Alexander Poliakoff

Alexander Poliakoff OBE (20 August 1910 – 26 July 1996) was a Russian-born British electronics engineer, inventor, and businessman renowned for co-founding Multitone Electronics in 1931 and serving as its chairman for over four decades, during which the company pioneered advancements in hearing aids and paging systems.^[1]^[2] Born in Losino-Ostrovskaya near Moscow to Joseph Poliakoff, a telephone and sound engineer, and Flora Shabbat, the granddaughter of a textile millionaire, Poliakoff emigrated with his family to London in 1924 to escape the Bolshevik regime.^[1] He graduated in physics from University College London in 1931, the same year he and his father established Multitone, which grew to employ over 700 people at its peak and became a leader in audio electronics.^[1]^[3] Poliakoff's key inventions included the first volume-adjustable hearing aid, which was fitted for Winston Churchill during his premierships and granted Poliakoff access to Downing Street for maintenance.^[4]^[3] He also developed the Bomb Clock Detector for the Ministry of Aircraft Production during World War II and introduced the closed-loop paging "bleeper" system in 1956 for St Thomas' Hospital, revolutionizing hospital communications despite initial slow adoption.^[1]^[4]^[3] In the 1950s, Poliakoff faced MI5 suspicions of Soviet espionage due to his Russian heritage, with fears that his hearing aids could be bugged to spy on Churchill; this led to his ban from Downing Street, though the concerns eased by the end of Churchill's second term in 1955, as later revealed in declassified National Archives files.^[4]^[3] He married Ina Montagu, daughter of Jewish aristocracy, in 1937; they had four children, including the playwright Stephen Poliakoff, whose BBC drama Summer of Rockets drew inspiration from his father's experiences.^[1]^[4]^[5] Poliakoff retired as chairman in 1977 and returned to Moscow in 1966 for a British exhibition.^[1]

Early life

Birth and family background

Alexander Poliakoff was born on 20 August 1910 at his parents' country house in Losino-Ostrovskaya, near Moscow, in the Russian Empire, into a Jewish family.^[1]^[6] He was the only son of Joseph Poliakoff, a telephone and sound engineer and inventor who owned the Telephone Construction Company, and Flora Shabbat, the granddaughter of a textile millionaire.^[1] The family enjoyed a privileged lifestyle in central Moscow, where they maintained a flat and a car, with Poliakoff's nursery overlooking the golden domes of the Kremlin.^[1] Poliakoff's early childhood unfolded amid the turmoil of the post-revolutionary period following the 1917 October Revolution.^[1] His father's telecommunications business was confiscated by Lenin's government, and the family soon lost their flat, car, and other possessions as Soviet policies targeted private enterprises.^[1] As a Jewish family, they navigated the early Soviet era's instability, where revolutionary upheavals disrupted traditional family structures and economic security for many in their community.^[1] Joseph's subsequent work with the Marconi Company and at the Soviet Trade Delegation in London provided temporary stability before the family's eventual emigration.^[1]

Emigration and education

In June 1924, at the age of 13, Alexander Poliakoff emigrated from Moscow with his father, Joseph, an electrical engineer, fleeing the intensifying political pressures under the early Soviet regime. The pair departed under the pretext of Joseph assisting with radio station work, facilitated by Marconi engineer Godfrey Isaacs, and with exit permission granted by Soviet ambassador Khristian Rakovsky; they settled in London, where Joseph took up the role of deputy director at Arcos, the Soviet trade delegation.^[1] The family's position became precarious following the 1927 Arcos raid, in which British police searched the delegation's offices amid heightened anti-Soviet sentiment and suspicions of espionage, leading to severed diplomatic ties between the UK and USSR. Soviet authorities subsequently branded Joseph a "traitor" for remaining in Britain with his family, effectively stranding them and severing ties with the homeland.^[1]^[7] Upon arrival, Poliakoff faced significant challenges adapting to British life, including language barriers as he learned English, cultural differences, and prejudice rooted in anti-Semitism and xenophobia toward Russian immigrants, all while the family navigated financial hardships. Despite these obstacles, he pursued higher education, developing an early interest in electronics influenced by his father's engineering background. Poliakoff graduated with a degree in physics from University College London in 1931.^[4]^[1]

Career

Founding Multitone

Joseph Poliakoff, a Russian émigré and electronics pioneer, founded the Multitone Electric Company on 9 May 1931 in London with a £500 loan from his lawyer, Henry Myer, to manufacture electro-acoustic products. The venture began modestly, reflecting the challenges of establishing a new electronics firm during the economic uncertainties of the early 1930s.^[8] Upon graduating in physics from University College London in 1931, Alexander Poliakoff joined the family business immediately as a young engineer, playing a key role in its initial operations and technical development.^[1] Under the father-son partnership, Multitone quickly oriented toward innovative audio technologies, producing a range of electro-medical equipment that included radio receivers, amplifiers, and early hearing aids.^[9] The company's initial product line centered on hearing aids designed for civilian and medical markets, marking a shift from broader general electronics to specialized audio devices tailored for the hard of hearing.^[2] Winston Churchill, who relied on Multitone's hearing aids during his second premiership in the 1950s, helped establish the firm's reputation in high-profile applications.^[4] This focus on accessible audio solutions laid the groundwork for Multitone's growth amid the competitive landscape of pre-war British electronics.^[1]

World War II contributions

During World War II, Alexander Poliakoff played a pivotal role in British defense efforts through his engineering expertise at Multitone Electronics, focusing on electronic detection and communication devices essential for wartime operations. Leveraging his pre-war experience in hearing aid technology, Poliakoff adapted compact audio components to meet military needs, contributing to the Allied cause without direct combat involvement. His work emphasized practical innovations that addressed immediate threats posed by German bombing campaigns.^[1]^[10] One of Poliakoff's most significant wartime inventions was the Bomb Clock Detector, developed in the early 1940s to identify timing mechanisms in unexploded bombs. Ordered by the Ministry of Aircraft Production, this portable device equipped Royal Air Force bomb disposal squads, enabling safer and more efficient neutralization of delayed-action ordnance during the Blitz and subsequent raids. The detector's design drew on Poliakoff's knowledge of electromagnetic sensing, allowing operators to detect the faint acoustic or electrical signals from bomb fuses without risking detonation. This tool proved vital in urban areas like London, where thousands of unexploded devices threatened civilian and military infrastructure.^[1] Poliakoff also adapted hearing aid technologies for military communications, collaborating with government agencies such as the Special Operations Executive (SOE). At Multitone's facilities, he facilitated the production of lightweight headphones—weighing just 2 ounces compared to the standard 10-ounce army models—for integration into B1 transceivers used by resistance agents. These headphones, derived from compact hearing aid receivers, improved audio clarity in field operations while minimizing weight for covert missions across Europe. Poliakoff personally reviewed prototypes and sourced components, such as tuning condensers from pre-war Admiralty projects, to ensure reliability under harsh conditions.^[10] As managing director of Multitone, Poliakoff balanced commercial hearing aid production with priority defense contracts, navigating wartime resource constraints to support broader Allied efforts. His leadership ensured the company's technical output aligned with government directives, fostering close ties with ministries and secret services. This dual role highlighted Poliakoff's commitment to national security, positioning Multitone as a key player in electronic warfare support without diverting from its core expertise.^[1]^[10]

Postwar innovations

Following World War II, Alexander Poliakoff advanced hearing aid technology by inventing the first volume-adjustable model in the late 1940s, which allowed users to control amplification levels for better customization and comfort.^[4] This innovation significantly improved accessibility for individuals with hearing impairments, including high-profile users like Winston Churchill during his second premiership from 1951 to 1955.^[4] Poliakoff's design addressed limitations in earlier fixed-volume devices, enabling more precise adaptation to varying auditory needs in professional and social settings.^[1] Poliakoff also played a key role in servicing and customizing Churchill's hearing aids, conducting regular maintenance visits to 10 Downing Street to ensure optimal performance.^[4] These sessions often involved adjusting multiple devices to suit Churchill's preferences, such as fitting them while he was in bed and verifying functionality amid his demanding schedule.^[1] This hands-on work highlighted the practical impact of Poliakoff's postwar refinements, bridging technical innovation with real-world application for influential figures.^[4] In 1956, Poliakoff, collaborating with his father Joseph, developed the world's first closed-loop paging system—known as the "bleeper"—specifically for St Thomas' Hospital in London, marking a pivotal shift toward wireless communication in healthcare.^[11] This system enabled efficient, targeted messaging for doctors and nurses within a contained network, reducing reliance on wired telephones and improving response times in critical environments.^[4] By the 1970s, Multitone's bleepers were exported globally under Poliakoff's leadership, establishing the company as a pioneer in pager technology and influencing international standards for mobile alerting systems.^[1]

Leadership at Multitone

Alexander Poliakoff assumed the chairmanship of Multitone Electronics around 1937, shortly after the company's founding by his father, Joseph Poliakoff, and held the position for over 40 years until his retirement in 1977.^[1] Under his leadership, the company transitioned from its initial focus on manufacturing hearing aids to pioneering the development of pagers, known as "bleepers," which became a core product line in the postwar era.^[1] Poliakoff's strategic vision drove significant expansion, growing the workforce to approximately 700 employees by the late 1970s and establishing international exports that reached markets worldwide during that decade.^[1] A key decision was the promotion of paging systems for hospitals, where Multitone installed innovative closed-loop solutions, such as the first at St. Thomas' Hospital in London in 1956; despite early skepticism from medical professionals regarding the technology's reliability, these systems proved effective and led to widespread adoption in healthcare and industrial sectors.^[1]^[11] Following his retirement, Poliakoff maintained some oversight of the company, which culminated in its full acquisition by Hong Kong-based Champion Technology Holdings in 1993 for more than £21 million, marking the end of independent operations after it had been listed on the London Stock Exchange since 1982.^[12] This sale preserved Multitone's legacy as a leader in wireless communication while integrating it into a larger international group.^[12]

Personal life

Marriage and children

Alexander Poliakoff married Ina Miriam Montagu on 12 October 1937.^[5] Ina, born in 1913, was the daughter of Hon. Gerald Samuel Montagu and the granddaughter of Samuel Montagu, 1st Baron Swaythling, a key figure in the British Jewish banking establishment.^[13] The couple shared a long partnership rooted in shared cultural heritage, with the family residing in London. They had four children: sons Martyn Poliakoff (born 16 December 1947), a distinguished chemist and Fellow of the Royal Society known for his work in green chemistry, and Stephen Poliakoff (born 1 December 1952), an acclaimed playwright and director; and daughters Lucinda Jane Poliakoff (born 16 March 1957) and Miranda Ann Poliakoff (born 26 August 1959).^[5]^[14]^[15] Ina passed away in 1992 at age 79, concluding 55 years of marriage.^[13]

Espionage suspicions

During the Cold War, Alexander Poliakoff faced suspicions from British security services due to his Russian émigré background and professional connections to Soviet entities. MI5 initiated surveillance on Poliakoff and his father Joseph in the 1950s, viewing their origins and business ties—such as Joseph's earlier involvement with the Soviet trade organization Arcos, a known espionage front, and Alexander's contacts with the Soviet trade delegation in 1946—as potential indicators of communist sympathies.^[16]^[4] A particular concern arose over Poliakoff's role in servicing Winston Churchill's custom hearing aids at 10 Downing Street, where MI5 feared he might install Soviet bugging devices during maintenance visits. These worries were heightened by the 1953 discovery of a listening device in the US embassy in Moscow and subsequent bugs at the British embassy, amid broader post-World War II anti-communist paranoia that scrutinized émigrés with Soviet links.^[16]^[4] Despite sweeps of the hearing aids revealing no devices, MI5 deemed Poliakoff a security risk, leading to his ban from Downing Street in 1953, as confirmed by Churchill's private secretary Jock Colville.^[16] The suspicions were fueled in part by Joseph's pre-emigration history; as a Russian electrical engineer who fled the Bolshevik Revolution, he had been labeled a "traitor" by the Soviet government for his opposition to the regime and assistance in Western radio projects. MI5 files also noted Poliakoff's wartime employment of two known communists at Multitone, further stoking fears of espionage.^[16] Declassified MI5 documents released in 2007 under the 50-year rule at the National Archives revealed the extent of these investigations, showing no evidence of wrongdoing and resulting in no charges against Poliakoff. The episode nonetheless had a lasting impact on his family, contributing to a sense of alienation and scrutiny that lingered into later generations.^[16]^[4]

Later years and legacy

Awards and publications

Poliakoff was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1982 New Year Honours for his services to the electronics industry, recognizing his leadership in pioneering communications and audio technologies at Multitone Electronics. In his later years, Poliakoff published his memoir The Silver Samovar: Reminiscences of the Russian Revolution in 1995 through Atlantida Press (ISBN 5-88011-013-3), co-authored with Deborah Sacks, which detailed his family's experiences during the Russian Revolution, emigration to Britain, and his career in electronics and business.^[17]^[18] Following his retirement from active chairmanship at Multitone, Poliakoff remained engaged with the electronics sector through involvement in industry associations and delivered lectures on innovations in paging systems and hearing aids, drawing from his decades of experience.^[19] His contributions to pioneering pagers and volume-adjustable hearing aids earned recognition from engineering bodies, underscoring his impact on British technological advancement.^[3]

Death

Alexander Poliakoff died on 26 July 1996 in London, England, at the age of 85.^[1] He was survived by two sons and two daughters, including his younger son, the playwright Stephen Poliakoff; his wife, Ina Montagu, had predeceased him in 1992 after 55 years of marriage.^[1]^[13] His family mourned the loss of the electronics pioneer who had shaped their lives through his inventive career and paternal guidance at Multitone Electronics.^[1] Shortly before his death, Poliakoff saw the publication of his memoirs, The Silver Samovar (co-authored with Deborah Sacks), which recounted his family's experiences during the Russian Revolution and was released in Moscow in 1995.^[1]^[20] Multitone Electronics, the company he had chaired for over 40 years, continued to operate under new ownership following its sale to Champion Technology of Hong Kong in 1993, long after Poliakoff's retirement.^[1]^[12] Obituaries in the British press, notably in The Independent, paid tribute to his inventive legacy, including the design of hearing aids for Winston Churchill and the Bomb Clock Detector used by RAF bomb disposal teams during World War II, alongside his success in building Multitone into a global exporter of electronic pagers.^[1]

Influence and recognition

Alexander Poliakoff's innovations in pager technology laid foundational groundwork for modern wireless communication systems, particularly through Multitone Electronics' development of the world's first closed-loop paging system in 1956 at St Thomas' Hospital in London.^[4]^[11] This breakthrough enabled efficient, targeted messaging for medical staff, transforming hospital operations by allowing rapid alerts without reliance on wired telephones.^[21] Multitone's paging solutions continue to play a vital role in healthcare, powering critical communications in NHS hospitals and emergency services across the UK and Ireland, where their robustness ensures uninterrupted messaging in high-stakes environments.^[11] Under Poliakoff's leadership as chairman for over 40 years, Multitone advanced hearing aid accessibility by producing early models with volume controls and employing numerous deaf workers, contributing to broader improvements in assistive technologies for the hearing impaired.^[4]^[21] The company's paging innovations also extended to secure, network-independent wireless systems used by fire and rescue services, underscoring Poliakoff's enduring impact on reliable communication infrastructures.^[11] Poliakoff's family legacy endures through his sons, Martyn Poliakoff, a renowned chemist and research professor at the University of Nottingham whose scientific pursuits were shaped by his father's physics background, and Stephen Poliakoff, a acclaimed playwright and director.^[22] Stephen's 2019 BBC series Summer of Rockets draws directly from his father's life, including the espionage suspicions arising from the family's Russian heritage and Multitone's work on hearing aids.^[4]^[21] As a Russian émigré who fled Moscow in 1924 and co-founded Multitone in 1931, Poliakoff exemplifies the contributions of Jewish immigrants to British industry, building a successful electronics firm from immigrant roots and earning recognition with an OBE in 1982 for services to the sector.^[22]^[2] His story highlights the integration and innovation of Russian-Jewish families in post-war UK technology, fostering advancements in communication and accessibility that persist today.^[6]