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Augusta Raurica

Augusta Raurica was an ancient Roman colony founded in 44 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus on the south bank of the Rhine River, approximately 20 kilometers east of modern Basel in present-day Switzerland, serving as a strategic military outpost and trade hub at the empire's northern frontier.^[1] Renamed Augusta Raurica around 15 BC in honor of Emperor Augustus, it developed into a prosperous metropolis with a population peaking at around 15,000 inhabitants by the 2nd century AD, blending Roman veterans, local Celtic Raurici tribes, and merchants along key trade routes.^[2] The city featured monumental structures including a well-preserved theater seating up to 10,000 spectators, an amphitheater accommodating 13,000 for gladiatorial games and animal hunts, a forum, temples, public baths, and an extensive sewer system, reflecting its role as a cultural and economic center in the province of Germania Superior.^[1] ^[3] ^[4] The city's flourishing period lasted until the late 3rd century AD, when crises including Germanic invasions after the fall of the Limes Germanicus around AD 260, epidemics, and economic decline prompted the construction of a fortified castrum (Castrum Rauracense) on the Rhine for defense, shifting settlement focus and reducing the urban core.^[2] ^[1] By the early 5th century AD, following the withdrawal of Roman legions around AD 401, the site gradually declined into a small administrative and market outpost before being largely abandoned by the 7th century, as nearby Basel emerged as the regional center.^[5] Archaeological excavations, beginning in the 16th century and intensifying in the 19th and 20th centuries, have uncovered extensive ruins, including the longest accessible Roman sewer north of the Alps and a mysterious underground well shaft, providing invaluable insights into daily Roman life, urban planning, and frontier interactions.^[6] ^[7] Today, Augusta Raurica spans the municipalities of Augst and Kaiseraugst across the cantons of Basel-Landschaft and Aargau, operating as Switzerland's largest archaeological open-air museum and a key site for the preservation of Roman heritage.^[1] The Roman Museum in Augst displays a selection from over 2 million artifacts stored at the site, including the renowned Kaiseraugst Silver Treasure—a hoard of 270 silver items weighing 58 kilograms, buried around AD 351–352 during late Roman unrest—and features reconstructions like a fully furnished Roman house.^[8] Recent excavations, including those in 2025 uncovering a Roman road, infant burials, and a bronze panther figurine, continue to reveal new insights.^[9] Visitors can explore restored monuments such as the theater and amphitheater, participate in guided tours, and engage with ongoing excavations managed by a team of about 60 specialists, making it a vital center for research and public education on Roman Switzerland.^[10] ^[11]

Founding and Early Development

Establishment by Lucius Munatius Plancus

Augusta Raurica was established in 44 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, the Roman consul and governor of Gaul, as part of the Roman Republic's expansion following Julius Caesar's conquests.^[1]^[12] Plancus acted under Caesar's directive to found colonies that would solidify Roman control over newly acquired territories.^[13] The colony served as a strategic veteran settlement, granting land along the Rhine River to retired soldiers who had served in Caesar's campaigns, thereby rewarding loyalty and ensuring a military presence on the frontier.^[1] This initiative was embedded in the broader political context of securing the Rhine as a natural border against Germanic tribes after the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), which had brought the region under Roman influence.^[12] The settlement integrated Roman veterans with members of the local Rauraci tribe, fostering a mixed colonial community.^[1] Although founded in 44 BC, full development was delayed by the Roman civil wars after Caesar's assassination, with initial construction of timber structures commencing around 15 BC under Augustus.^[12]^[1] Dendrochronological analysis of oak timbers from these early buildings confirms felling dates in the late 6 BC, providing precise evidence of the site's early occupation phase.^[14]

Initial Settlement and Growth

Following its initial founding as Colonia Raurica in 44 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, the settlement at Augusta Raurica underwent significant development around 15 BC under Emperor Augustus, who granted it full colonial status as a strategic buffer against Germanic tribes.^[1] This marked the construction of the main town on the Augst plateau, transitioning from a modest military outpost to a structured Roman colony with timber buildings that laid the foundation for urban expansion.^[2] The renaming to Augusta Raurica honored Augustus, reflecting its integration into the imperial framework.^[1] The population grew steadily during the 1st century AD, peaking at approximately 15,000 inhabitants by the 2nd century AD, driven by the influx of Roman veterans who received land grants and the gradual incorporation of local Celtic Raurici tribespeople.^[1] This demographic shift fostered a diverse community where Celtic elites often acquired Roman citizenship, while others integrated as peregrini, blending traditions such as local hooded capes with Roman customs.^[1] The mixed economy emphasized agriculture—focusing on crops and livestock suited to the fertile Rhine valley—and trade, leveraging the site's position on key river and overland routes for commerce in goods like pottery, glass, and imported wine.^[2] Early infrastructure during the Augustan period supported this growth, including the initiation of vital roads connecting to broader Roman networks and an aqueduct system drawing water from the Ergolz valley via a conduit from Liestal, operational by the late 1st century BC.^[15] These developments, constructed initially in timber and later stone by around AD 50, enabled sustainable urban life and economic vitality without which the colony's rapid expansion would not have been possible.^[1]

Name and Significance

Etymology and Naming

The name "Augusta Raurica" reflects the Roman practice of bestowing honorific titles on colonies to signify imperial patronage and local integration. The component "Augusta" derives directly from the cognomen of Emperor Augustus (r. 27 BC–14 AD), adopted after his victory at Actium in 31 BC and formalization of his title in 27 BC, to commemorate his support for the colony's establishment and expansion as a veteran settlement. This naming convention was common in the Augustan era, linking provincial foundations to the emperor's authority and divine favor. The second element, "Raurica," originates from the Celtic tribe known as the Rauraci, whose territory along the Upper Rhine was incorporated into the colony's domain following Roman conquests in Gaul. The Rauraci, a subgroup related to the Helvetii, are first attested in Julius Caesar's accounts of his Gallic campaigns, where their lands provided a strategic frontier zone for Roman settlement. The tribe's role in the area's pre-Roman occupation is evident from toponymic persistence, as the name adapted Latin genitive forms like Rauracorum to denote possession or association. The colony's nomenclature evolved over time, beginning as Colonia Raurica upon its founding in 44 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, as recorded in his funerary inscription at Gaeta, which lists it among his achievements without the "Augusta" prefix.^[16] Following Augustus' rise, the settlement was refounded or formally elevated around 15–10 BC, adopting the expanded title Colonia Augusta Raurica (or Rauracorum) to reflect its imperial status. By the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder refers to it as the "colonia Raurica" in his Naturalis Historia (Book 4.31.106), situating it among the Rhine's key outposts.^[17] Linguistic evidence for this development survives in epigraphic sources, notably the fragmentary "Nuncupator" inscription discovered at the site, which reconstructs the full ceremonial name as Colonia Paterna Munatia Felix Apollinaris Augusta Emerita Raurica.^[18] This elaborate title incorporates elements honoring the colony's founding patron (Munatia, after Plancus' family), its veteran origins (Paterna and Emerita), and solar deity associations (Apollinaris and Felix), alongside the core "Augusta Raurica." Other inscriptions from the Augustan period, such as dedications and milestones, corroborate the shift, transitioning from the simpler Raurica to the imperial form and demonstrating Latin adaptation of Celtic ethnonyms for administrative purposes.^[18]

Symbolic Role in Roman Expansion

The establishment of Augusta Raurica as a Roman colony epitomized the process of Romanization in the province of Germania Superior, transforming a frontier zone into a showcase of imperial culture and governance. By allocating land to veteran soldiers, the colony promoted the adoption of Roman urban planning, legal systems, and social norms among the indigenous Rauraci tribe, fostering cultural assimilation and economic integration along the Rhine. This veteran settlement model not only secured administrative control but also symbolized Augustus' broader agenda of civilizing peripheral regions through structured colonization.^[19] Strategically positioned on the south bank of the Rhine, Augusta Raurica played a pivotal role in controlling key trade routes that linked Gaul to the interior of Germania, facilitating the flow of goods like wine, ceramics, and metals while generating revenue for the empire. Its proximity to the river also made it an essential defensive node against Germanic tribes, contributing to the Upper German-Raetian limes system that stretched from Mainz to Regensburg and deterred incursions by providing a forward base for military operations. This dual function of commerce and fortification underscored the colony's importance in Augustus' policy of stabilizing the northern frontier without full conquest beyond the Rhine.^[20]^[21] In comparison to other Augustan colonies, such as Augusta Vindelicorum (modern Augsburg), which anchored Roman control along the Danube by subduing the Vindelici and securing Alpine passes, Augusta Raurica similarly embodied the emperor's expansionist vision through named foundations that projected imperial authority into tribal territories. Both colonies, established in the late 1st century BCE, served as "hinge points" in the empire's L-shaped Rhine-Danube frontier, blending military settlement with civilian development to extend Roman influence, though Augusta Raurica's Rhine orientation emphasized riverine defense and trade over mountainous campaigns.^[21]^[22] Numerous inscriptions from Augusta Raurica attest to the colony's proclamation of imperial loyalty, particularly through dedications to deities augmented with the epithet "Augustus," integrating local worship with the imperial cult. Examples include an altar to Mercury Augustus erected by local elite Quintus Attius Messor, which merged Celtic traditions with Roman piety, and a temple relief featuring an eagle clutching a thunderbolt amid oak and laurel leaves—symbols evoking Augustus' divine favor and eternal rule. While no evidence exists for local coin minting in the Augustan period, circulating denarii and aurei bearing Augustus' portrait and titles reinforced this allegiance, underscoring the colony's role in disseminating imperial iconography across the frontier.^[18]^[23]

Geography and Urban Layout

Location and Territorial Borders

Augusta Raurica was strategically positioned on the south bank of the Rhine River, approximately 20 km east of modern Basel in northwestern Switzerland, overlooking the river as a key frontier settlement during the Roman period.^[24] This location placed it at the edge of the Roman Empire, serving as a buffer against Germanic tribes across the Rhine, with the river itself acting as the primary natural border to the north.^[24] The boundaries were further delineated by Roman milestones and inscriptions along key roads and frontiers, such as those marking distances from the colony to other settlements like Arae Flaviae (modern Rottweil).^[18] The territory associated with Augusta Raurica, encompassing the civitas Rauracorum, stretched from the Jura Mountains in the south to the Black Forest in the east, incorporating fertile plains and riverine landscapes conducive to agriculture and trade.^[24] This expansive area included parts of modern Switzerland, southern Germany (Baden-Württemberg), and northeastern France (Sundgau region), reflecting the colony's role in consolidating Roman control over diverse Celtic and Germanic-influenced lands along the Upper Rhine.^[25] The geographical diversity—from the protective Jura foothills to the forested edges of the Black Forest—provided natural defenses while facilitating connectivity via the Rhine for military and commercial purposes.^[24] As the administrative capital of the civitas Rauracorum, Augusta Raurica functioned as the political, economic, and cultural hub within the Roman province of Germania Superior, overseeing local governance, taxation, and integration of indigenous Rauraci tribes into the imperial system.^[24] This central role was evident in the colony's infrastructure for provincial administration, including forums and public buildings that supported its oversight of the surrounding territory until the late Roman period.^[26]

City Planning and Infrastructure

Augusta Raurica exemplified Roman urban planning through its orthogonal grid layout, characterized by rectangular insulae or city blocks bounded by straight streets. The upper town featured around 53 such insulae, while the overall urban area spanned approximately 106 hectares, equivalent to about 1 square kilometer, encompassing both the upper and lower towns along the Rhine. This systematic division facilitated organized residential, commercial, and public spaces, with the grid extending radially from the central intersection of the principal thoroughfares.^[27]^[1] Central to the infrastructure were the cardo maximus (north-south axis) and decumanus maximus (east-west axis), which formed the backbone of the street network and connected key districts. These broad avenues, paved and porticoed in parts, supported heavy traffic from trade and military movements, linking the upper town to the lower town and the Rhine bridge. Water supply was ensured by a sophisticated aqueduct built in the first century AD, channeling water from the Ergolz River over 6.5 kilometers through a subterranean masonry conduit with a vaulted roof reaching 1.8 meters in height, delivering fresh water to public fountains, baths, and private homes until the third century AD.^[27]^[1]^[15] Public amenities reflected the city's emphasis on hygiene and communal life, including multiple bath complexes and an advanced drainage system. The central baths, constructed after AD 100, and the later Rhine baths from AD 260, were served by large masonry sewers that discharged wastewater into nearby streams; notably, the cloaca from the central baths, dating to around AD 100, represents the longest accessible Roman sewer north of the Alps. Markets operated primarily around the forum, integrating shops and administrative functions to support the bustling trade economy.^[10]^[1]^[27] Defensive infrastructure included an incomplete town wall initiated around AD 80, constructed with a core of Roman concrete and averaging 2 meters in thickness, intended to encircle the core settlement but never fully realized. Key access points featured monumental gates, such as the east gate flanked by modest horseshoe-shaped towers, while semicircular watchtowers were planned along the perimeter to enhance surveillance, though many remained unbuilt due to the project's abandonment.^[1]^[28]

Roman Era History

Prosperity and Key Events

During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, Augusta Raurica experienced significant economic prosperity as a major trade and commerce hub along the Rhine River, benefiting from its strategic location that facilitated the transport of goods via river port facilities.^[1] The city's economy thrived on the import and export of commodities such as wine from central Italy and oil from Spain, alongside local production of ceramics including red terra sigillata pottery, which was manufactured in workshops on the eastern periphery where kilns were excavated in 1969.^[29] Metals were also processed in artisan workshops, contributing to the refinement and trade of goods loaded at the Rhine harbor, which served as the economic backbone of the settlement.^[27] By the 2nd century, the population reached an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 inhabitants, supported by infrastructure like a 6.5 km aqueduct that underscored the city's growing wealth.^[1] Cultural life flourished alongside this economic expansion, marked by the construction of grand public entertainment venues in the late 2nd century. The Roman theater, built between AD 180 and 280, accommodated approximately 10,000 spectators and hosted theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and political events, representing one of the best-preserved structures of its kind north of the Alps.^[1] Complementing this was the amphitheater, erected around AD 170 on the town's outskirts with a capacity of about 13,000, where gladiatorial combats and animal hunts entertained the populace, reflecting the city's integration into broader Roman cultural practices.^[1] Key events during this peak period included administrative advancements, such as Emperor Caracalla's edict in AD 212 granting Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants, which likely streamlined local governance and trade operations.^[1] Coin circulation was prominent, with Celtic and Roman issues found in abundance, including examples from the Flavian era that highlight the city's role in provincial monetary exchange.^[30] The social structure of Augusta Raurica revealed a stratified society, with elite villas featuring advanced heating systems like hypocausts and expansive gardens indicating the presence of wealthy landowners and officials.^[1] Artisan quarters on the town's edges housed specialized workshops for pottery, glassblowing, tile-making, and metalworking, often positioned away from residential areas due to fire risks, supporting a diverse working-class population.^[1] Religious practices were evident in the construction of temples, including the forum temple dedicated around AD 50 to Jupiter or the imperial cult, where sacrifices occurred on a marble-clad altar, and a Mithraeum uncovered in 1950 that attests to the worship of Mithras among the community.^[31]^[32]

Decline and Abandonment

The decline of Augusta Raurica began in the mid-3rd century AD amid escalating pressures from external invasions and internal Roman instability. Starting around 250 AD, repeated incursions by the Alamanni, a confederation of Germanic tribes, targeted the Rhine frontier, leading to widespread destruction, population flight, and significant disruption to the city's infrastructure.^[5]^[1] Archaeological evidence, including layers of burn marks and abandoned structures, indicates that these attacks contributed to the partial devastation of the urban center, with many residents fleeing to safer areas.^[33] Concurrently, the broader economic downturn, exacerbated by civil wars, plagues, and the Crisis of the Third Century, impoverished the population and eroded trade networks that had sustained the city's prosperity.^[5] A pivotal shift occurred around 260 AD with the fall of the Limes Germanicus during the Crisis of the Third Century, which prompted the Roman frontier (limes) to retreat to the Rhine River. This repositioning placed Augusta Raurica directly on the volatile border, accelerating its administrative and economic marginalization as the regional center transferred to the more defensible site at Basel (ancient Basilia).^[5]^[1] In response, defensive measures were implemented around 280 AD, including the fortification of the Kastelen district with walls, earthen banks, and ditches to provide refuge for the remaining populace, though the city's expansive urban layout remained incomplete and vulnerable.^[5]^[34] Partial occupation persisted into the 4th century, centered on the newly constructed Castrum Rauracense, a substantial fortress built around 300 AD with 8-10 meter high walls and towers to house both military garrisons and civilians. This site, located at Kaiseraugst on the Rhine, was destroyed by an Alamanni raid in 351 or 352 AD—evidenced by fire traces and buried hoards like the Kaiseraugst Silver Treasure—but was swiftly rebuilt and refurbished under emperors such as Constantius II.^[35]^[1]^[33]^[36] As urban functions diminished, with most town quarters abandoned by 280 AD, evidence of Christianization emerged during late antiquity, including the construction of an early church and baptistery between 360 and 400 AD, reflecting the religion's official recognition in 313 AD and its growing role amid the shrinking civic life.^[1] Roman military presence continued until around 401 AD, after which control waned, marking the transition to reduced settlement by the mid-5th century.^[35]

Rediscovery and Preservation

Archaeological Excavations

Archaeological excavations at Augusta Raurica date back to the 16th century, with early systematic efforts led by Basilius Amerbach (1533–1591). Organized research intensified in the 19th century through the Historical and Antiquarian Society of Basel (Historisch-Antiquarische Gesellschaft zu Basel, HAGB, founded 1836), marking a shift toward systematic documentation and preservation following earlier sporadic explorations.^[27] These efforts focused on documenting and preserving Roman structures, laying the groundwork for long-term investigation amid growing interest in the region's classical heritage. By the late 19th century, the HAGB had acquired key portions of the site, including the theater area, enabling more regular digs that continued into the early 20th century.^[37] A significant escalation occurred in the 1950s with major campaigns centered on the theater, driven by the establishment of a permanent excavation team in 1957 under the auspices of the Canton of Basel-Landschaft.^[27] This period coincided with increased rescue excavations prompted by post-war infrastructure developments, such as motorway construction, which uncovered extensive urban districts and highlighted the site's vulnerability to modern expansion. Since the 1980s, ongoing fieldwork has been conducted by a dedicated team of approximately 60 members, including archaeologists, conservators, and researchers, supported by the Pro Augusta Raurica Foundation and cantonal funding through the Roman Treaty of 1975. Advanced techniques, such as geophysical surveys for non-invasive mapping and dendrochronology for dating timber structures, have become integral to these efforts, allowing precise reconstruction of the site's chronology without excessive disturbance.^[38] Preservation challenges have persistently shaped excavation strategies, particularly due to urban encroachment from 1960s building booms and ongoing development pressures near the Rhine River.^[38] The site's proximity to the Rhine exacerbates risks from climate-induced flooding and erosion, prompting adaptive measures like protective by-laws and elevated structures to safeguard exposed ruins. In the 2020s, the Radical Archaeology Center, completed in 2022, exemplifies innovative site management with its modular, lightweight design that floats above sensitive areas, providing unified facilities for processing over 1.7 million artifacts while minimizing environmental impact.^[39] This center integrates excavation workflows with conservation labs, enhancing the team's ability to address these threats through sustainable, flexible infrastructure.^[39]

Major Discoveries and Artifacts

One of the most significant archaeological finds at Augusta Raurica is the Silver Treasure, discovered in 1961 during construction work within the late Roman fort of Castrum Rauracense at Kaiseraugst. This hoard consists of 270 silver objects weighing approximately 58 kg, including tableware such as platters, spoons, and ladles, as well as coins and ingots, buried around AD 351 amid political instability and threats from Germanic tribes. The artifacts, likely belonging to high-ranking military officers and including imperial gifts, provide insight into the elite's wealth and loyalty networks during the late Roman period, with the collection's value equivalent to the annual salary of about 230 legionaries.^[36] Architectural remains form another cornerstone of the site's discoveries, notably the Roman theater, the best-preserved example north of the Alps, with substantial portions uncovered since the mid-19th century. Capable of seating up to 10,000 spectators originally, the structure highlights the city's cultural life through its stage building, seating tiers, and drainage systems. Fragments of the forum basilica, including column bases and wall sections from the 1st-2nd centuries AD, reveal the administrative and commercial heart of the colony, underscoring urban planning influenced by imperial standards.^[3] Everyday artifacts illuminate daily Roman existence, with evidence of local production from pottery kilns excavated in the 1960s, such as disused kilns filled with ceramic waste dating to the 1st-3rd centuries AD. Mosaics from suburban villas, featuring geometric patterns and mythological motifs in colored stones and glass, attest to affluent residential decoration from the 2nd-4th centuries. Military equipment from early settlement phases includes iron spearheads (pila), bronze helmet fittings like those of the Augst helmet found in 1967, and belt buckles, reflecting the presence of legionary veterans and frontier defense.^[1]^[40]^[41] Unique finds include altars and votive offerings from the Mithraeum, a temple to the god Mithras discovered in 1950 near the theater, containing silver dedications and frescoes depicting tauroctony scenes from the 2nd-3rd centuries AD, which shed light on mystery cults among soldiers and merchants. Evidence of spectacles comes from the amphitheater, excavated in the 1920s, where structural remains and animal bone fragments indicate venues for venationes (animal hunts) accommodating up to 13,000 viewers, emphasizing public entertainment tied to imperial propaganda. In 2019, a smaller hoard of 293 silver denarii from the 2nd-3rd centuries, buried in a ceramic pot near Pratteln during the Crisis of the Third Century, was unearthed, offering further evidence of economic turmoil and hidden wealth in the settlement's periphery.^[32]^[4]^[42] Recent excavations have continued to yield important finds. In November 2024, archaeologists discovered three ancient graves outside the known cemetery in Kaiseraugst, offering new insights into Roman burial practices.^[43] In May 2025, a rescue excavation prior to construction revealed a well-preserved Roman road lined with porticoes, infant burials in courtyards, and rare artifacts, illuminating the lower town's infrastructure and social customs during the Roman period.^[9]

Modern Site and Visitor Experience

Museum and Reconstructions

The Roman Museum in Augst, part of the Augusta Raurica site, serves as the primary repository for artifacts unearthed from the ancient Roman colony, housing a vast collection that exceeds two million Roman finds, including prehistoric, medieval, and modern items from the surrounding area.^[44] Opened in 1957 through a donation by the Canton of Basel-Landschaft, the museum displays a curated selection of these objects to illustrate daily life, trade, and culture in Roman Augusta Raurica, with exhibits arranged at eye level to engage visitors of all ages.^[45] Among its highlights is the renowned silver hoard, discovered in 1961-1962 near Kaiseraugst, comprising 270 late Roman silver objects—including vessels, tableware, spoons, coins, and ornaments—weighing 58 kilograms, which exemplifies the site's role as a prosperous frontier settlement; currently, the hoard is on loan to the Basel Historical Museum for a special exhibition until 28 June 2026.^[36] The museum also features a notable collection of engraved gemstones and intaglios, such as seal impressions and jewelry components, which provide insights into Roman administrative and artistic practices. Complementing the museum's displays are full-scale reconstructions that allow visitors to experience Roman architecture and technology firsthand. The Roman House, conceived in 1955 by local industrialist René Clavel and opened alongside the museum, is an authentic reconstruction of an elite urban residence from the 2nd-3rd century AD, complete with a functioning hypocaust underfloor heating system that demonstrates how hot air circulated beneath raised floors and through wall channels to warm interiors.^[46] This structure, inspired by excavated remains, includes period-appropriate furnishings, a garden, and interior details like painted walls and mosaics, offering a tangible sense of domestic luxury. Nearby, the theater has undergone partial reconstruction, with restored seating for up to 2,000 spectators in the original cavea (auditorium), enabling modern performances and events that evoke the venue's capacity to hold 10,000 in antiquity.^[1] Educational programs at the site emphasize interactive learning about Roman life, with regular workshops on crafts such as bread baking in wood-fired ovens, pottery making, mosaic creation, and ointment preparation using ancient recipes, designed to immerse participants in historical techniques.^[47] Guided tours of the museum, Roman House, and broader site are available daily, providing expert-led explorations of key monuments and artifacts to contextualize the colony's history. Recent enhancements include interactive exhibits in the ongoing "The Perfect Dinner: Romans, Power and Rubbish" display, launched in November 2024, which uses multimedia and replica objects to explore Roman banqueting customs, social hierarchies, and waste disposal practices through hands-on elements like simulated meals and archaeological simulations.^[48] These features, updated to incorporate the latest research, enhance public understanding of everyday Roman experiences at Augusta Raurica.^[8]

Access and Ongoing Initiatives

Augusta Raurica, located approximately 10 kilometers east of Basel along the Rhine River, is accessible by multiple public transport options. Visitors can take the S1 train from Basel SBB station to Kaiseraugst Bahnhof, followed by a 15-minute walk to the museum and main sites.^[49] Alternatively, bus line 81 connects Basel to Augst, with stops near the entrance, providing a convenient 20- to 30-minute journey.^[50] For cyclists, the site lies along the Rhine Cycle Route (EuroVelo 15), offering scenic bike paths parallel to the river for an eco-conscious approach to arrival.^[51] On-site visitor facilities enhance accessibility and engagement. Ample parking is available at designated lots P1 through P4, though fees apply during peak seasons.^[49] Audio guides are provided via a free augmented reality app, featuring interactive audio plays, reconstruction visuals, and site-specific narratives to guide self-paced exploration of the ruins.^[52] Seasonal events, such as the annual Roman Festival held in summer, include live reenactments, markets, and performances, drawing crowds to experience ancient customs in the amphitheater and surrounding areas.^[53] Ongoing preservation initiatives address modern challenges at this flood-prone Rhine location. Post-2020 projects emphasize digital archiving, exemplified by the 2025 excavation of a Roman road and structures, which was the first fully digitally documented effort by Aargau Cantonal Archaeology, enabling precise 3D modeling and online access to findings.^[54] Climate adaptation efforts incorporate sustainable design in new infrastructure, such as the 2023 Archaeological Center, which features solar panels generating energy surplus and passive ventilation systems to minimize environmental impact amid rising flood risks.^[39] Sustainability practices integrate eco-friendly tourism with local agriculture through the site's Animal Park, which maintains traditional breeds like Racka sheep for landscape conservation and biodiversity promotion, supporting regional farming traditions while educating visitors on historical animal husbandry.^[55] These initiatives ensure the site's long-term viability, balancing cultural heritage with environmental stewardship.^[56]

References

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2000 years ago, Roman army veterans and local Celts established a large town here. At that time Augusta Raurica was located on the edge of the Roman Empire on ...
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City history - Augusta Raurica
The capital of the colony Augusta Raurica was constructed around 15 BC. Within 200 years the town developed into a regional metropolis and flourishing trade ...
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The deserted town of Augusta Raurica and its impressive ruins, which remained visible for a long time, have always been a centre of attraction for people.
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[23]
[PDF] A short guide to Augusta Raurica
Funerary inscriptions, on the other hand, also show that some people lived to the age of 65 or longer. In the Roman period the dead were buried in cemeteries.
[24]
The Basel earthquakes | VolcanoCafe
Apr 18, 2021 · During the Roman era the main settlement was in Augusta Raurica, but apparent a separate Roman garrison was stationed at cathedral hill. It is ...Missing: colony | Show results with:colony<|control11|><|separator|>
[25]
98.6.13, Out of Rome, Augusta Raurica – Aquincum: Das Leben in ...
Jun 13, 1998 · The civilian settlement acquired colonial status by the end of the second century, when additional fortresses were constructed across the Danube ...Missing: BC | Show results with:BC
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[PDF] Augusta Raurica English Guide | Ostia-antica.org
Augusta Raurica is a Roman town with a Roman Museum, Roman House, and a reception area by the theatre and Archaeological Park.
[27]
The east gate and town wall – costly and unfinished - Augusta Raurica
The wall was almost two metres thick and its core was made up of a kind of Roman concrete. Gates were located in the south-west on the road to Aventicum and in ...Missing: size hectares enclosure
[28]
A Roman town and its presentation to the public
The town of Colonia Paterna (?) Pia Apolliiiaris Augusta Emerita Raurica, better known by its shorter name Augusta Raurica, is one of three Roman towns ...
[29]
[PDF] Augster Museumshefte 22 - Augusta Raurica
The Romans, on the other hand, only started minting silver coins around. 300 ... Contenu d'une bourse romaine d'Augusta Raurica (vers 60-70 ap. j.-C) ...
[30]
The forum temple – glorification of the state - Augusta Raurica
A statue stood here, either of the goddess Roma or of the supreme Roman god Jupiter. Sacrifices were made on the altar at the foot of the temple. This was one ...Missing: Mithras | Show results with:Mithras
[31]
Mithraeum of Augusta Raurica - MithraCon
Mithraeum of Augusta Raurica. Augst, Switzerland. Status: Confirmed. Key Finds: Silver votives. Latitude: 47.5333 Longitude: 7.7167. Date Discovered: 1950.
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[PDF] der schatz - Augusta Raurica
manic Alamanni. In 351 or 352, the. Castrum finally falls victim to one such devastating attack, which has left traces of a great fire inside the fort. 72 ...<|separator|>
[33]
Augusta Raurica | Oxford Classical Dictionary
Dec 22, 2015 · The city wall, begun then, remained uncompleted, and in the 4th century the settlement was moved a little north, to the fortified site of ...
[34]
Castrum Rauracense – Sheltered by the fort - Augusta Raurica
It replaced the Kastelen compound. Military personnel and the civilian population sought shelter inside the fortification from that point onwards.Missing: 4th | Show results with:4th
[35]
https://www.augustaraurica.ch/en/archaeology/castrum-rauracense
[36]
https://www.augustaraurica.ch/en/visit/silver-treasure
[37]
Radical Archaeology: Adaptive Design at Augusta Raurica
A new archaeological center in Augusta Raurica, Switzerland—the country's largest Roman excavation site—shows how flexible architecture can support cultural ...
[38]
The largest silver treasure of Roman antiquity - Augusta Raurica
The silver treasure of Augusta Raurica consists of 58 kg of pure silver, processed into 270 objects. Its owners were high-ranking followers of the emperor.Missing: hoard 2019
[39]
Blown Mosaic Glass from Augusta Raurica (Switzerland) - jstor
Dec 5, 2020 · Practical experiments in replicating blown mo- saic glass vessels produced results that are very similar to the ancient wares, suggesting a ...Missing: kilns | Show results with:kilns
[40]
Augst Helmet | Magister Militum
As for our helmet, it was found in 1967 in the settlement of Augusta Raurica, in the ruins of a block of flats. In the same context was a series of pottery ...
[41]
Roman silver coin hoard found in Switzerland - The History Blog
Nov 25, 2019 · A hoard of 293 silver denarii in excellent condition has been unearthed near Pratteln in northwestern Switzerland.Missing: 3rd | Show results with:3rd
[42]
The collection at Augusta Raurica
Inscriptions. Inschriften Grabstein Eusstata 1949 1505 Kopie. Inschriften Nuncupator 1967 2524 Kopie. Inschriften Weihaltar Maria Paterna 1924 127 A ...
[43]
The history of the foundation - Augusta Raurica
From 1588 - 90, archaeological excavations were carried out for the first time on the territory of the old Roman city under the direction of the Basel ...
[44]
The Roman House in Augusta Raurica - The Swiss Spectator
Jun 18, 2020 · More than 65 years ago, René Clavel of Basel (1886-1969) conceived the idea of reconstructing a Roman house of the local urban elite in the ...Missing: hypocaust | Show results with:hypocaust
[45]
Workshops - Augusta Raurica
In our creative workshops,you will get closer to the Romans than ever before - be it baking bread, in the arena or making pottery.Missing: crafts | Show results with:crafts
[46]
Augusta Raurica - Museums-PASS-Musées
Baking bread, making pottery or perhaps a fine perfume essence? No matter what you choose, an unforgettable experience is always guaranteed - for Augusta ...Missing: economy trade ceramics metals port production
[47]
Getting here / Parking - Augusta Raurica
By rail. S1 from Basel SBB to Kaiseraugst Bahnhof (NOT "Salina Raurica"), 15-minute walk to the museum and the central sights. Or continue with bus no.Missing: paths | Show results with:paths
[48]
Basel to Augusta Raurica - 4 ways to travel via train, line 81 bus, and ...
The cheapest way to get from Basel to Augusta Raurica costs only $3, and the quickest way takes just 13 mins. Find the travel option that best suits you.
[49]
Rhine Route | Switzerland Tourism
Close to the bike path you'll see the well preserved Roman settlement of Augusta Raurica. Founded in 44 B.C. by Munatius Plancus, it grew into a city with a ...<|separator|>
[50]
Digital stories from the ruins - Augusta Raurica
The app guides visitors through the rooms of the ruins using reconstruction drawings and a fictional audio play. There are texts and images about ...
[51]
Roman Festival - Augusta Raurica
The Roman city near Basel with a museum, a Roman house, over 20 impressive monuments and an animal park. Plus exciting workshops and guided tours for…
[52]
Roman road, bronze panther found in Switzerland - The History Blog
May 4, 2025 · The entire documentation was conducted entirely digitally – it was the first fully digitally documented excavation by the Aargau Cantonal ...
[53]
Farm animals in the animal park Augusta Raurica
The Racka sheep can be used for landscape conservation and can adapt to a variety of environmental conditions. They are a good source of milk and produce warm, ...Missing: tourism | Show results with:tourism
[54]
Animal Park of Augusta Raurica | Switzerland Tourism
Visit animal species that were kept in Roman times! The Augusta Raurica animal park is located near the former city wall in the eastern part of the city.Missing: spectacles | Show results with:spectacles