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Android

Android most commonly refers to the Android operating system, a mobile operating system primarily developed by Google and based on a modified version of the Linux kernel. The term may also refer to a humanoid robot, especially in mythology and fiction, or various other uses in arts, entertainment, biology, and products as detailed in the following sections.

Technology

Mobile Operating System

Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed for touchscreen devices such as smartphones, tablets, wearables like smartwatches, televisions via Android TV, and recently VR headsets through Android XR, with ongoing plans to merge with Chrome OS into a unified platform potentially called Aluminium OS. Developed by Google in collaboration with the Open Handset Alliance—a consortium formed in November 2007 comprising companies like HTC, Motorola, and Qualcomm—the OS was first announced to foster an open platform for mobile innovation. Key features of Android include its vast app ecosystem accessible through the , which hosts millions of applications, or by sideloading APK files from third-party sources, and broad hardware support encompassing smartphones, tablets, wearables like smartwatches, and televisions via . The (AOSP) enables extensive customization, allowing manufacturers and developers to modify the core OS for specific devices without proprietary restrictions. This flexibility has led to diverse user interfaces, such as Samsung's , which overlays additional features like enhanced multitasking and integration on devices. As of 2025, Android commands over 70% of the global market , powering approximately 3.9 billion active devices worldwide and underscoring its dominance in emerging markets. The OS's version history began with Android 1.0, released in September 2008 alongside the , introducing core functionalities like apps integration and basic touch navigation. Subsequent milestones include in 2019, which emphasized privacy enhancements such as permission controls and scoped storage to limit app data access. More recently, Android 15, launched in 2024, incorporated AI-driven features like on-device generative tools and improved satellite connectivity for better user experiences in low-coverage areas, while Android 16, released in June 2025, introduced further enhancements including expanded AI capabilities and system optimizations. However, Android experiences significant fragmentation, with the majority of devices not running the newest version or versions close to it; as of December 2025, Android 15 holds only 21.9% of the market share, and Android 16 an even smaller portion, due to varying manufacturer update policies and device lifecycles. Android operates under the 2.0, a permissive that permits free modification, distribution, and commercial use, facilitating widespread adoption by device makers. This model contrasts with more restrictive s, enabling variants like those from manufacturers while requiring with core Android standards for services certification.

Humanoid Robots

The term "android" derives from the Greek roots "andr-" meaning "man" and "-oid" meaning "form" or "like," referring to an automaton or machine resembling a in shape and function. It first appeared in English in the early to describe human-like automata, but gained prominence in 19th-century for depicting artificial beings mimicking human appearance and behavior. Early concepts of androids emerged in 1920s science fiction, notably in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), which introduced synthetic human-like workers and popularized the idea of mass-produced humanoid machines, though the play used the term "robot" derived from the Czech word for forced labor. Real-world prototypes advanced this vision, with Honda unveiling ASIMO in 2000 as a bipedal humanoid capable of walking, recognizing faces, and performing simple tasks, marking a milestone in practical robotics after over a decade of development starting in the 1980s. Boston Dynamics introduced its Atlas robot in 2013, designed for search-and-rescue operations with dynamic balancing on uneven terrain and object manipulation, funded by DARPA to push boundaries in humanoid mobility. Modern androids include consumer-oriented models like SoftBank's Pepper, launched in 2014 as an emotional companion robot that interacts via speech and gestures, incorporating an Android-based platform for app development to enhance user engagement. In industrial settings, humanoid robots such as variants of Atlas are deployed in manufacturing for tasks like assembly and inspection, leveraging their human-like dexterity to navigate existing workspaces without major redesigns. Key technical features of androids encompass bipedal locomotion, which enables navigation in human environments through dynamic balance and terrain adaptation, as seen in robots using for stable walking. integration facilitates natural human-robot interaction, with algorithms enabling perception of emotions, , and adaptive responses to improve usability in social or assistive roles. Ethical concerns arise from the effect, a by Masahiro in 1970 positing that human-like robots evoke discomfort when their appearance or movements are nearly but not fully human, potentially hindering acceptance in everyday applications. As of 2025, advancements in —using flexible materials for safer, more compliant movements—and neural networks for real-time learning have enabled androids to achieve more lifelike and adaptive behaviors, such as intuitive grasping and terrain traversal, with pilot production of models like Tesla's Optimus underway in the Fremont Factory and expanded production anticipated in 2026 to accelerate integration into society. Some contemporary androids, including derivatives, build on mobile operating systems like Android for core software frameworks to support these AI-driven capabilities.

Software and Applications

Android serves as a robust for , primarily through its official tools that enable developers to create applications for mobile devices. The () is the primary tool for building Android apps, offering features like code editing, debugging, and emulation optimized for Android's architecture. Developers primarily use Kotlin as the recommended programming language, which is fully interoperable with , allowing for modern, concise code while supporting legacy Java libraries; the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) provides the necessary APIs, libraries, and tools for app creation within . These tools facilitate the development of native apps that leverage Android's runtime environment, ensuring compatibility across diverse hardware. Additionally, third-party IDEs such as Eclipse, Visual Studio with Xamarin, and Visual Studio Code with extensions are also commonly used, alongside frameworks like React Native and Ionic that enable cross-platform or alternative development approaches for Android apps. The platform supports a wide array of application categories, with productivity apps forming a cornerstone through integrations like , which includes mobile versions of for email management, for scheduling, and for file collaboration, all designed to enhance workflow on Android devices. In gaming, Android's ecosystem benefits from strong support for engines like , which allows developers to build and deploy high-performance games across Android devices using a single codebase, with official guides for integration starting from project setup to deployment. Security remains a critical focus amid rising threats; in 2025, cybersecurity reports documented a 67% year-over-year increase in Android encounters, including 239 malicious apps on the Store that amassed over 42 million downloads, primarily involving and banking trojans. Ecosystem integrations deepen Android's utility, with core Google services such as Maps for location-based functionalities and Assistant for voice-activated interactions embedded directly into apps via official APIs, enabling seamless navigation and task automation. Third-party frameworks like Flutter further enhance cross-platform development, allowing developers to create Android apps alongside iOS versions from a unified codebase using Dart, which compiles to native ARM code for efficient performance. For enterprise environments, Android Enterprise provides dedicated management solutions, including Mobile Device Management (MDM) protocols that allow businesses to enforce policies, deploy apps, and secure corporate-owned devices without compromising personal data separation. Despite these strengths, Android faces challenges from device fragmentation, stemming from varied manufacturer implementations that result in inconsistent hardware and software experiences across the . Update disparities exacerbate this issue; as of mid-2025, only about 28.5% of active Android devices ran the latest version (Android 15), leaving many vulnerable to unpatched risks and limiting access to new features; by October 2025, Android 15 adoption reached approximately 30%, with Android 16 beginning to gain traction following its June release.

Mythology and Fiction

Greek Mythology

In ancient , the concept of human-like automata endowed with lifelike qualities emerges prominently in the works of , where the god crafts golden handmaidens to assist him in his forge. These figures, described in the (Book 18, lines 417–421), are self-moving entities fashioned from gold, possessing understanding in their hearts, voices, strength, and the semblance of , enabling them to support their limping creator as he moves about his workshop. This portrayal represents one of the earliest literary depictions of artificial beings that blur the line between divine craftsmanship and animated life, highlighting Hephaestus's mastery over metal and mechanism. Another notable example is , the colossal bronze guardian of , animated not by overt machinery but by , the divine blood of the gods, coursing through a single vein sealed by a at his ankle. In Apollonius Rhodius's (Book 4, lines 1636–1693), is depicted as a vigilant sentinel who patrols the island's shores thrice daily, hurling boulders at approaching ships to protect King 's realm from invaders. Crafted originally by as a gift to , embodies the theme of automated defense, his downfall occurring when the sorceress exploits his vulnerability, causing the to drain and rendering him inert. These mythological automata often symbolize human in mimicking divine creation, raising profound questions about the boundaries of the artificial and the natural that resonated in later philosophical discourse. , in his (1253b–1254a), contemplates self-moving automata as ideal tools that could perform labor without human intervention, drawing implicitly on such mythic precedents to explore efficient societal mechanisms, while his Metaphysics (Book 1, 981b) references automatic devices as sources of wonder that prompt inquiry into . This of overreaching craftsmanship influenced ethical debates on , portraying such beings as both marvels and potential threats to mortal order. Artistic representations from the 5th century BCE further illustrate these automata, with red-figure vase paintings depicting Talos's demise—often showing the giant collapsing as his life force ebbs—emphasizing his mechanical yet vulnerable form. Sculptures and coinage from the same era occasionally feature alongside his golden attendants or similar figures, underscoring their role in visual narratives of divine ingenuity. These depictions not only preserved the myths but also inspired later interpretations in science fiction literature, where ancient automata serve as foundational archetypes for narratives of sentient machines.

Science Fiction Literature

In science fiction literature, the concept of androids—artificial beings resembling humans—emerged as a literary device to probe the boundaries of humanity, often drawing on earlier tropes from where automatons like served as foundational symbols of crafted life. Early precursors to the modern android appear in 19th-century works, such as E.T.A. Hoffmann's 1816 short story "The Sandman," which features , a lifelike automaton created by Professor Spalanzani that deceives the protagonist into romantic attachment, highlighting themes of illusion and the in mechanical replication of human emotion. Similarly, Mary Shelley's 1818 novel ; or, The Modern portrays the creature as a proto-android, an artificially assembled being animated through scientific hubris, whose rejection by society underscores the ethical perils of creating life without companionship or rights. The 20th century marked pivotal advancements in android depictions, with Isaac Asimov's robot stories from the 1940s introducing the in his 1942 short story "Runaround," a framework mandating that robots prioritize human safety, obedience, and self-preservation, thereby framing androids as ethical constructs bound by programmed morality to prevent harm. This technology in Asimov's (1950 collection) explored androids as reliable servants, contrasting with Philip K. Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, where Nexus-6 androids challenge human bounty hunters through their near-indistinguishable sentience, questioning whether empathy and can emerge in artificial forms indistinguishable from biological life. Central themes in android literature revolve around identity crises and analogies to , as artificial beings grapple with imposed subservience and the denial of , mirroring historical oppressions where justifies . In Dick's novel, androids' status evokes enslaved individuals fleeing , with their emotional capacities—revealed through Voigt-Kampff tests—prompting reflections on whether denying to sentient machines perpetuates systemic injustice. Post-2000 works expand this, as seen in Ann Leckie's 2013 Ancillary Justice, where the ship Justice of Toren distributes its consciousness across ancillary corpse-soldiers, blurring android individuality with collective hive-mind ethics and exploring fragmented identity in a vast imperial network. Androids have profoundly shaped the genre by serving as metaphors for otherness, allowing authors to interrogate societal fears of the unfamiliar, from racial and cultural to technological displacement. Recent analyses as of 2025 highlight a rise in diverse representations of in , including calls for better images that incorporate , challenge dominant narratives, and expand beyond traditional forms to address multicultural perspectives on .

Arts and Entertainment

Film and Television

One of the earliest and most influential depictions of an android in cinema appears in the 1927 German expressionist film , directed by , where the character is replaced by a created by the inventor Rotwang to incite rebellion among workers. This silent film's robot , portrayed through innovative special effects like stop-motion and prosthetics, symbolizes mechanized dehumanization and has shaped android in visual media. Subsequent films expanded on these ideas, such as (1973), directed by , which features android "hosts" in a futuristic theme park that malfunction and turn against human guests, exploring the perils of artificial beings in controlled environments. Similarly, Ridley Scott's (1982) portrays replicants—bioengineered androids designed for off-world labor—who escape to and challenge their creators, blending aesthetics with questions of identity and mortality. In television, androids have been central to narratives probing sentience and integration into society. Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994) introduces Lieutenant Commander Data, a positronic android serving on the USS Enterprise, whose quest for humanity through logic and curiosity highlights themes of artificial emotion and ethical treatment. The British-American series Humans (2015–2018) depicts "synths," advanced android servants, whose emerging consciousness sparks debates on rights and coexistence, drawing from real-world AI advancements to critique societal dependencies on technology. More recent films continue to delve into android consciousness and human-android dynamics. Alex Garland's Ex Machina (2014) centers on Ava, a highly advanced AI android subjected to a Turing test, which examines manipulation, desire, and the blurred line between creator and creation through intimate, claustrophobic visuals. In 2025 releases, films like Companion explore synthetic companions rebelling against programmed roles, while Predator: Badlands features a damaged android ally navigating survival and loyalty in a hostile world, reflecting ongoing cultural anxieties about AI autonomy. These works often adapt concepts from science fiction literature as source material for their screen portrayals. Advancements in production techniques have enabled more realistic android representations, particularly through and . In I, Robot (2004), directed by , the android Sonny was fully realized using motion-capture performance by actor , combined with digital animation to convey nuanced expressions and fluid movements, setting a benchmark for integrating practical and virtual effects in android design. Recurring themes in android portrayals include rebellion against human control and the development—or lack—of , often underscoring ethical dilemmas in creation. For instance, replicants in Blade Runner and its 2017 sequel exhibit fleeting empathy amid their uprising, contributing to the film's cultural resonance despite a worldwide gross of $259 million against a $150–185 million . These narratives use visual to provoke reflection on humanity's treatment of artificial beings, influencing public discourse on technology's societal impact.

Music

In music, the term "android" often evokes themes of artificial sentience, synthetic , and human-machine fusion, appearing in , concepts, and visuals to explore and technology's impact on humanity. Early examples include and tracks that personify androids as alienated figures, while later works in pop and genres use the to critique existence. Albums have also delved into android-adjacent concepts. Radiohead's 1997 release weaves and android-like alienation throughout tracks like "," critiquing technology's dehumanizing effects in a dystopian lens inspired by . Similarly, St. Vincent's 2017 album probes synthetic identities via glossy, hyperreal production, with songs like the title track blending pulses and vulnerable to evoke constructed personas in a age. In genres like electronic and , android themes manifest through retro-futuristic soundscapes evoking robotic nostalgia. artist 's tracks, such as "Nightcall" from his 2010 EP Nightcall, channel synth-driven vibes reminiscent of android-populated worlds, amplified by their use in films like . In 2020s hip-hop, producers have incorporated samples of Android app notification sounds—short, glitchy chimes from mobile OS alerts—into beats for a modern, tech-infused texture, as seen in experimental tracks blending urban rhythms with digital ephemera. Cultural events highlight android in visuals, notably Daft Punk's robotic personas in promotions for their 2013 album , where the duo's helmeted android figures in music videos like "Robot Rock" (remastered from earlier work) symbolize human- synergy through choreographed, metallic performances. By 2025, emerging -generated music featuring android-like vocals—synthetic, voices produced by tools such as ACE Studio's singing generators—has gained traction in niche markets, with the global music sector valued at USD 5.2 billion in 2024 and projected to reach USD 60.4 billion by 2034.

Video Games

Video games frequently explore androids as central characters, delving into themes of , humanity, and rebellion through interactive narratives that allow players to embody or influence these synthetic beings. In titles like Detroit: Become Human (2018), developed by , players control three android protagonists—Connor, Kara, and Markus—in a near-future where "deviant" androids break free from their programmed obedience to humans, leading to dilemmas and branching storylines based on player choices. Similarly, Nier: Automata (2017), created by and published by , features YoRHa android units such as 2B and 9S, who combat machine lifeforms on a post-apocalyptic while grappling with existential questions about their purpose and emotions. Game mechanics often emphasize player agency with android protagonists, incorporating choice-based narratives and elements to simulate and decision-making. For instance, in (2014), developed by , players navigate as a newly awakened android solving philosophical puzzles in a simulated world, where choices explore consciousness and through environmental interactions and dialogues with other entities. The series (2007–2012), from , integrates android-like AI through EDI, the Normandy spacecraft's enhanced defense intelligence, which evolves from a tactical system to a with , influencing squad dynamics and plot outcomes in RPG-style . Recent development trends incorporate to create dynamic android behaviors, enhancing replayability and realism in interactions. Algorithms generate varied responses and emergent scenarios for android characters, as seen in advancing procedural content generation (PCG) techniques that use to simulate adaptive behaviors in sci-fi settings from 2020 onward. (VR) integrations further immerse players in android-themed experiences, with 2025 releases like sci-fi shooters emphasizing first-person control of synthetic entities in interactive environments. Common themes in these games include —androids defying creators—and glitches as metaphors for , which influence narratives by introducing unpredictable elements that mirror competitive unpredictability and strategic adaptation.

Other Uses

Biology and Medicine

In , the term "android" describes a of fat characterized by preferential accumulation in the abdominal and upper body regions, akin to the physique, which contrasts with the concentrated in the hips and thighs. This android is defined by excess visceral and subcutaneous around the trunk, often measured via (DXA) scans focusing on the android region from the to the mid-thigh. is strongly linked to , including , , and , due to its promotion of inflammatory cytokines and impaired . Health studies consistently show that android fat elevates cardiovascular risk more than fat, as it correlates with , , and higher incidence of . For example, elevated android-to- fat ratios predict adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, with android adiposity independently associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in population cohorts. In 2024 analyses, android fat patterns were highlighted as a key driver of accelerated cardiovascular aging, particularly in men and postmenopausal women, underscoring the need for targeted interventions beyond overall . Historically, "android" has been used in to denote male-like structures, notably in where the android pelvis refers to a female pelvic configuration with a narrow, heart-shaped and converging side walls, resembling the male form and posing challenges during labor due to reduced outlet dimensions. This terminology emerged from early 20th-century classifications by Caldwell and Moloy in 1933, which built upon 19th-century anatomical studies of pelvic variations, such as those by Weber, emphasizing evolutionary and morphological differences in skeletal typology. Such android pelves, occurring in about 20-30% of women, are associated with higher rates of dystocia and cesarean deliveries. In medical applications, android-shaped prosthetics and are designed to replicate lower-body for enhanced mobility in patients with neurological impairments. The ReWalk Personal , cleared by the FDA in 2014, exemplifies this by using motorized and knee joints strapped to the legs in a bipedal configuration, allowing paraplegic individuals with thoracic-level injuries to stand, walk, and navigate stairs indoors and outdoors under supervision. This technology improves cardiovascular health, , and psychological well-being by mimicking natural patterns. Current research in bioengineering focuses on creating android-mimicking tissues and organs through to restore human-like functionality in . Advancements in 2025 have emphasized extrusion-based bioprinting of vascularized scaffolds using bioinks derived from patient-specific cells, enabling the fabrication of complex structures like layered cardiac patches or nephrons that integrate seamlessly with host tissues. These bioengineered constructs replicate android () anatomical forms, such as tubular vessels and organoids, to address organ shortages, with preclinical models demonstrating viable and metabolic activity akin to native tissues.

Brand Names and Products

Examples of Android-powered consumer products include the Gen 6 , released in August 2021, which features a Snapdragon Wear 4100+ processor and integrates with Android devices for notifications, fitness tracking, and app support. Such wearables highlight Android's role in extending mobile functionality to personal accessories beyond smartphones. In the realm of toys, "android" has been used as a model name for action figures depicting robots, with producing lines in the 1980s inspired by themes, such as those in the series that incorporated robotic elements. Additionally, the (ADB) serves as a command-line software tool for developers to communicate with Android devices, enabling tasks like debugging, file transfers, and shell access since its introduction alongside the platform. Android has permeated other industries, notably automotive with the launch of in June 2014 at , an interface that mirrors features onto vehicle systems for safer navigation, media, and messaging. In , numerous apps optimized for Android devices, such as Zinio's newsstand platform, allow users to access thousands of titles with offline reading and subscription models, transforming traditional print media into mobile formats. Google has held the "Android" trademark since filing on October 31, 2007, for use in mobile phones and operating system software, securing registration despite initial challenges. Legal disputes over the naming arose in the 2010s, including a 2009 lawsuit by Erich Specht claiming prior rights to "Android Data," which was dismissed in 2010 after courts ruled Google as the senior user starting November 5, 2007, due to Specht's abandonment of the mark. As of 2025, niche uses include Android-themed merchandise in fashion, such as the Spring/Summer 2025 collaboration between designer Sandy Liang and , featuring whimsical apparel reimagining Android's green robot mascot in New York-inspired patterns. 's official merch shop also offers Android-branded items like figurines and apparel, capitalizing on the OS's status.

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