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Austin Bold FC

Austin Bold FC was an American professional soccer club based in , that competed in the , the second tier of the . Founded in 2017 under the ownership of Bobby Epstein, the club began play in 2019 at , drawing average attendances that declined sharply after the arrival of Major League Soccer's in the same year. The team recorded a 10-12-10 finish in its final season of 2021 and claimed the inaugural Copa Tejas trophy, awarded to the top-performing Texas-based USL club, by defeating Rio Grande Valley FC. Citing unsustainable attendance amid market saturation from the higher-profile MLS entrant, owner Epstein informed staff and players in October 2021 of plans to relocate to Fort Worth; a new Texas-based ownership group acquired the club in December, suspending operations for 2022 to facilitate the move, though as of late 2024 the franchise's revival in the Dallas-Fort Worth area remains delayed without resumption of play.

History

Formation and pre-launch (2017–2018)

On August 9, 2017, Bobby , chairman of (COTA) and majority owner of the existing Austin Aztex soccer club, announced the establishment of a new professional team in the (USL), set to compete in the league's top division starting in 2019. , who had acquired a stake in the Aztex in 2014 and assumed majority control earlier in 2017, leveraged the club's infrastructure and his experience in lower-tier professional soccer to elevate it to the without relying on public funding or subsidies. This move addressed the Aztex's prior venue challenges, including displacement from House Park due to flooding in 2015, by relocating operations to COTA property under 's control, positioning the initiative as a privately funded expansion of soccer in Austin's burgeoning sports landscape. The selection of the USL Championship reflected a pragmatic strategy for rapid entry into professional play, capitalizing on the league's growth and lower barriers compared to , while avoiding direct competition with nascent MLS expansion efforts in the region. Preparatory efforts centered on venue development, with plans for a dedicated 5,000-seat at COTA utilizing existing site to minimize costs, funded entirely through private estimated at $5 million. Construction groundwork began in late 2018, following city permit approvals, to ensure readiness for the 2019 season, emphasizing cost-efficiency and integration with COTA's motorsport facilities. Branding development culminated in the August 3, 2018, unveiling of the name "Austin Bold FC," chosen to symbolize the audacious spirit associated with Texas enterprise and Austin's dynamic growth, alongside initial staff appointments including general manager Roberto Pinto da Silva Jr. This pre-launch phase highlighted entrepreneurial drive in a market without an MLS franchise at the time, focusing on self-sustained operations amid rising local interest in professional sports.

Inaugural seasons and operations (2019–2020)

Austin Bold FC entered the with its inaugural match on March 9, 2019, a road contest against . The club marked its home debut at Bold Stadium on March 30, 2019, defeating Texas rival 1–0 before a sellout crowd exceeding the venue's 5,000-seat capacity. This victory, highlighted by Kleber Giacomazzi's first goal in stadium history, set a tone of regional competitiveness amid the team's adaptation to professional second-division play. In the 34-match regular season, Austin Bold recorded 13 wins, 9 draws, and 12 losses, accumulating 48 points for a mid-table position in the competitive Western Conference and securing a playoff spot. The squad scored an average of 1.53 goals per game while conceding 1.44, reflecting a balanced but inconsistent performance as the integrated into league dynamics. Key highlights included a 5–0 home rout of on June 29, though defensive lapses surfaced in a 6–0 road defeat to on July 19. The introduction of the Copa Tejas rivalry—pitting Austin Bold against Texas USL counterparts , Rio Grande Valley FC, and —provided early operational focus on intrastate competition, with the Bold clinching the inaugural trophy via a 3–0 victory over Rio Grande Valley on September 1, 2019, based on the best head-to-head record. In the , the team advanced with a 2–0 play-in win over on October 23 before a 0–0 quarterfinal draw against on October 26, resolved by an 8–7 loss. Logistical operations emphasized efficient regional travel and utilization, though attendance averaged around 2,400, indicating challenges in sustaining fan interest beyond the opener. The 2020 season encountered profound operational hurdles from the , with the USL suspending play on March 12 and resuming on under stringent bio-secure protocols, including initial fan exclusions and modified group-stage formats to mitigate health risks. Austin Bold competed in a shortened 16-game schedule within the Western Conference's Group E, finishing with a 5–4–7 record that demonstrated modest team cohesion improvements—such as balanced scoring and conceding around 1.5 goals per match—but ultimately fell short of postseason qualification. Travel logistics adapted to restrictions, prioritizing regional fixtures and measures, while shifted to virtual engagements amid venue closures. Attendance averaged 2,496 per home game, hampered by capacity limits and no-spectator policies through July, underscoring persistent draw challenges in a disrupted environment.

Final season, relocation announcement, and dissolution (2021)

In the 2021 USL Championship season, Austin Bold FC recorded 10 wins, 12 draws, and 10 losses, accumulating 42 points and finishing 17th overall in the league standings. The team struggled particularly on the road with a 4-5-7 record, while hosting a 6-7-3 mark at Bold Stadium. Performance was hampered by inconsistent scoring and defensive lapses, with the club failing to qualify for the postseason playoffs amid a competitive Western Conference. Attendance averaged just 957 fans per match, ranking 25th in the league and reflecting a sharp decline from prior years, directly attributed by club statements to the overlapping market presence and "terrific success" of Major League Soccer's Austin FC, which drew average crowds exceeding 20,000. On October 26, 2021, owner Bobby Epstein informed players and staff that the club would relocate to Fort Worth following the season's conclusion, citing the expiration of its lease at and unsustainable economics driven by fan and talent migration to . This decision stemmed from causal pressures of market saturation in Austin, where the MLS expansion team's higher profile eroded the USL club's viability, as lower-tier operations could not compete for local support or resources. The announcement preceded the regular season's end, with Austin Bold's final match occurring on October 16, 2021, a 4-3 loss to SLC. Post-season, the club was sold on December 10, 2021, to a Texas-based group including , Neil Leibman, and , which planned a one-year hiatus in 2022 to facilitate relocation to a proposed Fort Worth facility. However, logistical failures in securing the new venue and ongoing financial challenges from the Austin market overlap prevented resumption, leading to the franchise's effective without further play or revival attempts. The absence of subsequent operations underscored the causal dominance of MLS entry in displacing secondary professional soccer in the region, with no independent efforts to sustain or rebrand the entity.

Venue and infrastructure

Bold Stadium at Circuit of the Americas

Bold Stadium is situated at the (COTA) in , approximately 15 miles southwest of , with an address of 9201 Boulevard. The venue features a capacity of 5,036 seats, including a covered with chair-back seating for all spectators. Constructed at a cost of $5 million and funded by the club's local ownership, it broke ground on October 24, 2018, and opened on March 30, 2019, in time for Austin Bold FC's inaugural home match. The includes modern amenities such as dedicated home and visitor locker rooms, restrooms beneath the main , and LED floodlighting mounted on four 65-foot corner posts to comply with standards and international broadcast requirements. Its natural grass playing surface lacks , aligning with the venue's design for seasonal soccer operations rather than year-round multi-sport use. Positioned near COTA's Grand Plaza, the facilitated cross-promotional opportunities with the complex's events, leveraging shared for fan access via major highways like Texas State Highway 130. Ownership of the stadium ties directly to Bobby Epstein, who served as majority owner of Austin Bold FC and chairman of COTA, enabling the club's use of the venue from 2019 through the 2021 season. Following the club's relocation announcement in late 2021 and subsequent dissolution, the stadium transitioned to hosting other events, including matches for the . This arrangement underscored practical infrastructure decisions, such as opting for a modestly sized, privately funded facility integrated into an existing entertainment precinct over pursuing larger, publicly subsidized alternatives akin to standards exceeding 20,000 seats. However, its compact scale and peripheral location relative to central Austin limited broader accessibility compared to urban stadia.

Ownership and business operations

Initial ownership under Bobby Epstein

Bobby Epstein, a real estate investor and executive chairman of (COTA), assumed majority ownership of Austin Bold FC in 2017 as part of efforts to secure a franchise for . His prior involvement in Austin's soccer scene dated to 2014, when he invested in the Austin Aztex, a Premier Development League team that provided foundational experience in local soccer operations amid challenges like venue instability. Motivated by a vision to reestablish professional soccer in the city independently of Soccer's expansion dominance, Epstein positioned the club as a "bold" enterprise reflecting private initiative within league regulatory frameworks. Under Epstein's control, the ownership structure centralized decision-making authority with him as principal stakeholder, enabling direct oversight of hiring, such as appointing as in 2018, and budgeting for operational launches. This approach resisted MLS affiliation, prioritizing USL's more accessible entry amid competitive barriers posed by top-tier league exclusivity, and leveraged Epstein's COTA ties for venue access at the circuit's Grand Plaza. The strategy underscored a commitment to entrepreneurial flexibility in a landscape constrained by franchise fees and territorial rights enforced by MLS. Epstein's tenure initiated substantial capital commitments, including breaking ground on Bold Stadium—a modular, 5,000-seat facility engineered for soccer-specific viewing—on October 24, , adjacent to COTA to integrate with existing infrastructure. These investments supported talent acquisition for the inaugural season, yet relied heavily on Epstein's personal and COTA networks for initial viability, potentially limiting early revenue streams beyond event synergies in a market soon saturated by MLS entry. Such outcomes highlighted the tensions of private funding in minor-league sports, where owner-driven models enable rapid deployment but expose operations to undiversified dependencies.

Sponsorship arrangements

Austin Bold FC established its flagship sponsorship with Ascension Seton, a Central Texas-based healthcare system, as the official jersey sponsor beginning with the 2019 season launch. This multiyear deal featured the sponsor's logo prominently on team uniforms and extended to operational support, including on-site athletic trainers and medical personnel for and player health management. For apparel, the club initially collaborated with BLK Sport for kits in 2019 and 2020, transitioning to as the exclusive soccer apparel provider in March 2021 under a new partnership agreement covering uniforms and training gear. These kit suppliers handled production and distribution, aligning with standard practices where equipment deals supplement rather than dominate revenue streams. The franchise's Bold Stadium at operated without a dedicated corporate partner, retaining its self-branded identity across all three seasons of play. Sponsorships overall mirrored the modest scale typical of USL teams, emphasizing local affiliations over high-value national or global brands, in contrast to contemporaneous MLS expansions like Austin FC's multimillion-dollar and stadium deals with entities such as and Q2. This structure provided essential branding visibility and ancillary services but offered limited financial uplift relative to operational demands in a competitive Austin .

Sale to Neltex Sports Group and financial challenges

In December 2021, the approved the transfer of ownership of Austin Bold FC to Neltex Sports Group, a -based entity led by and Neil Leibman, with original owner Bobby Epstein retaining a minority stake. The new group announced plans to relocate the franchise to another major market, targeting the Fort Worth area and a proposed multi-sport complex in Keller, while opting out of the season to facilitate the transition and infrastructure development. The decision stemmed from mounting financial pressures, including chronically low attendance that averaged just 957 fans per match in 2021, a sharp decline from prior years amid direct competition from Major League Soccer's , which debuted in 2021 and drew over 20,000 per game. Rising operational costs, such as player salaries and venue expenses at , compounded the issue in an Austin market unable to support two professional soccer teams without unique market positioning or subsidies, as the club pursued no public funding initiatives. This reflected broader economic realities for second-division clubs overshadowed by MLS expansion, where fan loyalty consolidated around the higher-profile league rather than dividing across tiers. As of October 2025, the remains dormant with no resumption of play or confirmed , underscoring the causal challenges of viability in saturated regional markets lacking differentiation from premier competition. Proposed Fort Worth developments have stalled without advancement to operational status, leaving Neltex's inactive and highlighting the risks of without secured or fan base transfer.

Personnel

Head coaches

Marcelo Serrano was appointed as Austin Bold FC's inaugural head coach in August 2018, prior to the team's debut in the 2019 USL Championship season. A Brazilian with prior experience coaching the U.S. Virgin Islands national team, Serrano oversaw the club's operations through its first three seasons, emphasizing squad building from international and local talent amid expansion challenges. His tenure yielded a overall record of 28 wins, 27 draws, and 24 losses across 79 regular-season matches, equating to 1.40 points per game, though the team never qualified for playoffs and finished outside the top six in the Western Conference each year. In 2019, Austin Bold secured the inaugural Copa Tejas trophy by defeating San Antonio FC and Houston Dynamo 2, but subsequent seasons reflected declining form, with only 5 wins in the shortened 2020 campaign and 7 in the first 21 games of 2021. Serrano's tactical approach prioritized defensive organization suited to USL competition, yet persistent roster inconsistencies—stemming from limited scouting resources and player turnover—limited offensive output and contributed to mid-table stagnation rather than breakthroughs attributable to coaching innovation. On September 4, 2021, Ryan was promoted internally to , replacing Serrano amid a league-worst start to the season that included just 7 wins from 21 matches. The first Jamaican in history, Thompson, a former Bold and assistant, managed the remaining 12 regular-season games, posting 1.33 points per match but failing to reverse the team's trajectory toward a last-place Western Conference finish. His interim emphasis on training and immediate tactical adjustments aimed at shoring up vulnerabilities exposed by earlier losses, yet results underscored broader constraints like injury-prone depth and financial pressures on recruitment, yielding no postseason berth. The rapid transition highlighted the absence of , as neither leader achieved sustained improvement despite adaptive efforts, with outcomes reflecting systemic club limitations over individual strategic deficiencies.
CoachTenureRegular-Season Record (W-D-L)Points per MatchNotes
Marcelo SerranoAug 2018 – Sep 202128-27-241.40Inaugural coach; Copa Tejas winner (2019); no playoff appearances.
Ryan ThompsonSep 2021 – Nov 2021~4-4-4 (estimated from 12 games)1.33Internal promotion; final coach before dissolution; league-worst season finish.
Coaching changes, including the mid-2021 handover, were driven by performance slumps rather than proactive development, resulting in no long-term tactical evolution or success metrics exceeding league averages, amid roster and operational hurdles that precluded exceptional leadership impacts.

Notable players and staff

Kris Tyrpak, a forward and Austin-area native, stood out in the club's 2019 debut season by scoring three goals in a single match against Swope Park Rangers on May 29, 2019, earning Player of the Week recognition on June 4. His contributions included key goals that highlighted offensive potential despite the team's mid-table finish, with Tyrpak logging consistent appearances before departing after 2020. Defender Jermaine Taylor, a Jamaican national team veteran, anchored the backline with reliability across three seasons, re-signing in February 2021 after accumulating over 30 appearances in 2019 alone and contributing to defensive efforts in league play. His experience from prior MLS stints with Houston Dynamo provided leadership, though the squad's overall defensive metrics remained middling, conceding an average of 1.5 goals per game in 2019. The roster incorporated international players from , , and to enhance depth, with signings like forward Jason Johnson, who scored multiple goals before transferring to in August 2021 within the same league tier. Few players advanced to MLS, underscoring limited development pathways amid the club's short lifespan and budget constraints. Roberto Silva oversaw talent acquisition from 2018 onward, focusing on a mix of local prospects and overseas recruits to build competitiveness on a modest scale, as detailed in his December 2018 USL interview emphasizing strategic signings over high-cost stars. Marcelo Serrano, appointed in 2021, supported operations amid ownership transitions, prioritizing cost-effective scouting networks. These efforts yielded a diverse squad but faced challenges in retaining talent for upward mobility.

Competitive record

Year-by-year results

Austin Bold FC competed in the from 2019 to 2021, posting regular season records that reflected inconsistent performance and a gradual decline in points per game, from 1.41 in 2019 to 1.31 in 2021. The team qualified for the in 2019 via the play-in round but was eliminated in the conference quarterfinals; it failed to reach the postseason in 2020 or 2021 despite a shortened COVID-affected schedule in the former.
SeasonConference PositionPlayedWinsDrawsLossesGoals ForGoals AgainstGoal DifferencePoints
20198th (Western)34139125352+148
20203rd ()165473026+422
20216th ()321012103242-1042
In 2019, Austin Bold FC achieved a balanced goal differential but narrowly missed direct playoff entry, relying on a 2-0 play-in over before a quarterfinal exit. The 2020 season's group-stage format, implemented due to the , yielded a third-place finish in Group B behind and , with no postseason advancement despite a positive differential. By 2021, defensive vulnerabilities emerged with a league-worst among mid-table Western teams, contributing to another missed despite matching the prior year's win total over more games. Relative to Texas rival San Antonio FC, which consistently finished higher (e.g., 4th in the Western Conference with 58 points and group winners in 2020), Austin Bold underperformed in head-to-head matchups and regional standings, winning only 5 of 11 encounters across the three seasons while conceding more goals overall. League-wide, Austin Bold's points per game hovered near the average of approximately 1.3 but lagged behind top performers, highlighting a failure to capitalize on home strength (e.g., only 6 home wins in versus 10 in ) amid progressive offensive stagnation.

Playoff appearances and statistics

Austin Bold FC qualified for the USL Championship playoffs only once, during its debut 2019 season, when it finished sixth in the Western Conference with a 13-9-12 regular-season record. In the Western Conference Quarterfinals on October 23, 2019, the team secured a 2-0 home victory over , advancing with goals from Fabien Garcia and Johnny Russell in each half, respectively. This marked the club's sole playoff win, reflecting modest postseason competitiveness without deeper advancement. The run ended in the Western Conference Semifinals on October 26, 2019, at , where a scoreless draw after extra time led to elimination via an 8-7 loss. Across the two playoff matches, Austin Bold FC maintained defensive solidity by conceding no goals in regulation or extra time but struggled offensively beyond the initial win, generating limited scoring chances in the semifinal as evidenced by the goalless outcome. No advanced metrics like (xG) or possession splits are comprehensively documented for these specific games, though the penalty defeat highlighted execution under pressure rather than sustained dominance. In 2020 and 2021, the club did not reach the , posting records of 5-3-6 in the COVID-affected group stage (no conference qualification) and 10-12-10 (17th overall), respectively, underscoring a mid-tier status without repeated postseason contention. Disciplinary records in were unremarkable, with no red cards issued in the 2019 matches, aligning with the team's overall USL trends of moderate accumulation but no pattern of excessive infractions.
YearCompetition RoundOpponentResultVenue
2019Western Conference Quarterfinals2–0 (W)
2019Western Conference Semifinals0–0 (8–7 p L)Away
Austin Bold FC experienced a notable decline in attendance over its three in the , reflecting challenges in sustaining fan interest amid direct competition from Major League Soccer's , which launched in and drew significantly larger crowds in the same market. In its inaugural 2019 , the club averaged 2,395 spectators per across 17 games, totaling 40,714 attendees, with individual highs reaching around 2,656 for select fixtures. This figure positioned Austin Bold toward the lower end of teams, where league-wide averages hovered above 3,000, underscoring early struggles to capture broad local enthusiasm despite the novelty of professional soccer in Austin. The 2020 season saw a slight uptick in reported average home to approximately 2,496, though this occurred amid a condensed schedule influenced by the , which limited capacities and altered fan turnout dynamics across . By , coinciding with Austin FC's debut—which averaged over 20,000 per game in its first season—Bold's plummeted to 957 per , placing it among 's lowest draws and well below USL benchmarks, where even mid-tier clubs often exceeded 2,000. This sharp causal drop aligned with geographic and temporal overlap in scheduling, as the MLS club's higher-profile status and superior marketing resources siphoned potential supporters, leaving Bold's temporary 5,000-seat Bold Stadium at underutilized.
YearAverage AttendanceHome GamesNotes
20192,39517Inaugural peak
20202,496VariesPandemic-affected schedule
202195716-17Post-Austin FC launch decline
Following the club's dissolution and planned relocation after , Bold Stadium—a prefabricated, non-permanent structure—was not repurposed for ongoing professional soccer, reverting instead to ancillary uses at such as events or storage, with no evidence of organized fan efforts to retain a USL presence in Austin. This outcome highlighted the absence of deep-rooted fan loyalty, as attendance data suggested supporters prioritized the MLS option over lower-division play, contributing to the franchise's eventual shift toward Fort Worth without local succession.

Achievements and recognitions

Team honors

Austin Bold FC's only collective team honor was the inaugural Copa Tejas trophy, awarded to the Texas-based club with the best regular-season record against in-state rivals. The competition, established in 2019 among Austin Bold, , and , was clinched by Austin Bold on September 1, 2019, via a 3-0 home victory over at Bold Stadium, finishing with superior head-to-head results. This marked the franchise's first and sole trophy in its brief history from 2019 to 2021. The Copa Tejas victory generated localized enthusiasm among Austin supporters, highlighting intrastate rivalry in a competitive league environment, but carried limited broader significance given the club's overall modest performance and absence of national USL honors. No additional regional or divisional titles were achieved, underscoring the team's challenges in sustaining elite contention within the USL Championship's 35-team field.

Individual player awards

Kris Tyrpak was named the Player of the Week for Week 13 of the 2019 season after scoring three goals, including the game-winner, in Austin Bold FC's 4-3 victory over Real Monarchs SLC on May 29, 2019. Forward Andre Lima earned a nomination for USL Championship Player of the Month in June 2019, having scored four goals—including two game-winners—and recorded six key passes while helping the team remain undefeated that month. Defender Jermaine Taylor received recognition in the 2019 Fans' Choice USL Championship Midseason Awards for leading all defenders league-wide with 47 clearances. In 2021, defender Fabien Garcia was selected to the Team of the Week for Week 21 after scoring the decisive goal in a 2-1 win over on September 11 and contributing defensively over two matches. was highlighted in the 2021 Fans' Choice Midseason Awards as part of the team that achieved eight shutouts, the highest in the league at that point. No Austin Bold FC players received USL Championship Player of the Month honors, All-League selections, or other major annual individual awards during the club's existence.

Controversies and external conflicts

Dispute over MLS expansion in Austin

In 2017, Anthony Precourt, then-owner of MLS's SC, pursued relocating the team to , amid efforts to secure a stadium deal, while Bobby Epstein simultaneously advanced plans for Austin Bold FC as a () expansion franchise. Precourt's bid faced local opposition over public funding for a proposed at the McKalla Place site, prompting Epstein to fund a drive in late 2018 aimed at prohibiting city use of tax dollars for professional sports venues. The petition effort, backed by Epstein through a political action committee, drew accusations of interference when paid canvassers were recorded misleading signers by claiming signatures supported keeping the Columbus Crew in Ohio rather than blocking Austin's stadium funding. This incident led Circuit of the Americas, an initial supporter of Precourt's project, to withdraw endorsement after a controversial video surfaced highlighting the petition's tactics. Precourt's group publicly criticized the campaign as deceptive, while Epstein positioned Austin Bold as a community-focused alternative unburdened by MLS's higher financial demands, emphasizing shared stadium potential despite the rivalry. Despite the controversy, MLS approved as an on January 15, 2019, with Precourt as lead investor, set to debut in 2021; the league sanctioned the move after Precourt sold the to new ownership. Epstein's qualified for the ballot but faced legal challenges over contract interference claims, ultimately failing to halt negotiations, as city leaders approved a no-subsidy lease for in 2019. Austin Bold launched its inaugural USL season in March 2019, operating from Austin's Champions Soccer Park while the dispute fueled a broader feud between the camps. The conflict highlighted tensions between USL's lower-tier model and MLS's expansion priorities, with Bold accusing MLS of market dominance tactics, though Precourt's team maintained the petition constituted anticompetitive meddling. Bold continued operations through 2021 but cited insufficient attendance—averaging under 2,000 fans per match amid Austin FC's buzz—as a factor in its eventual relocation to , announced in late 2021.

Criticisms of management and market viability

Criticisms of Austin Bold FC's management centered on owner Epstein's reactive strategies in response to the arrival of Soccer's in 2021, including attempts to obstruct the competitor's development through political means rather than focusing on operational adaptation. Epstein funded campaigns that employed canvassers who disseminated about the MLS stadium proposal, such as falsely claiming it would divert funds from public services, which drew backlash for unethical tactics and ultimately failed to halt the . This approach reflected a lack of proactive planning, as the club had launched in 2019 without sufficiently differentiating its brand or building a loyal base in a market later identified as the largest U.S. city without major-league sports, priming it for MLS dominance. Market viability issues were underscored by sharp attendance declines post-MLS entry, signaling fan cannibalization in a mid-sized metro area (approximately 2.3 million in the Austin-Round Rock MSA as of ) ill-suited for sustaining two soccer teams without distinct identities or synergies. The Bold's average fell notably from levels into , exacerbated by direct for the same supporter pool, with no evidence of unique programming or community ties to retain fans amid the higher-profile MLS product. Comparisons to other USL markets, such as Sacramento Republic's success through established absent MLS intrusion, highlighted the Bold's failure to cultivate similar organic demand before higher-tier expansion eroded viability. Epstein's pivot to relocation in late 2021, after the 2021 season concluded, proved ineffective, as initial plans for Fort Worth stalled amid venue and approval hurdles, leading to a franchise sale and indefinite hiatus without resumption. This delay in recognizing unsustainable economics—coupled with overreliance on a shared-market model—exemplified risks for privately funded lower-division clubs, where structures prioritize MLS growth, leaving USL teams exposed without public subsidies or early exit strategies.

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