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B3

B3 may refer to:

Military

American bombers

In the interwar period, the U.S. Army Air Corps implemented a standardized aircraft designation system following the Air Corps Act of 1926, which established "B-" as the prefix for all bombers, followed by a sequential number to indicate the model. This system, used from 1926 to 1931, unified previous separate categories for light (LB-), medium (B-), and heavy (HB-) bombers, aiming to streamline procurement and identification amid growing aviation needs. By 1930, the Air Corps fully eliminated the LB- and HB- distinctions, assigning all subsequent bomber designs to the B- series to reflect evolving tactical requirements for versatile heavy bombardment capabilities.^[1]^[2] The Keystone B-3 emerged as a key example of this transitional nomenclature. Developed by Keystone Aircraft as an evolution of the earlier LB-6 and LB-7 light bombers, it was initially ordered in 1929 as the LB-10A, featuring a modified single-tail configuration for improved stability over the twin-tail LB-7 design. However, deliveries beginning in 1930 coincided with the designation overhaul, leading to its redesignation as the B-3 (and B-3A variant) to align with the new B- series, skipping prior numbers like B-1 and B-2 that had been assigned to 1920s prototypes. This shift marked the B-3 as the third official bomber in the unified sequence, emphasizing its role as a bridge between World War I-era biplanes and future developments.^[3]^[4] The B-3 was a conventional biplane with an all-metal fuselage, fabric-covered wings, and a crew of five, designed for daylight bombing and reconnaissance. Powered by two 525-horsepower Pratt & Whitney R-1690-3 Hornet radial engines—unlike the Wright Cyclones in the LB-7 predecessor—it achieved a maximum speed of 114 mph at sea level, a cruising speed of 98 mph, and a range of 860 miles while carrying a 2,500-pound bomb load. Defensive armament consisted of three .30-caliber machine guns positioned in the nose, dorsal turret, and ventral positions, with a service ceiling of 12,700 feet. Entering service in 1931, the B-3 primarily supported interwar training at Air Corps schools like Kelly Field, simulating tactical bombing runs and contributing to doctrinal development before obsolescence set in. A total of 63 aircraft were produced, including conversions from LB-10 stock.^[3]^[5]^[4] Post-1931, the B-3's designation remained unchanged under minor Air Corps administrative updates, but its biplane configuration limited frontline utility as metal-monoplane bombers like the Douglas B-9 and Northrop A-17 proliferated in the mid-1930s. By 1936, surviving B-3s were reassigned to auxiliary roles, such as aerial gunnery instruction and experimental missions, before retirement in the early 1940s, paving the way for the B-17 and subsequent long-range strategic bombers that defined World War II aviation.^[4]

European aircraft

The German Luftschiffer-Bataillon B.III, also known as Luftschiffer-Bataillon Nr. 3, was a specialized balloon and airship unit of the Imperial German Army, established prior to World War I and active from 1914 to 1918. Based primarily in Cologne-Butzweilerhof, with companies stationed in Düsseldorf and Trier, the battalion was part of the Prussian Luftschiffertruppe and focused on tethered observation balloons for artillery spotting and reconnaissance along the Western Front. The unit's balloons, often Drachen-type designs, provided critical aerial observation despite vulnerability to enemy fighters and weather, contributing to German defensive efforts until the Armistice in November 1918.^[6] In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Phönix-built Albatros B.I (series 23) was a reconnaissance biplane developed as a license-built variant of the German Albatros B.II, produced by Phönix Flugzeug-Werke in Vienna starting in 1914 for the k.u.k. Luftfahrtruppe. Powered by a 120 hp (89 kW) Austro-Daimler inline-six engine (some fitted with 145 hp Hiero 6), it featured a conventional two-bay biplane configuration with tandem open cockpits for pilot and observer, a fixed tailskid landing gear, and a maximum speed of approximately 110 km/h (68 mph).^[7]^[8]^[9] The aircraft's armament typically included a single 8 mm Schwarzlose machine gun on a flexible mount for the observer, with provision for light bombs up to 10 kg for secondary bombing roles, though it was primarily employed for visual reconnaissance and artillery correction on the Italian and Eastern Fronts. 31 units were produced in the series 23 designation, entering service in late 1914 and seeing use in Fliegerkompanien (Flik) units until autumn 1915, after which they were relegated to training roles until the end of the war in 1918, when many were scrapped under the Treaty of Saint-Germain.^[10]^[11]^[9] The German Luftschiffer-Bataillon B.III represented an early-war adaptation focused on observation, contrasting with the heavier bombing emphasis seen in later American designs.

Submarines

The British Royal Navy's HMS B3 was a B-class submarine of the second group (B2 to B8), launched on 31 October 1905 and commissioned on 19 January 1906 at Vickers shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness.^[12] With a displacement of 202 long tons surfaced and 287 long tons submerged, it measured 142 feet 3 inches in length, featured a beam of 12 feet 7 inches, and had a draft of 11 feet 2 inches.^[12] Armament consisted of two 18-inch bow torpedo tubes, with a complement of two torpedoes, and no deck gun was fitted in the early configuration.^[12] Propulsion was provided by a single 16-cylinder Vickers petrol engine delivering 600 brake horsepower for surfaced operations and a 180-horsepower electric motor for submerged travel, achieving a maximum speed of 12 knots surfaced and 6.5 knots submerged.^[12] During World War I, HMS B3 served primarily in defensive roles, assigned to the Dover Harbour Defence Flotilla from 1914 to 1915 for coastal protection duties, before transferring to Ardrossan in home waters for similar patrols through 1916.^[12] In mid-1916, it was relocated to Leith for fitting with an experimental hull-mounted directional hydrophone system to detect submerged threats, and later moved to Rosyth for training and further experimental work.^[12] Deemed obsolete by war's end due to advancing submarine technology, HMS B3 was sold for scrap in December 1919.^[12] The Imperial German Navy's SM UB-3 was a Type UB I coastal submarine, commissioned on 14 March 1915 after construction at Germaniawerft in Kiel.^[13] Displacing 127 tonnes surfaced and 142 tonnes submerged, it had a length of 91 feet 10 inches, a beam of 10 feet 4 inches, and a draft of 9 feet 10 inches, with a crew of 14 officers and men.^[13] Armament included two 18-inch bow torpedo tubes carrying two torpedoes, supplemented later by an 8 mm machine gun and possibly a 37 mm Hotchkiss deck gun.^[13] Propulsion comprised a single 4-cylinder Daimler diesel engine producing 60 brake horsepower for a surfaced speed of 6.5 knots and a Siemens-Schuckert electric motor delivering 120 shaft horsepower for 8.7 knots submerged, with a range of 1,500 nautical miles at 5 knots surfaced.^[13] Assigned to the Pola Flotilla for operations in the Adriatic, UB-3 conducted coastal patrol duties during its single mission in May 1915, en route to support German efforts in the Aegean and Black Seas by disrupting Allied supply lines.^[13] Although Type UB I submarines like UB-3 were designed for torpedo attacks on coastal shipping rather than minelaying, the class contributed to broader U-boat strategies that included such roles in restricting naval movements.^[13] UB-3 vanished without trace on 23 May 1915 during transit to the Constantinople Flotilla, presumed sunk by an unknown cause with the loss of all 13 crew members.^[13]

Transportation

Roads and highways

The Bundesstraße 3 (B3) is one of Germany's longest federal highways, stretching approximately 750 km from Buxtehude in Lower Saxony to Weil am Rhein on the German-Swiss border, paralleling much of the A3 autobahn and serving as a key north-south route through the country. Established in its current form after World War II as part of the post-war road network reorganization, the B3 has roots in earlier Reichsstraßen from the 1930s, with sections built in phases during the interwar period to connect major cities like Hamburg, Hanover, Frankfurt, and Würzburg.^[14] In the United Kingdom, B3 roads are part of the non-primary road network classified under the 1922 Great Britain road numbering system, which assigned B numbers to local routes linking A roads. The B3 in Northern Ireland, managed by the Department for Infrastructure, forms a T-shaped route in Counties Armagh and Down, starting at a roundabout on the A26 south of Lurgan, heading south through Bleary and Gilford to Tandragee, then continuing to Markethill, Keady, and ending at Castleshane near the border with the Republic of Ireland. Approximately 73 km in total length, it was formalized by 1923 as part of Northern Ireland's B road expansion to support rural connectivity.^[15] In India, the B3 designation appears in recent infrastructure planning as the Bhutan-Bodoland-Bay of Bengal Corridor, a multimodal economic route announced in the Assam Budget 2025-26 to enhance trade links between Bhutan, the Bodoland Territorial Region, and Bangladesh's waterways leading to the Bay of Bengal. This corridor aims to reduce transit times for goods from Bhutan to Kolkata ports, with historically overlapping segments on older state highways, but the B3 branding emphasizes integrated development for regional economic growth.^[16]^[17] Internationally, B3 routes often feature bypasses and historical segments integrated into modern networks; for example, in Germany, numerous B3 bypasses around towns like Hameln and Schweinfurt were developed from the 1970s onward to divert through-traffic, with current status reflecting EU-funded safety enhancements like noise barriers and cycle paths as of 2025. These examples illustrate how B3 designations support secondary highway functions, prioritizing local access and upgrades for sustainable traffic flow.

Rail transport

The B3 coach in Indian Railways refers to an air-conditioned three-tier sleeper (AC3) carriage, typically the third such coach in a train's formation, providing economical overnight accommodation on long-distance express trains. Introduced in the late 1990s as part of efforts to enhance passenger comfort, these coaches feature a multi-tier berth arrangement with lower, middle, and upper levels in compartments, along with side lower and upper berths along the corridor. Traditional Integral Coach Factory (ICF) variants accommodate 64 passengers, while newer Linke-Hofmann-Busch (LHB) designs increase capacity to 72 berths per coach, allowing for efficient use on routes spanning thousands of kilometers.^[18] As of 2025, B3 coaches in systems like Indian Railways incorporate advanced amenities and safety enhancements for sustained reliability. LHB AC3 variants include bio-vacuum toilets, LED lighting, mobile charging points, and improved ventilation for passenger comfort, alongside fire-retardant materials compliant with international standards like EN45545-2 HL3. Safety features encompass anti-climbing couplers, disc brakes, and integration with systems like KAVACH for collision avoidance, enabling speeds up to 160 km/h while reducing derailment risks on high-density networks.^[19]

Road vehicles

The Alpina B3 is a high-performance variant of the BMW 3 Series, developed by the German manufacturer Alpina, known for its refined tuning of BMW models. Introduced in late 2019 as part of the G20 generation, the B3 features a 3.0-liter twin-turbocharged inline-six engine (S58) that initially delivered 462 horsepower and 516 lb-ft of torque, enabling acceleration from 0 to 60 mph in approximately 3.8 seconds and a top speed of 188 mph (electronically limited, or 300 km/h with the optional package). Subsequent updates, including the 2024 facelift, increased output to 495 horsepower and 538 lb-ft for the standard model, while the GT variant boosts performance to 522 horsepower with the same torque figure, achieving 0-60 mph in 3.4 seconds and a top speed of 191 mph.^[20]^[21]^[22] Available in sedan (Saloon) and Touring (wagon) body styles, the B3 lineup emphasizes grand touring comfort alongside dynamic handling, with all-wheel drive, an eight-speed automatic transmission, and Alpina-specific suspension tuning for enhanced stability. The GT variants, launched for the 2025 model year, add more aggressive aerodynamics, larger brakes, and 21-inch wheels for superior track capability. Production of the G20 B3 remains limited, aligning with Alpina's boutique approach, with over 1,000 units assembled since inception by late 2025, often customized to buyer specifications.^[23]^[24] Alpina's role in automotive tuning is exemplified by the B3, which refines BMW's engineering with bespoke components like a sport exhaust, recalibrated engine mapping, and aerodynamic enhancements to balance power and usability. In racing, the B3 has influenced models like the Alpina B3 GT3, a GT3-class competitor based on earlier generations that competed in series such as the Nürburgring Endurance Championship, showcasing Alpina's expertise in high-performance adaptations. Historically, the B3 name also appears in military surplus vehicles, such as the 1948–1953 Dodge B3, a one-ton truck chassis used for various utility roles post-World War II, often repurposed in civilian applications.^[25]^[26]

Science and medicine

Biological compounds and domains

Procyanidin B3 is a B-type procyanidin, consisting of a flavan-3-ol dimer linked as (+)-catechin-(4α→8)-(+)-catechin, with the molecular formula C₃₀H₂₆O₁₂.^[27] This compound is naturally occurring in various plant sources, including cocoa beans and grape seeds, where it contributes to the polyphenolic content of these foods.^[28] As a potent antioxidant, procyanidin B3 scavenges free radicals and inhibits oxidative stress, supporting cellular protection and potential health benefits associated with polyphenol consumption, such as reduced inflammation and cardiovascular support.^[29]^[30] The B3 DNA-binding domain represents a conserved protein motif of approximately 100 amino acids found in plant-specific transcription factors, enabling sequence-specific interactions with DNA to regulate gene expression.^[31] This domain is characteristic of families such as the auxin response factors (ARFs) and the LAV (LEC1, ABI3, VAL, FUS3) clade, including the ABI3 transcription factor, which plays a key role in seed development and dormancy.^[32] Structurally, the B3 domain features an open β-barrel formed by seven β-strands flanked by two α-helices that insert into the DNA major groove, as revealed by the solution NMR structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana At5g23250 B3 domain determined in 2003, highlighting its compact fold and conserved residues critical for DNA contact.^[33] Functional studies demonstrate that the B3 domain binds to RY elements (CATGCA) in promoter regions, facilitating auxin-responsive gene regulation by activating or repressing transcription in processes like embryogenesis and hormonal signaling.^[34] In ABI3, the B3 domain specifically modulates auxin responses during late seed maturation, integrating signals for proper embryo patterning and desiccation tolerance.^[31]

Vitamins and medical classifications

Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin critical for cellular energy production and metabolic processes. It occurs primarily in two forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, both of which serve as precursors to the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). These coenzymes facilitate over 400 enzymatic reactions involved in oxidation-reduction processes, DNA repair, and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The recommended dietary allowance for adults is 14 mg per day for women and 16 mg per day for men, with higher needs during pregnancy and lactation.^[35]^[36] The discovery of vitamin B3's role in preventing pellagra, a disease marked by the "three Ds" of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (with potential progression to death), occurred in 1937 when biochemist Conrad Elvehjem isolated nicotinic acid from liver extracts and demonstrated its efficacy in curing black tongue disease in dogs, a model for human pellagra. Prior to this, pellagra was epidemic in populations reliant on corn-based diets lacking bioavailable niacin, such as in the southern United States during the early 20th century. Elvehjem's work built on earlier observations linking pellagra to dietary deficiencies, confirming niacin as the antipellagral factor.^[37]^[38] Deficiency arises from inadequate intake, malabsorption, or conditions like alcoholism and Hartnup disease, leading to pellagra if untreated; supplementation or dietary improvements, such as incorporating niacin-rich foods like meat, fish, and fortified grains, effectively reverse early symptoms. Therapeutically, high-dose niacin (1–3 g daily) is prescribed for dyslipidemia, where it reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 10–20%, lowers triglycerides by 20–50%, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 15–35%, though its use has declined due to side effects like flushing and hepatotoxicity in favor of statins. Ongoing research explores niacin's potential in neuroprotection and skin health, but cardiovascular benefits require combination therapy for optimal outcomes.^[37]^[39]^[40] In medical classifications for adaptive sports, B3 denotes a specific category for athletes with visual impairments in Paralympic competitions, targeting those with the least severe eligible vision loss to promote equitable participation. Athletes qualify for B3 if their corrected visual acuity falls between better than 2/60 and 6/60 (equivalent to LogMAR 1.40 to 1.00) in the better eye and/or if their visual field is less than 40 degrees. This system, developed by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) in the 1970s, standardizes assessment using Snellen charts or LogMAR scales during medical and sport-specific evaluations to minimize advantages from varying impairment levels.^[41] The B3 classification applies to sports requiring separation by impairment degree, such as para-athletics, para-swimming, and para-cycling, where B3 athletes often use guides or adaptive equipment. In contrast, for team sports like goalball—introduced to the Paralympics in 1976—B1, B2, and B3 athletes compete together in a single visually impaired division, all wearing blackout masks to neutralize residual vision and emphasize auditory and tactile skills. Goalball, played on a court with a ball containing bells, exemplifies how B3 eligibility integrates athletes into inclusive formats while adhering to minimum impairment criteria.^[42]^[43] As of 2025, B3 eligibility criteria under the International Paralympic Committee remain unchanged from prior years, requiring confirmation of permanent visual impairment via ophthalmological testing and compliance with anti-doping and minimum impairment thresholds; periodic re-evaluations ensure class accuracy, with appeals available through sport-specific international federations like IBSA. This framework supports over 1,000 visually impaired athletes across 10 Paralympic sports, prioritizing evidence-based grouping for fair outcomes.^[44]^[41]^[45]

Technology

Computing and security

The B3 security class within the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC), also known as the Orange Book, denotes the highest mandatory protection level in the B division, emphasizing robust isolation of security domains to prevent unauthorized information flow. Established by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1985 standard DoD 5200.28-STD, B3 systems require the Trusted Computing Base (TCB) to enforce a reference monitor that mediates all subject-object interactions, is tamper-resistant, and is verifiably small enough for thorough analysis. Key assurance measures include formal verification of the TCB design and implementation, as well as detailed analysis of covert storage and timing channels to limit bandwidth to less than specified thresholds, ensuring high resistance to penetration attempts. B3 criteria build on lower classes by mandating advanced features such as discretionary access controls for user-defined protections, object reuse mechanisms to clear sensitive data from reusable resources like memory and storage before reassignment, and trusted recovery procedures to restore secure system states following failures or shutdowns without compromising security policy. These elements ensure that the system maintains mandatory access controls based on labels, supports audited operations, and excludes non-essential code from the TCB to minimize vulnerabilities. Historically, B3-level protections influenced implementations in high-assurance systems, such as Honeywell's Secure Communications Processor (SCOMP), which achieved the even stricter A1 class but incorporated B3-equivalent domain isolation and verification techniques for DoD applications in the 1980s. The TCSEC framework, including B3, was deprecated after 2005 with the adoption of the international Common Criteria (ISO/IEC 15408) standard, which provides a more flexible, harmonized evaluation scheme across multiple assurance levels without the rigid class structure of TCSEC. As of 2025, B3 concepts retain relevance in legacy U.S. government systems, particularly within DoD environments where older certified platforms continue to process classified information under transitional security policies bridging TCSEC and modern frameworks like the Risk Management Framework (RMF).

Engines and finance

The Lycoming O-235 is a series of four-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally opposed piston aircraft engines rated at 115 horsepower at 2,800 RPM.^[46] This model features carbureted fuel delivery, though some O-235 variants support fuel injection adaptations, and has a time between overhaul (TBO) of 2,000 hours. Certified for use in light general aviation aircraft during the 1980s, it powers trainers such as the Cessna 152, contributing to reliable performance in primary flight instruction and recreational flying due to its lightweight design (approximately 246 pounds dry) and proven durability in low-power applications.^[47] B3 S.A. - Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão, commonly known as B3, is Brazil's principal stock exchange and financial market infrastructure provider, headquartered in São Paulo.^[48] Formed in March 2017 through the merger of BM&FBOVESPA and CETIP, B3 traces its roots to the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa), established in 1890 as one of Latin America's oldest organized markets.^[48] The exchange facilitates trading in equities, fixed income, derivatives, and commodities, serving as a cornerstone of Brazil's capital markets with approximately 358 listed companies as of October 2025.^[49] As of 2025, B3 reports annual trading volumes exceeding $1 trillion USD, equivalent to roughly R$5-7 trillion BRL across its segments, driven by robust activity in equities and futures amid Brazil's emerging economy.^[50] This scale underscores B3's pivotal role in channeling investment into Latin America's largest economy, supporting corporate financing, risk management, and economic growth through high-liquidity platforms and regulatory oversight, despite a recent decline in listed companies due to delistings and market conditions.^[51]

Arts and entertainment

Musical instruments

The Hammond B-3 is an electric tonewheel organ introduced by the Hammond Organ Company in 1954, designed primarily for home and small ensemble use as a more compact and affordable alternative to earlier church models like the Model A. It features two 61-note manuals (upper swell and lower great) and a 25-note concave radiating pedalboard, allowing for polyphonic performance across a wide range. Sound is generated by 91 rotating tonewheels that produce fundamental and harmonic frequencies through electromagnetic pickups, with players shaping tones via nine drawbars per manual to mix up to nine harmonics, emulating pipe organ stops or creating novel timbres such as flutes, strings, or reeds.^[52]^[53]^[54] Technical enhancements distinguish the B-3, including a Chorus-Vibrato circuit offering five selectable speeds and depths for modulation effects, and a Touch-Response Percussion system that adds transient harmonic overtones triggered by key velocity, with adjustable decay and multiple selectable pitches for dynamic articulation. Integration with the Leslie speaker cabinet, invented by Donald J. Leslie in 1940 and commonly paired via a six-pin connector, provides rotary amplitude and tremolo modulation through rotating baffles, producing the signature swirling Doppler effect essential to its live sound. The instrument weighs approximately 425 pounds (193 kg) in its walnut cabinet and requires an external power supply, reflecting its electromechanical complexity.^[52]^[54]^[53] From the mid-1950s, the B-3 profoundly influenced jazz, blues, rock, and gospel music, becoming a staple in ensembles for its expressive versatility and portability relative to pipe organs. Pioneering jazz organist Jimmy Smith popularized it through Blue Note Records albums like The Incredible Jimmy Smith (1956), establishing the "organ trio" format with guitar and drums, while Booker T. & the M.G.'s integrated it into soul and R&B with hits like "Green Onions" (1962). Its adoption extended to rock acts such as Deep Purple and Emerson, Lake & Palmer in the 1960s and 1970s, where artists like Jon Lord and Keith Emerson exploited its sustain and Leslie-driven textures for improvisational solos. Production of the original B-3 ended in 1975 after approximately 270,000 units, amid the rise of synthesizers, but its cultural legacy persists in genres from funk to progressive rock.^[52]^[53] In 2025, authentic B-3 clones and digital emulations remain widely available, with Hammond/Suzuki reissuing hybrid models like the XK-5 (introduced 2016) that replicate tonewheel generation using DSP modeling alongside physical drawbars and Leslie simulation, ensuring the instrument's techniques endure in contemporary performance and recording. These modern variants, often lighter and with MIDI integration, support its use in live settings while preserving the analog warmth sought by purists.^[52]

Bands and recordings

B3 was an American pop boy band formed in New York City in 2001, consisting initially of members Timothy Andrew Cruz, John Steven Sutherland, and Rod Michael, with Blair Late replacing Michael in 2002. The group gained prominence in the European pop scene, particularly in Germany, where they achieved commercial success through upbeat dance-pop tracks and covers of classic hits. Their debut single, a cover of the Bee Gees' "You Win Again," marked their entry into the market, followed by another Bee Gees cover, "Nightfever," which peaked at number 19 on the German charts in 2001.^[55] The band disbanded in December 2004 after releasing three studio albums, with members Sutherland and Cruz pursuing solo careers thereafter. The band's discography includes their debut album First, released in February 2002 on the Hansa label, which went gold in Germany for sales exceeding 150,000 copies and featured singles like "Tonight and Forever" (peaking at number 10 on the German charts)^[56] and "You're My Angel" (number 13).) Their second album, N.Y.B.3, arrived in March 2003, incorporating more R&B-influenced pop elements and yielding the single "We Got the Power," which reached number 41 in Germany.) The final album, Living for the Weekend, was released in September 2004, blending Europop and ballads but receiving limited chart success amid the declining boy band trend. B3's work contributed to the early 2000s international pop landscape, bridging American teen pop with European dance sensibilities and influencing subsequent acts in the genre through their polished production and harmonious vocal style. In the alternative rock domain, B3 also refers to an EP by the British band Placebo, released on October 15, 2012, via the Vertigo label as a precursor to their full-length album Loud Like Love. The five-track release opens with the title track "B3," an energetic synth-driven song, followed by "I Know You Want to Stop," "The Extra," a remix titled "I.K.W.Y.L," and "Time Is Money," showcasing the band's evolution toward more electronic textures. Produced primarily by the band with contributions from Adam Noble and David Bottrill, the EP peaked at number 57 on the UK Albums Chart, demonstrating Placebo's enduring appeal in the alternative scene despite shifting musical trends.^[57]

Other uses

Sports

In Paralympic sports, the B3 classification designates athletes with partial visual impairment, characterized by a visual acuity ranging from 2/60 to 6/60 (or LogMAR 1.40 to 1.0) with best-corrected vision and/or a visual field greater than 10 degrees but less than 40 degrees.^[45] This category, which indicates the least severe visual impairment eligible for visually impaired competitions, allows athletes to retain peripheral vision while lacking central acuity, enabling participation without full blindness accommodations.^[58] The classification has been applied to sports such as archery, athletics (equivalent to T13), and swimming (equivalent to S13) since the 1980s, originating from standards established by the International Blind Sports Association (IBSA), founded in 1981 to govern blind and partially sighted sports. Under B3 rules, athletes compete in standard events adapted for their vision level, such as the 100m sprint in athletics, where they start based on audio signals or flashes rather than visual cues, without requiring a sighted guide—unlike more impaired classes.^[59] At the 2024 Paris Paralympic Games, Norwegian sprinter Salum Ageze Kashafali exemplified this by winning silver in the men's 100m T13 final with a time of 10.47 seconds.^[60] In swimming, B3 competitors (S13) navigate lanes using tactile lane ropes and tappers to signal turns, as demonstrated by American swimmer Gia Pergolini, who claimed gold in the women's 100m backstroke S13. For archery, B3 athletes often use color-contrasted or enlarged sights to aid targeting, competing in open or visually impaired divisions. The B3 system evolved directly from IBSA's foundational criteria in the early 1980s, which were adopted by the International Paralympic Committee to ensure fair grouping based on functional vision limitations across sports. As of 2025, hundreds of athletes worldwide hold B3 classification, reflecting its role in promoting inclusive competition for those with moderate visual impairments.^[41] Training for B3 athletes emphasizes leveraging peripheral vision through drills like audio-guided sprints, simulated low-light environments, and vision-specific coaching to enhance spatial awareness and reaction times.^[61] Equipment adaptations are minimal but targeted, including beeping or sounding balls in team sports like goalball (where B3 athletes wear eyeshades for equity), guide rails or clapsticks for orientation in athletics, and modified scopes in archery to amplify visible contrasts.^[42] These measures, standardized under IBSA and IPC guidelines, support performance while minimizing advantages from residual sight.

Miscellaneous

In the ISO 216 international standard for paper sizes, B3 measures 353 mm by 500 mm, with an area of approximately 0.176 m², and has been used since the standard's adoption in 1975 for applications such as posters, technical drawings, and other large-format printing needs.^[62] The abbreviation "B3" serves as internet slang for "blah blah blah," a phrase denoting filler or unimportant talk, which emerged in online chat rooms during the 1990s; it is also used in texting shorthand to represent "be," often in contexts like "B3 there" meaning "be there."^[63]^[64] Other notable uses include Bon-Bon Blanco, a Japanese rock group active from 2002 to 2009 that adopted B3 as an alias.^[65] In architectural contexts, B3 refers to Building 3 designations in various projects, such as the adaptive reuse of historic structures in developments like the Clayworks Building B3.^[66] As of 2025, practical applications extend to digital standards, including the Minnesota B3 Sustainable Building Guidelines, which incorporate energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality metrics for modern construction and renovations.^[67]

References

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Specification ; Take-off weight, 5880 kg, 12963 lb ; Empty weight, 3498 kg, 7712 lb ; PERFORMANCE ; Max. speed, 184 km/h, 114 mph.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Unlike the Zeppelin units the Feldluftschiffer used balloons which were anchored to the ground ascending with the aid of a cable and a winch.Missing: Bataillon B.
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I came across a figure of 42 Albatros B.II machines built. Does anybody else know of different figures? reply. William R. Leon, e-mail, 22.02.2018 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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[16]
B3 (Northern Ireland) - Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki
Mar 13, 2025 · The B3 is a T-shaped road in south Northern Ireland. The road starts at a roundabout on the A26 on the southern edge of Lurgan and heads south along a straight ...
[17]
How Two Economic Corridors May Transform Northeast India
Mar 21, 2025 · With the B3 corridor, India can further capitalize on Bangladesh's waterways, making northeastern trade more efficient and cost-effective. A ...
[18]
http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf
[19]
[PDF] Series type 20 sleepers & coaches for night train
(Series type 20 sleepers were made from 1958 to 1970 totaling 473 cars (include 1st & 2nd class coach, dining car & power supply car with generator), and by ...
[20]
AC 3 Tier Economy (LWACCNE) - Modern Coach Factory Raebareli
These coaches are equipped with latest features providing comfort and safety to passengers, On board monitoring for maintenance staff and higher speeds.Missing: B3 | Show results with:B3
[21]
Technical Data: ALPINA Automobiles
Cylinders, 6 in line. Capacity (cc), 2993. Bore (mm), 84,0. Stroke (mm), 90,0. Compression ratio (:1), 9,3. Max output (kW (hp) / rpm), 364 (495) / 5000- ...
[22]
2020 Alpina B3 Is a Faster and Better-Tuned M340i - Car and Driver
Jul 21, 2020 · Its 456 horsepower slots it slightly below the 473 or 503 horses of the M models, but the B3 produces a stout 516 pound-feet of torque versus ...Missing: date | Show results with:date<|control11|><|separator|>
[23]
2025 BMW Alpina B3 and B4 boost performance with GT grade
Jun 6, 2024 · Alpina has now introduced hotter GT versions of the B3 and B4, with output from the inline-6 dialed up to 522 hp.
[24]
The BMW ALPINA B3 GT
The 3.0 litre inline six-cylinder engine with bi-turbocharging from the current BMW ALPINA 3 and 4 Series, praised for its smooth power delivery, benefits in ...More Power, Excellent... · Exterior Design · Oro Tecnico
[25]
2025 ALPINA B3 GT And B4 GT Debut With More Power - BMW Blog
Jun 5, 2024 · The ubiquitous S58 engine still powers the trio but now it makes 522 horsepower, or 34 hp more than before. Torque hasn't been bumped.
[26]
Retro review: the curious case of the Alpina B3 GT3 - Top Gear
Speed is not a problem here. The B3 whips through the rev range with single-minded commitment, doling out M3 speeds with a side order of extra accessibility.<|control11|><|separator|>
[27]
This 1952 Dodge B-3-B pickup Spent a Lifetime Doing Chores
May 24, 2023 · This B-3-B typifies a later B-series pickup, being powered by the carryover L-head straight-six that displaced 218 cubic inches and was rated by the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[28]
Procyanidin B3 | C30H26O12 | CID 146798 - PubChem - NIH
Procyanidin B3 is a proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (+)-catechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in alpha-configuration.
[29]
Proanthocyanidins: A comprehensive review - ScienceDirect.com
Proanthocyanidins have been endorsed to possess significant antioxidant capacities [22]. Grape seed extract depressed H₂O₂-induced phosphorylation of the p38 ...
[30]
Synthesis and antioxidant activity of a procyanidin B3 analogue
Feb 15, 2017 · Proanthocyanidin, an oligomer of catechin, is a natural antioxidant and a potent inhibitor of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1, which is ...Missing: properties | Show results with:properties
[31]
Procyanidin B3 prevents articular cartilage degeneration and ...
May 22, 2012 · Daily oral B3 administration protected articular cartilage from OA and prevented chondrocyte apoptosis in surgically-induced OA joints.Missing: properties | Show results with:properties
[32]
DNA-binding domains of plant-specific transcription factors
In this review we summarize the functional and evolutionary implications arising from structure analyses. The unexpected structural similarity between B3 and ...
[33]
The plant B3 superfamily - PubMed
The plant-specific B3 superfamily encompasses well-characterized families, such as the auxin response factor (ARF) family and the LAV family.
[34]
Solution Structure of the B3 DNA Binding Domain of the Arabidopsis ...
The B3 DNA binding domain is shared amongst various plant-specific transcription factors, including factors involved in auxin-regulated and abscisic acid ...
[35]
Advances in structure and function of auxin response factor in plants
ARF proteins contain three conserved regions: a conserved N-terminal B3 DNA-binding domain, a variable intermediate middle region domain that functions in ...
[36]
Vitamin B3 - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Feb 29, 2024 · Vitamin B3, or niacin, is a water-soluble vitamin found in foods like bran, yeast, eggs, and meat. It is vital for cellular metabolism and is ...
[37]
Niacin Deficiency - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Jul 25, 2023 · Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency results in a condition known as pellagra. Pellagra includes the triad of dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea and can result in ...
[38]
NAD+ metabolism: Bioenergetics, signaling and manipulation for ...
In 1937, Conrad Elvehjem discovered that nicotinic acid and nicotinamide alternatively, cured “black tongue”, a correlated disease to pellagra in dogs [9].
[39]
Niacin to improve cholesterol numbers - Mayo Clinic
What is niacin? Niacin, also called nicotinic acid, is a B vitamin that is used by the body to turn food into energy. Niacin also helps keep the nervous system, ...
[40]
Niacin - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Jul 9, 2020 · Niacin (nye" a sin) is a soluble B vitamin and pyridine derivative and an essential dietary element, deficiency of which causes pellagra. The ...
[41]
Visual Classifications - U.S. Association of Blind Athletes
IBSA Visual Classifications B3: From visual acuity above 20/600 and up to visual acuity of 20/200 and/or a visual field of less than 20 degrees and more than 5 ...Missing: criteria | Show results with:criteria
[42]
What is Goalball & How It's Played - Paralympic.org
Goalball made its Paralympic debut in Toronto, Canada, in 1976, with the women's event being added at the 1984 Paralympic Games in New York, USA. The first ...
[43]
Helping Other Sports Grow - Athletics
There are three classifications for athletes. B1 and B2 competitors have the most severe visual impairments whilst B3 athletes have the least. Where adaptations ...
[44]
Eligibility Information - USOPC
Consequently, criteria is put in place to ensure that winning is determined by skill, fitness, power, endurance, tactical ability and mental focus, the same ...Missing: B3 | Show results with:B3
[45]
Some Tips on the Lycoming O-235 Engine
The Lycoming Operator's Manual states that valve rocker clearance should be checked, and reset if necessary, at each 100-hour inspection.Missing: B3 | Show results with:B3
[46]
[PDF] CERTIFICATED AIRCRAFT ENGINES - Lycoming
May 2, 2020 · O-235 front main bearing and 7/16 in. prop. flange bushings ... (Cessna 152, 152 Aerobat). Grumman. (AA1C). Piper Aircraft. Tomahawk ...Missing: B3 | Show results with:B3
[47]
A Bolsa do Brasil - B3
B3 was created in March 2017 by the merger of B3&FBOVESPA and CETIP, which gave rise to a world-class financial market infrastructure company, ...Listed Companies · B3 Infra Access Types · See the full list of B3 information. · About
[48]
Brazil's B3 Sees Trading Volumes Hit $5 Billion Daily as Market Shifts
Jun 13, 2025 · Brazil's B3, the country's main stock exchange, reported a daily average trading volume of R$27.1 billion ($5 billion) in May 2025.
[49]
B3 SA Brasil Bolsa Balcao - Reuters
Volume: 3,899,200.00. 3 Month Average Trading Volume: 613.19. Shares Out (Mil): 5,197.05. Market Cap: 71,087.15. Forward P/E: 14.00. Dividend Yield: 1.80. Key ...Missing: merger 2017
[50]
THE HAMMOND STORY - Hammond Organ
In 1954, Hammond introduced the organ that secured the legend, the Model B-3. Its Chorus-Vibrato and Touch-Response Percussion™ made sounds that were totally ...Missing: features | Show results with:features
[51]
Hammond B3 Organ - Engineering and Technology History Wiki
Apr 12, 2017 · Since its introduction in 1950s, the Hammond B3 organ has been one of the most popular keyboard instruments in popular music.Missing: features 1954
[52]
History of the Hammond B-3 Organ
This organ has two 61 note keyboards, (manuals), sometimes called the swell (top) and the great (bottom), a variety of built-in special effects.
[53]
For classifiers - IBSA | International Blind Sports
B3 – Visual acuity from LogMAR 1.4 to 1.0 and/or visual field < 40°. Join Us On Social Media ...
[54]
Sport classification categories | Blind Sports
Each Paralympic sport has a different classification system and classification may be based on a physical, intellectual or visual impairment. Sport ...
[55]
World Para Athletics Classification & Categories - Paralympic.org
Official classification and categories for World Para Athletics. Paralympic classifications determine who is eligible to compete and how they are grouped.Missing: B3 | Show results with:B3
[56]
athletics - men-s-100-m-t13 - Paris 2024 Paralympic Games
Results ; 1. Norway flag. NOR · Salum Ageze Kashafali ; 2. Japan flag. JPN · Shuta Kawakami ; 3. Great Britain flag. GBR · Zak Skinner ; 4. United States of America ...
[57]
Visual Impairment | Peter Harrison Centre | Loughborough University
Adaptations to Training with a VI. Guiding. Guides should be used by individuals who are blind or have little vision. B1 and B2 athletes are allowed a guide ...Adaptations To Training With... · Guiding · Adaptive...
[58]
A4 paper format / International standard paper sizes
Oct 29, 1996 · Standard paper sizes like ISO A4 are widely used all over the world today. This text explains the ISO 216 paper size system and the ideas behind its design.Application Examples · Further Details · Hints For North American...
[59]
B3 - Slang/Internet Slang - Acronym Finder
B3. Blah Blah Blah. B3. Burnout 3: Takedown (video game) showing only Slang/Internet Slang definitions (show all 5 definitions)Missing: 1990s | Show results with:1990s
[60]
B3 Meaning & Definition - Noslang.com's Slang Dictionary
The abbreviation B3 stands for 'be'. It is commonly used in texting as an abbreviation for this verb. The term is often used to indicate that the sender wants ...Missing: blah 1990s
[61]
BON-BON BLANCO - generasia
Apr 4, 2013 · BON-BON BLANCO promoting ∞Changing∞ (2007). BON-BON BLANCO (or "B3" for short) is a group of five girls: four percussionists and one singer.
[62]
Clayworks Building B3 | Tryba Architects
The new Clayworks Building B3 will integrate the adaptive reuse of portions of historic buildings dating back to the early 1900s, creating an authentic ...
[63]
B3 – Buildings Benchmarks and Beyond
Jul 7, 2025 · Use B3 Guidelines on new buildings or renovations to meet sustainability goals for site, water, energy, indoor environment, materials and waste.Sustainable building guidelines · Best of B3 2023 · B3 Case Studies · Project Team