Aklo

Aklo is a fictional esoteric language and script that first appeared in Arthur Machen's 1899 horror story "The White People," depicted as a mysterious set of letters integral to occult rituals and forbidden knowledge.^[1] In the narrative, a young girl's diary entry alludes to it alongside other arcane elements, such as the "Chian language" and "great beautiful Circles," which she vows not to disclose due to their sacred and perilous nature, underscoring themes of hidden sin and encounters with otherworldly beings known as the "white people."^[1]^[2] The concept of Aklo gained prominence through its adoption by H.P. Lovecraft, who integrated it into his Cthulhu Mythos as an ancient, shadowy tongue associated with cults of malevolent antiquity and eldritch horrors.^[3] In "The Dunwich Horror" (1928), young Wilbur Whateley records in his diary learning "the Aklo for the Sabaoth," a ritual phrase used in attempts to summon or communicate with supernatural entities, highlighting its role in dark magical practices tied to the story's monstrous lineage.^[3] Similarly, in "The Haunter of the Dark" (1935), protagonist Robert Blake deciphers a cryptogram written in the "dark Aklo language," revealing connections to ancient evil rites and the cosmic entity Nyarlathotep.^[4] Beyond its literary origins, Aklo has influenced subsequent horror and fantasy genres, appearing in role-playing games like Pathfinder as a language of otherworldly origins spoken by subterranean creatures such as serpentfolk, thereby extending its legacy as a symbol of forbidden and alien wisdom.^[5] This enduring motif reflects broader themes in weird fiction of languages that bridge human understanding and incomprehensible cosmic terrors.

Origins and Early Development

Invention by Arthur Machen

Arthur Machen introduced the fictional language Aklo in his 1899 short story "The White People," written in 1899 and first published in 1904 in Horlick's Winter Annual, where it appears as a secret, ancient dialect employed by a young girl narrator in a rural Welsh setting.^[1] The girl, recounting her childhood discoveries in a diary-like manuscript titled "The Green Book," references Aklo alongside other esoteric elements, such as the "Chian language" and "great beautiful Circles," as part of forbidden knowledge she has learned from her nurse.^[1] This dialect serves as a medium for conducting rituals and communicating with otherworldly entities, evoking an atmosphere of occult mystery without revealing its mechanics.^[6] Machen drew inspiration for Aklo from Celtic folklore, particularly Welsh traditions, and broader occult practices, reflecting his deep interest in hidden knowledge and the supernatural.^[6] As a Welsh author fascinated by the esoteric, Machen was influenced by groups like the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, which emphasized ritualistic languages and symbols to access alternate realities.^[6] He portrayed Aklo as a conduit for unlocking supernatural perceptions, deliberately omitting any explicit grammar, vocabulary, or pronunciation to maintain its enigmatic allure and underscore the perils of delving into such arcane domains.^[6] In the narrative of "The White People," Aklo functions as a pivotal tool for the protagonist's immersion in pagan rites and the customs of the "hill-people," facilitating her encounters with nymphs and references to white gods.^[1] The girl's secretive use of Aklo letters enables her to navigate hidden woods and participate in ceremonies like the "White, Green, and Scarlet Ceremonies," blurring the boundaries between the mundane world and a more profound, dangerous reality.^[1] This integration heightens the story's horror, as the language exposes the child to ecstatic yet corrupting experiences that culminate in tragedy.^[6]

Initial Literary Appearances

Aklo first appears in Arthur Machen's short story "The White People," published in 1904 but written in 1899, where it is depicted as an esoteric script integral to occult rituals and forbidden knowledge.^[7] In the narrative, presented as a young girl's diary, the protagonist references "the way to make the Aklo letters, or the Chian language," alongside other mystical practices such as drawing "great beautiful Circles" and performing "Mao Games," which she vows not to disclose fully, underscoring Aklo's role as a conduit for her gradual immersion in supernatural secrets.^[7] These elements blend invented archaic terms with ritualistic chants, like those invoking "nymphs" and evoking a sense of ancient, otherworldly invocation, propelling the narrator's descent into realms of eldritch revelation and moral transgression.^[2] The avoidance of direct translation or explanation heightens the story's atmospheric unease, positioning Aklo as a linguistic barrier between innocence and the horrifying unknown.^[2] Within the cultural milieu of early 20th-century literature, Aklo symbolizes the jarring collision of childlike innocence with eldritch horror, a motif emblematic of Machen's Decadent influences that emphasize perverse ecstasy and societal decay.^[8] By withholding comprehension of Aklo, Machen amplifies the terror of corruption, as seen in the girl's encounters with fairy-like entities that erode purity through taboo rituals, reflecting fin-de-siècle anxieties about degeneration and the occult's seductive peril.^[2] This technique, rooted in the Decadent movement's fascination with the ineffable and forbidden, distinguishes Aklo's function in horror by evoking dread through linguistic obscurity rather than overt exposition.^[8]

Integration into the Cthulhu Mythos

Expansions by Derivative Authors

Following H.P. Lovecraft's foundational uses of Aklo, derivative authors in the Cthulhu Mythos incorporated the language into their narratives to evoke summoning rituals and connect disparate cosmic cults, often emphasizing its role as a conduit for otherworldly forces. In Robert Bloch's short story "The Hunter from Beyond" (1935), Aklo incantations are employed by the protagonist to summon extraterrestrial entities from beyond known dimensions, thereby extending the language's association with interdimensional horror and amplifying its cosmic implications beyond Lovecraft's more localized cultic contexts. August Derleth further developed Aklo in his post-Lovecraft tales, portraying it as a dialect spoken by the Old Ones in "The Trail of Cthulhu" (collected 1962, originally serialized in the 1940s). Here, the language links ancient cults across time and space, serving as a tool for characters like Dr. Laban Shrewsbury to decipher forbidden knowledge and combat Mythos threats, thus integrating Aklo into a broader narrative of ongoing human resistance against the elder gods. Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson's "The Illuminatus! Trilogy" (1975) satirically repurposes Aklo within Black Mass rituals performed by the Illuminati, blending the language with conspiracy theories and mind-control motifs to invoke chaotic entities. This usage highlights Aklo's versatility as a tool for psychological manipulation and esoteric power in a modern, parodic framework. Overall, these authors treated Aklo as a versatile "language of magic" adaptable to diverse Mythos entities, frequently inventing vocabulary such as invocations to Shub-Niggurath to facilitate rituals that bridge earthly and extraterrestrial realms, thereby enriching the shared universe's linguistic mythology.

Aklo in Contemporary Fiction and Adaptations

Comics and Graphic Novels

Aklo's adaptation into comics began prominently with Alan Moore's works, where it serves as a central element in visual explorations of Lovecraftian horror, transforming the abstract language into a tangible force driving narrative tension and psychological descent. In The Courtyard (2003), adapted from Moore's 1994 prose story into a two-issue mini-series illustrated by Jacen Burrows and published by Avatar Press, Aklo is portrayed as a mind-altering "frequency" language accessed via a psychoactive DMT variant. FBI agent Aldo Sax ingests the substance during an investigation into bizarre murders in Red Hook, Brooklyn, triggering synesthesia that allows him to perceive and decipher Aklo phonetics, such as fragmented invocations referencing "Azathoth." This exposure leads Sax to uncover a cult using Aklo in rituals, blending linguistic decoding with hallucinatory visuals of otherworldly script overlaying everyday scenes.^[9]^[10] Moore expanded Aklo's role in Neonomicon (2010), a four-issue series also by Avatar Press with Burrows' artwork, positioning it as a seductive, embedded code within English that facilitates sexualized rituals tied to Deep One entities. Agents investigating occult activity encounter Aklo through a cult's incantations, where the language induces mind-altering states, culminating in visions of R'lyeh and Cthulhu; one character's written statement in Aklo script visually disrupts the panel layouts, symbolizing perceptual breakdown.^[11] The concept culminates in Providence (2015–2017), Moore and Burrows' 12-issue epic from Avatar Press, which weaves Aklo into a meta-narrative exploring H.P. Lovecraft's biography and the Mythos' influence on reality. Here, Aklo appears as phrases like "Ylyl yr nhhngr" in occult texts, acting as a reality-warping tool in rituals that blur historical fiction with cosmic horror, often visualized through distorted lettering and symbolic diagrams that evoke psychological fragmentation.^[12] Beyond Moore's trilogy, Aklo features sparingly in other Lovecraftian graphic novels, such as independent adaptations where it manifests as esoteric script in forbidden tomes, enhancing visual motifs of incomprehensible horror through angular, alien glyphs integrated into shadowy panels. This evolution positions Aklo as a multimedia device in contemporary horror comics, where its linguistic essence amplifies themes of perceptual invasion and existential dread.^[13]

Role-Playing Games and Other Media

In tabletop role-playing games, Aklo serves as a thematic language associated with eldritch horrors and otherworldly entities, enhancing immersion through mechanics tied to forbidden knowledge. In the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game, developed by Paizo Publishing since 2009, Aklo is depicted as an ancient tongue spoken by inhabitants of the subterranean Darklands, including serpentfolk, aboleths, and shoggoths, as well as aberrations and evil fey creatures.^[14]^[5] This language aligns with chaotic evil themes, often used by non-player characters to convey alien motives or incantations, and characters proficient in it may decipher related scripts or communicate with such beings during adventures.^[15] The Call of Cthulhu role-playing game, published by Chaosium Inc. since 1981, integrates Aklo as one of the Mythos languages, requiring skill checks under the "Other Language (Aklo)" category to read forbidden tomes or inscriptions. Comprehension of Aklo texts typically incurs sanity loss, reflecting the psychological toll of eldritch insight, with losses ranging from 1D3 to 1D10 points depending on the material's potency. This mechanic appears in various campaign modules involving Mythos rituals and artifacts that demand successful skill rolls to interpret, often leading to narrative horror and escalating instability. Beyond tabletop games, Aklo influences other media through subtle nods to its mystical aura. The experimental music project AKLO, launched in 2009, draws from H.P. Lovecraft's mythos, incorporating atmospheric soundscapes inspired by Aklo's eldritch connotations, though primarily instrumental to evoke cosmic dread without literal lyrics.^[16] In video games, titles like Bloodborne (2015) by FromSoftware imply eldritch tongues akin to Aklo through incomprehensible chants and runes, fostering a sense of alien incomprehensibility in the game's Lovecraftian horror setting. Films such as In the Mouth of Madness (1994), directed by John Carpenter, feature mythos-adjacent elements like reality-warping fiction and ancient pacts, with indirect references to forbidden languages that echo Aklo's role in blurring sanity and narrative. Aklo's utility in gaming communities extends to fan-created expansions, where homebrew alphabets and pronunciation guides—often shared on platforms like Paizo's forums—aid in customizing encounters for deeper immersion, such as generating custom runes for spell effects or dialogue.^[17] These resources emphasize Aklo's symbolic value in evoking the unknown, distinct from its literary origins in the Cthulhu Mythos.

Linguistic Features and Interpretations

Described Characteristics

Aklo is portrayed in literary works as an esoteric, ritualistic language lacking any detailed grammar, syntax, or comprehensive dictionary, appearing instead through fragmentary chants, formulas, and inscriptions that evoke otherworldly origins. In Arthur Machen's "The White People" (1899), it is referenced through "Aklo letters," part of forbidden knowledge that the young narrator vows not to disclose, highlighting its role in ominous, archaic incantations rather than everyday speech.^[1] No full lexicon is provided, with mentions limited to ritual elements like the "Aklo for the Sabaoth," a phrase learned by a character in H.P. Lovecraft's "The Dunwich Horror" (1928), suggesting hybrid constructions blending alien terms with borrowed words from ancient languages such as Hebrew.^[3] The script of Aklo is described sparingly but consistently as consisting of distinct "Aklo letters," implying a unique alphabet separate from standard writing systems.^[1] In Lovecraft's narratives, such as "The Haunter of the Dark" (1935), Aklo appears in ciphers and tomes employed by "certain cults of evil antiquity," often transliterated into Latin script for readability, though the original form is implied to be non-standard and arcane, possibly incorporating curvilinear or runic elements to convey its alien nature.^[4] These depictions emphasize a visual and auditory strangeness, with no evidence of a standardized orthography across uses. Phonetically, Aklo evokes non-human syntax through sibilant and guttural sounds, as inferred from its ritual applications in chants that produce eerie, summoning effects, though specific pronunciations remain undetailed beyond formulaic snippets. In Machen's story, it forms part of "secret secrets" alongside other invented tongues like the "Chian language," underscoring its role as a constructed, hybrid medium without verifiable real-world linguistic roots.^[1] Lovecraft extends this by portraying it as a "dark" dialect tied to prehistoric or extraterrestrial influences, used in occult practices that imply irregular structure and intonation alien to Indo-European languages.^[4] Etymological hints in the texts suggest origins in lost ancient civilizations or cosmic entities, but no concrete derivations are confirmed, maintaining Aklo's status as a purely fictional construct.^[3]

Mystical and Symbolic Roles

In Arthur Machen's "The White People" (1899), Aklo functions as a mystical script and language integral to occult rituals, where its invocation enables access to hidden realms and supernatural visions, but at the cost of psychological destabilization and ultimate madness for the practitioner.^[2] The young narrator's exposure to Aklo letters, taught by her nurse as part of forbidden esoteric knowledge, precipitates ecstatic yet perilous encounters with otherworldly entities known as the "white people," symbolizing a transgression into prehuman spiritual spheres that erodes rational boundaries.^[6] This portrayal underscores Aklo's role as a conduit for the unspeakable, where linguistic engagement blurs the veil between the mundane and the infernal, leading to the girl's tragic demise as a consequence of her deepened comprehension.^[2] H.P. Lovecraft adopted and expanded Aklo within the Cthulhu Mythos, particularly in "The Dunwich Horror" (1928), where it appears in ritual phrases like "the Aklo for the Sabaoth" to summon eldritch forces such as Yog-Sothoth, evoking cosmic horrors that shatter human sanity.^[18] Here, Aklo's utterance not only facilitates interdimensional summoning but also embodies the fragility of human cognition against incomprehensible truths, resulting in widespread madness among those who witness or intone its syllables.^[18] This usage amplifies Machen's theme, transforming Aklo into a symbol of the limits of mortal understanding, where forbidden linguistic artifacts reveal the indifferent vastness of the universe, rendering individuals insignificant and deranged.^[19] Culturally, Aklo represents forbidden knowledge rooted in otherness, evoking rural Welsh mysticism and pagan undercurrents in Machen's Decadent tradition, where it signifies a seductive yet dangerous cultural divergence from Anglo-centric norms.^[6] In the Weird fiction lineage, it parallels the fascination with the ineffable, drawing from fin-de-siècle anxieties about hidden truths beneath civilized facades, much like the occult symbolism in works by contemporaries such as Algernon Blackwood.^[2] Lovecraft extends this to cosmic alienation, positioning Aklo as an alien syntax that alienates humanity from its anthropocentric illusions, reinforcing themes of existential isolation in the Mythos.^[18] Scholarly interpretations frame Aklo as a meta-literary device in horror fiction, allowing authors to evoke profound occult depth without explicit definition, thereby heightening the reader's sense of dread through implication rather than revelation.^[18] This technique influences subsequent occult tropes, where invented languages like Aklo serve to critique the hubris of seeking transcendent insights, blending psychological horror with philosophical inquiry into the unknowable.^[2] Its symbolism evolves from Machen's intimate, ecstatic violations of personal morality to Lovecraft's universal cosmic dread, and later satirical conspiracies in derivative works, mirroring shifts in weird literature from individual sin to collective existential threat.^[6]^[18]