforcing ethics as practical training for civic life under autocracy.^[40] This philosophical current intersected with religion by interpreting traditional gods as aspects of providential nature, yet it subtly challenged elite indulgence without directly subverting state cults.

Science, Art, and Intellectual Developments

Mathematical and Scientific Contributions

Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician, physicist, and engineer active in Alexandria during the Roman era (c. 10–70 AD), made significant contributions to geometry and mechanics around the mid-first century, including the period encompassing AD 60. In his treatise Metrica, he provided a formula for the area of a triangle based solely on the lengths of its three sides—a method independent of height or angles. Known as Heron's formula, it calculates the area as \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}, where a, b, and c are the side lengths and s = (a+b+c)/2 is the semi-perimeter; this result built on earlier geometric traditions while offering a practical computational tool rediscovered in later centuries.^[41]^[42] Hero's mechanical innovations demonstrated early applications of physical principles, such as pneumatics and basic thermodynamics. He invented the aeolipile, a hollow sphere mounted on axes over a cauldron, where steam escaping through nozzles caused rotation—effectively a rudimentary reaction turbine illustrating jet propulsion and centrifugal force, though treated more as a curiosity than a power source.^[41] His works Pneumatica and Mechanica also described automata, fountains, and lifting devices using air pressure, gears, and levers, advancing practical engineering in the Hellenistic tradition under Roman rule.^[42]^[43] No other major mathematical or scientific breakthroughs are definitively recorded for AD 60 itself, reflecting the era's emphasis on applied knowledge in engineering and geometry rather than abstract theory; Hero's efforts represent the pinnacle of Alexandrian scholarship amid Nero's reign.^[41]

Births

Notable Births

Decimus Junius Juvenalis (Juvenal), the Roman satirist whose works harshly critiqued imperial decadence, corruption, and social vices in sixteen surviving satires, was born circa 60 AD in Aquinum (modern Aquino), a town in central Italy.^[44] His poetry, composed in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries AD, drew on personal experiences of poverty and political disillusionment after failing to advance in public office under Domitian and Trajan.^[44] Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor and an Apostolic Father who compiled oral traditions from apostolic eyewitnesses in his lost Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord, lived circa 60–130 AD, placing his birth around this year.^[45] He reportedly heard accounts directly from disciples of Jesus, emphasizing the superiority of living testimony over written texts, though his chiliastic views later drew criticism from Eusebius.^[46] Exact dating remains uncertain due to fragmentary sources.

Deaths

Notable Deaths

Abdagases I, an Indo-Parthian ruler who governed Gandhara and adjacent territories from circa 46 AD until approximately 60 AD, died around this year, contributing to the subsequent fragmentation of the Indo-Parthian realm under successors like Gondophares IV Sases.^[47]^[48] Boudica, queen of the Iceni tribe in Roman Britain, perished shortly after the Roman suppression of her revolt in 60–61 AD, likely by suicide via poison or from illness; ancient accounts by Tacitus and Cassius Dio place her death in late 60 or early 61 AD, amid the aftermath of widespread destruction in Roman settlements like Londinium and Verulamium.^[49]^[50] Primary Roman historiographical sources, including Tacitus' Annals and Cassius Dio's Roman History, provide scant detail on other prominent deaths precisely in 60 AD, reflecting the era's focus on events like Boudica's uprising rather than individual fatalities outside imperial circles; no major senatorial executions or imperial family losses are recorded for this specific year under Nero's reign.^[49]

Historiographical Considerations

Primary Sources and Dating Debates

The principal primary sources for events in AD 60 derive from Roman historians writing decades or centuries later, as no strictly contemporary accounts survive. Publius Cornelius Tacitus, in his Annals (Book 14), documents imperial Roman affairs under Nero, including the establishment of the Neronia games in AD 60, the Armenian settlement brokered by general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, and the outbreak of Boudica's revolt in Britain.^[51]^[52] Cassius Dio's Roman History (via epitome by Xiphilinus) provides additional details on Boudica's uprising and Nero's eastern policies, though abbreviated and composed around AD 200–230, introducing potential interpretive layers from Dio's senatorial perspective.^[5] For early Christian events, the Acts of the Apostles narrates Paul the Apostle's arrest, trial under Festus, appeal to Caesar, and voyage to Rome, culminating in house arrest, with supporting references in Pauline epistles like Philippians. These texts, while attributed to Luke (a companion of Paul), were likely compiled post-AD 70, relying on oral traditions and travel logs rather than direct eyewitness records for AD 60 specifics.^[53] Archaeological evidence supplements literary sources, such as coin hoards and destruction layers in Roman Britain (e.g., at Colchester, London, and Verulamium) linked to Boudica's forces, providing datable artifacts like Samian ware pottery stamps that align with mid-1st-century chronology.^[2] In the eastern theater, inscriptions and Parthian-Roman diplomatic records corroborate Tacitus's account of Corbulo's campaigns, though these are fragmentary and require cross-referencing with later numismatic data. The absence of Nero's own contemporaneous writings or official acta for AD 60 limits direct imperial insight, with sources like Suetonius (Life of Nero) offering biographical anecdotes but prone to moralizing bias against the emperor. Dating debates for AD 60 events often hinge on synchronizing consular fasti, seasonal indicators, and cross-cultural timelines. For Boudica's revolt, Tacitus places the ignition in AD 61 during Suetonius Paulinus's absence in Mona, but Dio's narrative and archaeological destruction horizons (e.g., pottery terminus post quem) favor an AD 60 start, extending into 61, as the rebellion disrupted Paulinus's return and aligned with Nero's fourth consulship.^[50]^[3] Scholars like J. Asbach have leveraged Dio's Book 61–62 transitions to argue for 60, resolving discrepancies via the revolt's duration and Roman recovery timeline.^[3] Paul's voyage to Rome, described in Acts 27–28, prompts contention between AD 59 and 60 based on nautical seasons, the Jewish Day of Atonement (Tishri 10, falling late October in 59 per lunar calculations), and Festus's procuratorship onset (AD 59/60). Proponents of late AD 59 cite the "nor'easters" and shipwreck timing avoiding full winter closure of Mediterranean sailing (November–March), with arrival in spring AD 60 under house arrest until 62.^[53]^[54] Alternative chronologies tie it to AD 60 via alignment with Agrippa II's court proceedings and Nero's early reign stability, though epistolary evidence (e.g., Philippians' composition during captivity) remains inconclusive without independent corroboration. These debates underscore the challenges of retrofitting biblical narratives to Roman administrative records, where source credibility varies: Tacitus and Dio, as elite Roman chroniclers, exhibit anti-Neronian slant but evidentiary rigor, while Acts prioritizes theological framing over precise annalistic dating.^[55]

References

[1]
The Rebellion of Boudicca | History Today
In the year AD 60, Boudicca, a woman of the royal house of the Iceni led a fierce British revolt against the Roman occupation.
[2]
The Boudican Uprising and the Glass Vessels from Colchester
In AD 60 the town of Colchester, about 85 kilometers northeast of London (Fig. 2), was burnt to the ground and its inhabitants slaughtered during a native ...
[3]
The Date of Boudicca's Revolt | Britannia | Cambridge Core
Nov 9, 2011 · All dates are A.D.. 3. 3 Henderson, B. W., The Life and Principate of the Emperor Nero (London 1903), 477–78Google Scholar, cites both Asbach ...
[4]
Roman Timeline of the 1st Century AD - UNRV.com
A timeline of notable Roman events during the 1st Century AD ... The Roman writer Pliny the Elder completes his work Naturalis Historia (Natural History).
[5]
The Ancient Sources for Boudica - University of Warwick
Nov 15, 2022 · Tacitus claims the revolt sprang from the ill treatment of the Iceni following Prasutagus' death while Dio writes that the cause of the uprising ...
[6]
8 The Boudican revolt (c. ad 60–1) - Oxford Academic
London was destroyed in ad 60/61 by British rebels following the Icenian queen, Boudica. This chapter describes the archaeological traces of fire destruction.
[7]
Roman Emperors DIR Nero
Nov 10, 2006 · Administrative and foreign policy. With Seneca and Burrus in charge of administration at home, the first half-dozen years of Nero's ...
[8]
Provinces and Administration - Roman History 31 BC - AD 117
Nero promised to behave as a good emperor should and refer matters to debate in the senate and break with the practices of his predecessor.
[9]
Nero at the Theatre - Roman History 31 BC - AD 117
In 60, in his fourth consulship, Nero staged a new and elaborate set of games on a Greek model (the Neronia). These were specifically designed to celebrate ...
[10]
Nero - Ancient Olympics
In AD 60 Nero established the first regular Greek games in the city of Rome; he called them Neronia. Literature and music played the main role and the ...
[11]
Nero's Imperial Administration (Chapter 3)
A series of more mundane initiatives gives a better picture of fiscal policy under Nero. In 58, for example, the emperor instituted a set of incremental reforms ...
[12]
Was Nero really a monster? | National Geographic
Nov 14, 2024 · Rome experienced some of its greatest economic and cultural dynamism under Nero's rule, and yet he's called everything from a murderous ...
[13]
Evidence for an Early Dating of the Four Gospels
Paul arrived in Rome in AD 60, because the procurators switch from Felix to Festus (Acts 25:1, 13-14), and we know that Paul was there for two years later. ^.
[14]
[PDF] The Ship of Saint Paul: Historical Background
Acts 27:6-28:16 records subsequent events: the voyage to Crete made dif ficult by unusual autumnal winds; an attempt to find a Cretan harbor in which to stay ...<|separator|>
[15]
Enduring Word Bible Commentary Acts Chapter 27
David Guzik commentary on Acts 27 describes the journey of Paul and his companions from Caesarea to Rome, on which they get shipwrecked.
[16]
https://www.christianleaders.org/mod/page/view.php?id=23701
[17]
A Chronological Study of Paul's Ministry | Dwell Community Church
They stayed for 3 months (AD 57/58, Acts 28:11). In Feb. of AD 58, they set sail for Rome and arrived at Rome in the spring of AD 58. Paul remained in custody ...
[18]
What happened on Paul's voyage to Rome? | GotQuestions.org
Jan 30, 2023 · This appeal is what led to Paul's eventful voyage to Rome. Paul's Initial Voyage Acts 27—28 gives a detailed account of Paul's voyage to Rome.Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
[19]
Who planted the assembly in Rome to whom Paul wrote "Romans"?
Sep 7, 2018 · Paul praises the believers in Rome because of their faith and yet was coming to Rome to announce to them something new: the gospel of the grace ...
[20]
[PDF] The Life and Fate of Paul After His Arrival in Rome
Historical Context and Sources. The primary biblical source for Paul's time in Rome is Acts 28, which describes his two-year house arrest (circa AD 60–62).
[21]
The Quest for the Historical Paul - Biblical Archaeology Society
He was imprisoned, probably in Rome, in the early 60s A.D. and refers to the possibility that he would be executed (Philippians 1:1-26). This is certainly not ...
[22]
On the Plausibility and Purpose of Paul's Sea Voyage in Acts 27
Dec 11, 2017 · Paul's sea voyage and subsequent shipwreck as a prisoner of the Roman centurion bring an exciting conclusion to Acts of the Apostles.
[23]
Why Paul Wrote Romans: Putting the Pieces Together
In short, Paul writes to establish a relationship with the believers in Rome, upon which he hopes to build in person after his arrival. But there are other ...Why Paul Wrote Romans... · 2. Paul's Missionary Purpose · 4. Paul's Apologetic Purpose<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
The Roman-Parthian War 58-63 CE - World History Encyclopedia
Mar 6, 2018 · The Roman-Parthian War of 58-63 CE was sparked off when the Parthian Empire's ruler imposed his own brother as the new king of Armenia, ...Missing: events | Show results with:events
[25]
Roman Generals: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo - Warfare History Network
This occurred about ad 60. This placid situation was, unfortunately, ephemeral. Soon Tigranes invaded Adiabane (a Parthian dependency), and this provoked ...
[26]
Tigranes VI - Livius.org
May 29, 2019 · Tigranes VI "the Cappadocian": pro-Roman king of Armenia (r. 59-62 ... So, in the spring of 63 CE, Corbulo invaded Armenia again. He ...
[27]
Vologases I - Livius.org
Apr 21, 2020 · The inevitable civil war was won by Pacorus. That the Parthians regarded the reign of Vologases I as a great success, may be deduced from ...
[28]
The Church in 60 A.D. / OrthoChristian.Com
Jul 25, 2025 · In 60 AD the Church was miniscule in size. The Jews, of course, formed a numerically impressive group within the Empire and had spread throughout its lands.
[29]
Time Line AD 30 - 70 - Agape Bible Study
60. Nero murders his wife and marries Poppaea, a Jewish sympathizer. Queen Boudicca's revolt in Britian ; 62. Parthians revolt against Rome. James Bishop of ...Missing: early | Show results with:early
[30]
Chronology of the Apostle Paul - Biola University
Sep 17, 2021 · Chronology of the Apostle Paul ; 59-60. Voyage to Rome ; 60-62. House arrest in Rome Colossians and Philemon written from Rome Ephesians written ...
[31]
[PDF] A CHRONOLOGY OF THE APOSTLE PAUL
Hence, some will date Paul's arrival in. Corinth as early as Dec AD 49, while others will date it in the spring of AD 51. Most attempts to reconstruct a ...
[32]
History of Christianity: The First 300 Years (TIMELINE) - Bart Ehrman
Mar 1, 2024 · In the first 300 years of the history of Christianity, a lot of pivotal events occurred. ... 60-65 CE. Death of Paul. 60-68 CE. Death of Peter.
[33]
How Many Christians Were There in the Roman Empire?
Jun 11, 2021 · It is generally agreed that Christians, having started with a few dozen adherents in 30 AD, made up ten percent of the Empire's sixty million people by c. 300 ...
[34]
(PDF) Divination in Ancient Rome* 1) 2) - ResearchGate
Feb 3, 2022 · This paper will discuss three major priesthoods regarding divination in the Roman state. Firstly, augurs conduct a divination by flights of birds or feeding of ...
[35]
Haruspices - divination from insides - IMPERIUM ROMANUM
Feb 21, 2023 · The primary task of the haruspices was to interpret the will of the gods based on the shape of the livers of sacrificial animals.
[36]
Episode 65: Seneca and the Julio-Claudians
Seneca the Younger (c. 1 BCE-65 CE) practiced the philosophy of stoicism during several volatile, and very different imperial reigns.
[37]
Seneca - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Oct 17, 2007 · Seneca is a major philosophical figure of the Roman Imperial Period. As a Stoic philosopher writing in Latin, Seneca makes a lasting contribution to Stoicism.
[38]
Stoicism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jan 20, 2023 · Stoicism was one of the dominant philosophical systems of the Hellenistic period. The name derives from the porch (stoa poikilê) in the Agora at ...
[39]
The Works of Seneca the Younger and their Dates - Academia.edu
Seneca's tragedies likely date from 54 to 62, with specific works tied to his life events.
[40]
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The ancient Roman philosopher Seneca was a Stoic who adopted and argued largely from within the framework he inherited from his Stoic predecessors.
[41]
Heron of Alexandria - Biography - MacTutor - University of St Andrews
Heron or Hero of Alexandria was an important geometer and worker in mechanics who invented many machines including a steam turbine. His best known mathematical ...
[42]
(PDF) Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–85 AD) - Academia.edu
Heron of Alexandria was a mathematician, physicist and engineer who lived around 10–85 AD. He taught at Alexandria's Musaeum and wrote many books.
[43]
[PDF] Theory and Practice in Heron's Mechanics - Harvard DASH
The Mechanics of Heron of Alexandria, a work in three books which survives in its complete form only in an Arabic translation of the ninth century AD, is an ...
[44]
Juvenal | Biography, Works, & Facts - Britannica
Juvenal (born 55–60? ce, Aquinum, Italy—died probably in or after 127) was the most powerful of all Roman satiric poets. Many of his phrases and epigrams ...
[45]
Papias of Hierapolis - OrthodoxWiki
Papias (Greek: Παπίας), Bishop of Hierapolis (modern Pamukkale, Turkey), A.D. 70–155, was a 2nd century bishop of the early Church, who published an ...
[46]
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Papias - New Advent
If Polycarp was born in 69, his "comrade" may have been born a few years earlier. The fragment which makes him state that those who were raised to life by ...
[47]
ABDAGASES - Encyclopaedia Iranica
Abdagases (Pkt. Avadagaṣa), “great king” of the Pahlava dynasty in Drangiana, Arachosia, Gandhāra, and perhaps loosely over the Indus region.Missing: death | Show results with:death
[48]
Abdagases I - Numista
1st century Indo-Parthian king of Gandhara. Also known as Ἀβδαγάσης. Died in 60. See also: Wikidata (Q307546), Wikipedia.Missing: death | Show results with:death
[49]
Boudicca | History, Meaning, Statue, Facts, & Death - Britannica
Oct 17, 2025 · Boudicca (died 60 or 61 ce) was an ancient British queen who in 60 ce led a revolt against Roman rule. Boudicca's husband, Prasutagus, was king ...
[50]
Boudica (Boudicca)
Although Tacitus says that the rebellion broke out in AD 61, it is more probable that it began in AD 60 and lasted until the following year.
[51]
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (c.56–c.120) - The Annals: Book XIV, I ...
Book XIV:XXXIV Suetonius Paulinus chooses his location for battle. Book XIV:XXXV Boudicca (Boadicea) addresses her warriors. Book XIV:XXXVI Suetonius Paulus ...Missing: 14.31 | Show results with:14.31
[52]
Annals 14.26 And The Armenian Settlement Of A. D. 60 - Cambridge ...
With these words Tacitus ends his account of events on the eastern frontier in. A.D. 60 and of the first major phase of Corbulo's Parthian campaigns.
[53]
Paul's Journey to Rome | BibleTalk.tv
Luke's excellent historical and nautical record of Paul's voyage to Rome and final scene preaching and teaching while awaiting trial.
[54]
timeline for Apostle Paul - Logos Community
May 18, 2012 · A.D. 59–60—Seasonal data suggest the journey to Rome took place in late 59, during the risky time for sea travel, and that Paul probably arrived ...Missing: voyage | Show results with:voyage
[55]
Chronology of the Apostle Paul - Kindle Afresh
Aug 21, 2021 · Chronology of the Apostle Paul ; 57-59, Imprisonment in Caesarea ; 59-60, Voyage to Rome ; 60-62, House arrest in Rome Colossians and Philemon ...