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Advanced Mobile Location

Advanced Mobile Location (AML) is a standardized protocol that enables smartphones to automatically transmit precise location data to emergency services during distress calls, utilizing Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS and Galileo, along with positioning, to achieve accuracy often within 100 meters or less. This technology activates seamlessly without requiring user intervention or app downloads, transmitting data via or to Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs), and is integrated into all modern and devices worldwide. Developed in the in 2014 by John Medland as a trial project to address inaccuracies in mobile caller location for emergency services, AML was initially supported by British Telecom, , and HTC, marking a significant advancement over traditional cell-tower-based methods. The European Emergency Number Association (EENA) played a pivotal role in its standardization and promotion, leading to the publication of ETSI TS 103 625 by the () in December 2019, which defines the technical specifications for location transmission and privacy safeguards. Key milestones include its integration into as Emergency Location Service (ELS) in July 2016 and into in March 2018, enabling broader compatibility. AML's adoption has expanded globally, with operational deployment in over 30 countries as of 2024, including all European Union member states where it became mandatory for smartphones sold since March 2022 under the European Electronic Communications Code (Directive 2018/1972/EC) and Delegated Regulation 2019/320. Notable implementations include Australia, where it supports Triple Zero (000) calls using GPS, Wi-Fi, and network data for enhanced precision; the United Arab Emirates, rolled out in 2017; and countries like Denmark and Iceland, achieving AML position reception rates above 70% and 97%, respectively, with delivery times under 60 seconds in most cases. The primary benefits of AML include dramatically reduced response times—often by minutes—and improved outcomes in critical situations, such as in remote areas, as evidenced by success stories in and where precise locations facilitated rapid interventions for missing persons and children. By providing handset-derived location data compliant with privacy regulations like GDPR, AML enhances public safety without additional costs to users, though challenges remain in full global rollout and integration with legacy PSAP systems.

History

Origins and Development

Advanced Mobile Location (AML) originated in the in 2014, when John Medland, then 999/112 Manager at British Telecom (), initiated a trial project developed collaboratively by , , and HTC to overcome the limitations of traditional cell-based location systems for emergency calls, which often provided inaccurate positioning with radii up to several kilometers. The initiative addressed the critical need for precise caller locations during emergencies, leveraging existing capabilities without requiring new hardware. Early pilots in the UK, beginning in mid-2014, demonstrated AML's effectiveness by utilizing GPS and positioning to achieve sub-50-meter accuracy in approximately 90% of cases, a stark improvement over cell ID methods that were up to 4,000 times less precise. These trials, conducted on EE's network with HTC handsets, processed around 1,000 emergency calls per week by January 2015, confirming typical accuracies of 5-10 meters in optimal conditions and validating the system's reliability for real-world deployment. The first commercial rollout occurred in the UK in early 2015, with integrating AML into its public safety answering points (PSAPs) and expanding support to additional networks like shortly thereafter. By , the technology had expanded to other European countries, including , , and , through EU-funded pilots and national implementations that built on the UK's foundational work. Subsequent standardization efforts further propelled its adoption across the region.

Standardization and Key Milestones

The formal standardization of Advanced Mobile Location (AML) as an open-source protocol for emergency services location was achieved by the (ETSI) in December 2019 through Technical Specification TS 103 625, developed by the Emergency Telecommunications (EMTEL) technical committee. This specification outlines methods for transporting precise handset-derived location data—such as GNSS, , or hybrid positioning—to Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) via , , or , ensuring compatibility across networks without impacting voice calls. The protocol emphasizes privacy by limiting data transmission to emergency scenarios and deactivating immediately after use. A pivotal regulatory milestone occurred in March 2022, when the enforced Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/320, mandating that all smartphones sold in the and support AML for accurate caller location during emergency calls. This requirement, effective from March 17, 2022, applies to devices using GNSS (like Galileo), positioning, and AML protocols, aiming to enhance response times by providing precise handset-derived location data. The mandate built on prior voluntary adoptions, ensuring widespread compliance among manufacturers. Key implementation milestones include Apple's integration of AML support in iOS 11.3, released in March 2018, which automatically activates location services during emergency calls to transmit coordinates to responders in supported regions. For Android, AML has been available since version 2.3 (2011), but the 2022 EU enforcement required all new devices to enable it by default, aligning global smartphone ecosystems with emergency standards. These developments marked a shift from pilot programs, such as early UK trials, to mandatory global protocols.

Technical Functionality

Location Acquisition Process

Upon dialing an emergency number such as , an AML-enabled smartphone automatically activates location services, including GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), scanning, and , even if these were previously disabled by the user. This activation occurs without user intervention and is triggered solely by the emergency call initiation, ensuring rapid while checking device battery sufficiency for sustained operation. The device then gathers hybrid location data by running multiple positioning methods in parallel within a configurable timeout period, typically around 20 seconds, to balance speed and precision. GNSS provides high-precision outdoor positioning, achieving accuracies as fine as 5 meters under optimal conditions. For indoor or GNSS-obstructed environments, Wi-Fi triangulation uses nearby access point signals to estimate location within a circular radius of approximately 25 meters. If GNSS and Wi-Fi fail to yield a viable fix, the system falls back to cell tower trilateration, which uses signals from multiple base stations to approximate position, though with coarser accuracy such as around 1.75 kilometers in radius in the UK. Overall, real-world AML deployments demonstrate robust performance, with 69% to 85% of locations estimated within 50 meters according to handset-derived data from 2022. All location computation occurs on the device side to ensure efficiency and , where raw signals are processed into standardized coordinates (WGS84 format) along with a and timestamp. To protect user , the data is anonymized by suppressing any persistent storage of AML messages on the device, preventing user records or logs. Security measures include air-interface encryption for transmission and, where applicable, with signed certificates for data handling. This processed location is then prepared for forwarding to emergency services, integrating seamlessly with the call context.

Data Transmission and Integration

Advanced Mobile Location (AML) transmits device-derived location data to emergency services primarily via on basic mobile networks or on IP-enabled connections, ensuring compatibility across varying network conditions. The data is routed to a , centralized location server that serves as an intermediary endpoint, preventing direct involvement in and enhancing security. This transmission occurs automatically upon emergency call initiation, typically within seconds, using standardized protocols defined by . The payload includes essential geolocation elements such as in WGS 84 (up to five decimal places for precision), an optional altitude value, device speed, and a in meters to denote positional uncertainty. Supporting metadata encompasses the time of positioning (in UTC), level of (as a ), and the positioning method employed (e.g., GNSS, , or hybrid). These fields are formatted compactly for (up to 152 characters in 7-bit encoding) or as form-urlencoded parameters in requests, enabling efficient delivery without user intervention. Upon receipt, the neutral server decodes the data and integrates it with (PSAP) systems by routing it to the relevant PSAP based on the caller's location or predefined routing tables. This facilitates real-time visualization on call-taker interfaces through direct feeds, allowing seamless incorporation into dispatch workflows. While standards like the (CAP) support broader emergency data exchange, AML primarily relies on these mechanisms for location-specific delivery to PSAPs. To protect privacy, AML implementations ensure no is stored on the , and transmissions remain invisible to the with no notification or logging. Mobile carriers are prohibited from retaining the information unless mandated by applicable . Identity elements like the IMSI are partially obfuscated (exposing only MCC and MNC) in SMS transmissions to minimize exposure. Integration challenges with (CAD) systems often arise from legacy infrastructure incompatibilities, such as difficulties in decoding binary "Data SMS" formats or correlating asynchronous location updates with voice calls, particularly when MSISDN matching is unavailable. reports highlight additional hurdles like network roaming limitations, where home network coverage is required for transmission, and variable data connectivity for , potentially delaying integration in older PSAP setups.

Device Support

Operating System Compatibility

Advanced Mobile Location (AML) functionality on was introduced as Emergency Location Service (ELS) in July 2016 through a update, available on compatible devices with Android 4.0 and later, to enable automatic location sharing during emergency calls using the device's GPS and other sensors. Full enforcement and widespread deployment were achieved through this update, making ELS—Google's implementation of AML—available on all compatible devices globally, significantly improving location accuracy over traditional cell tower triangulation. In compliance with regulations, AML became mandatory for all new smartphones sold in the starting March 17, 2022, ensuring that devices meet the ETSI TS 103 625 standard for emergency caller location transmission. On iOS, AML integration began with version 11.3 in March 2018, leveraging Apple's Emergency SOS framework to fuse location data from GNSS, Wi-Fi, and cellular sources for transmission to public safety answering points (PSAPs) during emergency calls. This support expanded in iOS 13, released in September 2019, where AML activation became automatic for calls to any emergency number, including 112 in Europe, without requiring user intervention beyond enabling location services. Apple's Hybridized Emergency Location (HELO) technology underpins this capability, providing precise estimates via IP or SMS pathways, and has been refined in subsequent updates to include medical ID sharing from iOS 13.5 onward. Support for AML extends to other operating systems, including Huawei's , which provides the feature on compatible devices in select countries such as and the as of 2023. As of 2025, networks enhance AML with assisted positioning, enabling faster location acquisition and better coverage in challenging environments through technologies like network slicing and non-terrestrial network integration. These advancements prioritize low-latency data transmission, reducing response times for emergency services while maintaining with earlier versions.

Hardware and Software Requirements

Advanced Mobile Location (AML) relies on specific components integrated into smartphones to acquire and transmit precise data during emergency calls. The core requirements include a GPS or GNSS for satellite-based positioning, a module capable of scanning access points for crowd-sourced , and a cellular for data transmission and cell-ID fallback when other methods are unavailable. These components have been standard in nearly all smartphones since around 2010, enabling AML functionality without additional modifications. On the software side, AML demands integration with the device's operating system to enable location services APIs that access GNSS, , and cellular data automatically upon detection of an call, such as dialing or 911. This includes seamless call triggering without user intervention and suppression of messages from the user's sent items to maintain . Minor software updates may be needed in some regions to ensure compatibility, but no extensive changes are typically required beyond enabling these native features. Devices must also maintain an active for transmission, as AML does not function on SIM-less handsets. Compatibility challenges arise with older devices, particularly those predating 2015, which may feature less precise GNSS chipsets or lack robust scanning, leading to reliance on cell-ID methods with accuracies often exceeding 100 meters. For optimal performance, including HTTPS-based transmission of location data, devices benefit from or connectivity to support faster and more reliable data exchange over SMS alternatives. As of 2025, AML implementation emphasizes hybrid location methods combining GNSS (achieving ~5-meter accuracy outdoors) with and cellular inputs for indoor reliability. Certification for AML compliance is governed by ETSI TS 103 625, which outlines testing for location acquisition within 20 seconds, accuracy representation (e.g., / with 1.1-meter precision and confidence intervals), and transport protocols like or . Devices must undergo verification to ensure these elements function without interference, such as from modified software environments that could disable location services.

Regulatory Framework

Global Standards and Mandates

Advanced Mobile Location (AML) has been integrated into the Next Generation 112 (NG112) architecture through standards developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The ETSI TS 103 625 specification, first published in 2019 and updated in 2022, defines the protocol for AML, enabling smartphones to transmit precise location data—derived from GNSS or Wi-Fi positioning—via SMS or HTTPS to public safety answering points (PSAPs) during emergency calls. This standard ensures compatibility with the IP-based NG112 framework, which builds on 3GPP's IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) emergency services as outlined in TS 23.228, facilitating seamless location delivery in multimedia emergency communications. In the European Union, the eCall regulation (EU) 2015/758 mandates the deployment of automatic emergency call systems in new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles since March 31, 2018, incorporating location technologies akin to AML for rapid accident detection and response. This vehicle-focused mandate was extended to mobile devices through Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/320, which requires all smartphones placed on the EU market from March 17, 2022, to support AML for enhanced 112 emergency calls, leveraging Galileo satellite navigation for improved accuracy. These regulations align with the broader European Electronic Communications Code (Directive (EU) 2018/1972), promoting harmonized location-based emergency services across member states. In the United States, the (FCC) requires nationwide commercial mobile radio service (CMRS) providers to deploy z-axis (vertical) location technology or dispatchable location by April 3, 2025, achieving an accuracy of ±3 meters for 80% of wireless calls, as established in prior orders including the 2020 Sixth Report and Order. A March 2025 Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (FNPRM) seeks to strengthen these rules with additional enhancements for indoor and multi-story environments. These efforts complement AML-like handset-derived solutions, aiming for dispatchable location in indoor environments. As of November 2025, compliance with the deployment deadline is required. The and the European Emergency Number Association (EENA) provide key recommendations to support AML across universal emergency numbers such as , , and 000. EENA's 2023 recommendation specifies criteria for mobile-originated emergency communications, advocating AML deployment to achieve location accuracy within 50 meters for at least 80% of calls, while ensuring compatibility with all services and regions. endorses these through its promotion of NG112 interoperability, urging global operators to implement AML for enhanced emergency response. Internationally, the () aligns efforts via recommendations like E.161.1 (2008), which guides the selection of emergency numbers and supports location-based services () in disasters, and Resolution 102 (2024) emphasizing smartphone GNSS for precise caller location worldwide.

Regional Variations and Requirements

In Europe, the integration of Advanced Mobile Location (AML) with the 112 emergency number became mandatory for all smartphones sold in the European single market starting March 17, 2022, as stipulated by the European Commission's Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/320, which requires devices to transmit precise location data using GNSS, Wi-Fi, and hybrid methods during emergency calls. This regulation ensures that handset-derived location information is automatically sent to public safety answering points (PSAPs), enhancing response accuracy across EU member states. Variations exist at the national level; for instance, the United Kingdom's EE network pioneered early AML pilots in collaboration with BT and device manufacturers as far back as 2016, demonstrating practical implementation for 999 calls before broader EU-wide enforcement. In , the (FCC) has advanced AML through its E911 location accuracy requirements, with Phase II mandating 50-meter horizontal and 3-meter vertical accuracy for at least 80% of all calls by deployment deadlines culminating in 2025, building on earlier phases that began in 2021 to address indoor and multi-story building challenges. These standards require carriers to deliver dispatchable location or precise coordinates, often via AML-enabled technologies, to improve emergency dispatching in urban environments. In , the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) mandated AML for services effective August 2023 through Telecom Decision CRTC 2023-235, requiring providers to enable automatic location transmission by April 2024, with accuracy criteria aligned to international benchmarks for both urban and rural coverage. In the region, Australia's Triple Zero (000) completed its nationwide AML rollout on August 25, 2021, well ahead of initial projections, enabling compatible and devices to automatically share data with emergency services for faster response times across the country. exhibits partial adoption of AML-like technologies for 119 emergency calls ( and ), relying on domestic standards such as the J-L1 for handset-based notification in select networks, though full integration remains limited compared to global norms due to reliance on legacy infrastructure. In , enacted a nationwide mandate for AML integration with emergency numbers 190 (), 192 (), and 193 () in 2024, making it operational across major carriers to automatically transmit caller locations and address urban response delays. Adoption elsewhere in the region is constrained by infrastructure gaps, with only select countries like deploying AML in high-population areas such as and state since 2023, covering approximately 39 million people, while broader implementation lags due to uneven network coverage and regulatory harmonization.

Adoption and Availability

Geographical Deployment

Advanced Mobile Location (AML) has seen widespread geographical deployment, with the technology actively implemented in over 30 countries as of 2024, primarily across and select other regions. Full nationwide coverage is established in the since 2016, with deployment in 2020 and complete rollout by 2021, as of early 2025, and numerous nations including , , , , and . In the , AML support is mandatory on all smartphones sold since March 2022 under the Radio Equipment Directive. The European Emergency Number Association (EENA) AML Report Card 2023 indicates high readiness among Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) in , with approximately 90% equipped to receive and process AML data across surveyed nations. This report serves as a key mapping tool, detailing live status, partial implementations, and planned rollouts on a per-nation basis for 30 countries, facilitating global tracking of adoption progress. Expansions in 2025 have included initial deployments in , with a launch of the 191 Emergency Location Service in in August 2025. In the United States, AML deployment remains partial and dependent on individual mobile carriers, often integrated with domestic systems rather than as a standalone feature. Non-deployment is most prevalent in developing regions, where smartphone penetration rates below 50% limit feasibility, such as parts of and .

Implementation Status by Country

In the , Advanced Mobile Location (AML) has been implemented nationwide since 2016, with full integration across all Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) managed through BT's Emergency Call Handling system, which processes all calls and automatically transmits location data from compatible . This setup ensures that AML data is available for over 95% of mobile emergency calls, leveraging GPS, , and cellular signals for accuracy within 50 meters in most cases. Australia achieved full rollout of AML for Triple Zero (000) emergency calls with deployment in 2020 and completion by August 2021, enabling automatic location transmission to services operators nationwide. The system covers approximately 95% of mobile calls with AML data, providing location accuracy of up to 5 meters outdoors and 25 meters indoors on supported and devices. Integration with PSAPs is handled through the Australian Communications and Media Authority's guidelines, ensuring seamless data flow from carriers like and . In the United States, AML functionality is incorporated into carrier-led (E911) services, with major providers such as and achieving about 80% nationwide coverage for precise location delivery by 2025. The (FCC) is actively promoting uniform adoption through rules mandating improved horizontal and vertical location accuracy for 911 calls, including z-axis data for multi-story buildings. PSAP integration varies by state but is supported by nationwide wireless providers delivering location-based routing to over 6,000 PSAPs. Brazil implemented AML for emergency calls in early 2025, initially targeting police (190) and fire (193) services under the oversight of the National Telecommunications Agency (Anatel). The rollout utilizes smartphone GPS and network data to improve location accuracy and reduce response times, particularly in urban areas where over 80% of emergency calls originate. Nationwide PSAP integration is ongoing, with initial deployment focused on major cities like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro through partnerships with carriers such as Vivo and Claro. Germany made significant progress in AML deployment for 110 (police) and 112 (general emergencies) in 2024, with pilot operations expanding to full use in states like and by early 2025. and support is available for roaming users, but rural areas continue to face integration gaps due to limited network coverage and slower PSAP upgrades, affecting about 20% of the country's territory. The is addressing these disparities through mandates for nationwide compatibility by 2027.

Impact and Challenges

Benefits for Emergency Response

Advanced Mobile Location (AML) significantly improves the accuracy of caller positioning during emergency calls, reducing the typical error radius from several kilometers—associated with traditional cell ID methods—to just a few meters by leveraging the smartphone's built-in GPS, , and other sensors. This precision enhances location reliability by 4.6 to 17.9 times compared to network-based systems, allowing emergency services to dispatch responders more efficiently without relying on verbal descriptions that may be delayed or inaccurate. The enhanced accuracy translates to substantial time savings in emergency response, with AML reducing the average time needed to establish a caller's location by 14 to 45 seconds per call, thereby enabling faster dispatch and intervention. In critical scenarios like out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, where survival rates decline by approximately 10% per minute of delay, these reductions can directly improve outcomes. Overall, widespread AML adoption across the is estimated to potentially save more than 10,000 lives over a 10-year period by accelerating responses to time-sensitive emergencies. AML particularly benefits vulnerable callers, such as children, the elderly, or those unable to verbally communicate their location due to distress, language barriers, or disabilities, as the system automatically transmits precise coordinates without requiring caller input. This automatic functionality ensures that even non-verbal or panicked individuals in urban or indoor environments—where traditional methods often fail—receive prompt assistance, mitigating risks for populations less able to articulate their situation. As a free-of-charge integrated into existing capabilities, AML lowers infrastructure costs for emergency services and mobile network operators by eliminating the need for expensive cell tower upgrades or additional deployments. This cost-effectiveness allows public safety answering points (PSAPs) to achieve high-accuracy location services with minimal , redirecting resources toward response operations rather than technological overhauls.

Limitations and Ongoing Developments

Despite its advantages, Advanced Mobile Location (AML) faces several limitations that can hinder its effectiveness in certain scenarios. In rural or low-signal areas, AML success rates can vary significantly, ranging from as low as 30% to 97%, often due to poor GPS signal availability and limited network coverage, leading to failures in obtaining precise location data. concerns arise from the automatic sharing of location data during calls, including potential of caller positions, although protocols limit exposure by using partial identifiers like /MNC instead of full IMSI or IMEI in transmissions. Additionally, integration with legacy Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) remains challenging, as older systems may lack the necessary CAD and GIS upgrades to process AML data efficiently, delaying widespread adoption. AML also contributes to battery drain through the forced activation of GPS and other sensors during emergency calls, though handsets perform a pre-activation check to ensure at least 15% remains for a 5-minute voice call, mitigating excessive consumption. Furthermore, AML primarily supports smartphones running recent or versions, excluding most feature phones that lack the required GNSS capabilities or protocol implementation, leaving users of basic devices reliant on less accurate network-based methods. Ongoing developments aim to address these shortcomings and expand AML's capabilities. Enhancements through and Next Generation 112 (NG112) architectures are improving vertical (z-axis) location accuracy, particularly in multi-story buildings, by incorporating barometric sensors and altitude data in meters above the WGS 84 ellipsoid, enabling more precise floor-level determination. The European Emergency Number Association (EENA) continues to advocate for global harmonization and standardized protocols under ETSI TS 103 625 to ensure across borders. Recent expansions as of 2025 include full nationwide rollout in in July, enhancing precision for Triple Zero calls in remote areas, and the launch of an AML-based emergency location service in in August, supporting broader Asian deployment. Looking ahead, regulatory mandates and technological integration are driving broader adoption of AML, with potential extensions via connectivity to improve coverage in areas lacking terrestrial networks.

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