Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Biennial

A biennial is an adjective or noun describing something that occurs, lasts, or is completed every two years or over a period of two years.^[1] In general usage, it applies to events, publications, or cycles that recur biennially, such as conferences or governmental reports issued every two years.^[1] In botany, a biennial is a herbaceous flowering plant that requires all or part of two years to complete its life cycle.^[2] During the first growing season, the plant develops vegetative structures like roots, stems, and leaves, along with food storage organs such as bulbs or taproots, but does not flower.^[2] In the second season, after overwintering, it produces flowers, fruits, and seeds before dying.^[2] Common examples include carrots, beets, parsley, Swiss chard, and sweet William.^[2] Under stressful conditions like drought or premature cold exposure, biennials may "bolt," completing their cycle in one year.^[2] The term also describes large-scale cultural events, particularly in the art world, where a biennial (or biennale, from the Italian) is an international exhibition of contemporary art held every two years.^[3] These events, often named after their host city (e.g., Venice Biennale, Sydney Biennale), feature works by global artists in immersive, site-specific installations, videos, and performances across museums, public spaces, and unusual venues.^[3] Typically lasting several months,^[4] they attract tens to hundreds of thousands of visitors and include forums, parallel exhibitions, and educational programs to foster dialogue on global issues.^[3] The format originated in the late 19th century with the Venice Biennale in 1895, inspired by earlier international expositions and academy salons, and has since proliferated worldwide as a key platform for contemporary art.^[3]

Etymology and General Definition

Etymology

The term "biennial" derives from the Latin adjective biennālis, formed by combining the prefix bi- (meaning "two" or "twice," from bis) with annus (meaning "year"), thus denoting something related to a two-year period.^[5] This Latin root biennālis itself stems from biennium, a noun referring to a space of two years.^[6] In English, the word first appeared in the 1620s, initially describing something lasting for two years, and by 1750, it had evolved to also mean occurring every two years.^[5] The Oxford English Dictionary confirms this borrowing from Latin biennis (a variant of biennālis) with the English adjectival suffix -al.^[7] In other Romance and Germanic languages, cognates of "biennial" follow similar derivations from Late Latin biennālis. In French, biennal—meaning something lasting or recurring every two years—was borrowed directly from Late Latin biennalis and first attested in 1550, appearing in municipal records to describe offices renewed biennially.^[8] The term entered French lexicography in the 1762 Academy dictionary and later as a noun in 1936 for events like exhibitions. In German, biennal is also derived from Late Latin biennalis, adopted into scientific and general vocabulary to denote biennial cycles or durations, though native terms like zweijährig (two-yearly) coexist for everyday use.^[9] These borrowings reflect the influence of Latin on European scientific and administrative lexicons during the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods. Over time, the meaning of "biennial" shifted from a strictly temporal sense—indicating duration or interval of two years—to broader applications in specialized fields by the 19th century, including biology, where it described plants completing their life cycle over two seasons.^[5] This evolution paralleled the term's integration into discussions of periodic events, such as legislative sessions or cultural gatherings, expanding its utility beyond mere chronology.^[7]

Core Meaning and Usage

The term biennial primarily denotes an event, process, or occurrence that takes place once every two years, distinguishing it from annual events, which happen yearly, and quadrennial ones, which occur every four years.^[10]^[11]^[12] This periodicity applies to a wide range of scheduled activities, emphasizing a biennial rhythm in contrast to more frequent or less regular intervals. In everyday language, biennial is commonly used in business and administrative contexts to describe reports, meetings, and maintenance schedules conducted every two years. For instance, many U.S. states mandate that corporations file biennial statements with the Secretary of State to update essential company details, such as officer information and registered agents, ensuring ongoing compliance.^[13]^[14] Similarly, biennial inspections are required for certain commercial properties and vehicle fleets to verify safety and operational standards, with examples including terminal inspections by the California Highway Patrol every 25 months or property checks every 24 months in jurisdictions like Detroit.^[15]^[16] In government administration, biennial budgeting involves planning and appropriating funds over two-year cycles, as explored in congressional analyses, to provide fiscal stability beyond annual processes.^[17] A frequent point of confusion arises with biannual, which means occurring twice a year, due to the shared prefix "bi-" implying duality; however, biennial strictly adheres to the every-two-years meaning, and alternatives like semiannual are recommended to avoid ambiguity in precise communication.^[18]^[19] This distinction is particularly important in formal writing and scheduling to prevent misinterpretation of frequency. In biology, biennial also refers to plants completing their life cycle over two years, though this specialized usage is addressed separately.^[20]

Biological Context

Biennial Plants

In botany, biennial plants are defined as those that require two growing seasons to complete their life cycle, dedicating the first season to vegetative growth—including the development of leaves, stems, and roots—while reserving reproduction for the second season, after which the plant typically dies.^[2]^[21] This two-year pattern distinguishes biennials from other plant life cycle categories: annuals, which germinate, grow, flower, and set seed within a single season; and perennials, which persist for multiple years, often regenerating from the same root system annually.^[2]^[22] Biennials are particularly adapted to temperate climates where winters interrupt growth, allowing them to survive dormancy and synchronize reproduction with favorable spring conditions.^[23] Representative examples of biennial plants include the carrot (Daucus carota), valued for its edible taproot formed in the first year; the foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), known for its tall spikes of tubular flowers in the second year; and parsley (Petroselinum crispum), a common herb that stores energy underground before bolting.^[24]^[25] These species illustrate how biennials span both wild and cultivated contexts, with many serving as root vegetables or ornamental plants.^[26] A key adaptation of biennials is the formation of a compact rosette of basal leaves during the first growing season, which promotes efficient photosynthesis close to the ground while protecting the plant from harsh winter conditions.^[23]^[27] Energy harvested through this vegetative phase is stored in specialized organs, such as enlarged taproots in carrots or bulbs in onions (Allium cepa), providing reserves for the reproductive surge in year two.^[22]^[28] In the second season, exposure to prolonged cold—a process known as vernalization—triggers bolting, the rapid elongation of a central flowering stem that enables seed production before senescence.^[29]^[30] This environmental cue ensures flowering aligns with optimal pollination and seed dispersal opportunities.^[29]

Life Cycle Characteristics

Biennial plants exhibit a distinct two-year life cycle, characterized by a juvenile vegetative phase in the first year followed by a reproductive phase in the second year. During the first year, typically initiated by seed germination in spring or summer, the plant focuses on establishing a robust root system and producing a rosette of leaves at ground level, remaining strictly vegetative without any reproductive structures. This phase allows the plant to store carbohydrates and nutrients in the roots and crown, preparing for overwintering dormancy. In the second year, as temperatures rise and environmental cues align, the plant elongates its stem (bolting), produces flowers, sets seeds, and subsequently undergoes senescence, completing its life cycle and dying.^[21]^[31] Several key physiological processes regulate this biphasic cycle, integrating environmental signals to ensure timely reproduction. Photoperiodism plays a critical role, with many biennials classified as long-day plants that require extended daylight hours (typically more than 12-14 hours) in the second year to trigger the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Vernalization, the perception of prolonged cold exposure (usually 4-12 weeks at 0-10°C during the first winter), is essential for floral induction, as it epigenetically represses flowering inhibitors like FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) in species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, a model biennial relative. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of plant hormones, further mediate these transitions by promoting stem elongation during bolting and integrating signals from vernalization and photoperiod pathways to activate floral meristem identity genes.^[32]^[33]^[34] Variations and exceptions to the strict biennial habit highlight the plasticity of this life strategy. Most biennials are monocarpic, meaning they flower only once, produce seeds, and then die, channeling all resources into a single reproductive event to maximize offspring success in unpredictable environments. Facultative biennials, such as wild carrot (Daucus carota), can accelerate to an annual cycle under favorable conditions like nutrient abundance or stress, flowering in the first year without vernalization, whereas strict biennials rigidly adhere to the two-year pattern. In agriculture, this flexibility is exploited through hormonal treatments; for instance, exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to crops like carrots or beets can bypass vernalization requirements, forcing bolting and seed production in a single growing season to facilitate breeding or hybrid seed production.^[35]^[36]^[37]

Periodic Events and Calendars

Biennial Occurrences in Society

In societal contexts, biennial occurrences denote recurring events, obligations, or processes scheduled every two years, typically to promote administrative efficiency, reduce operational disruptions, and synchronize with longer-term fiscal or planning cycles. This periodicity allows organizations and governments to consolidate resources over extended periods rather than addressing them annually, fostering stability in budgeting and maintenance routines. Such patterns are prevalent in administrative and professional spheres where predictability aids in resource allocation without the intensity of yearly reviews.^[38] Common applications of biennial scheduling appear in governmental budgeting, infrastructure upkeep, and professional gatherings. In the United States, 16 states currently operate under biennial budgets as of 2025, enacting comprehensive two-year spending plans during legislative sessions to align expenditures with multi-year policy goals; examples include Kentucky and Virginia, which approved biennial budgets for fiscal years 2025-2026. Infrastructure maintenance often follows a biennial rhythm, as mandated by the Federal Highway Administration's National Bridge Inspection Standards, which require visual inspections of bridges at least every two years to ensure structural integrity and prevent failures. In professional fields, biennial conferences facilitate knowledge exchange; for instance, the Mayo Clinic Alumni Association holds its biennial meeting to connect medical professionals and discuss advancements, while the American Society of Mechanical Engineers organizes the Biennial Conference on Reliability, Stress Analysis, and Failure Prevention to address engineering challenges in design and durability.^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42] The adoption of biennial cycles offers advantages such as cost savings through reduced frequency of planning processes and greater emphasis on performance oversight during off-years, enabling more deliberate policy evaluation. However, challenges include diminished flexibility to adapt to economic shifts or emergencies, potentially leading to outdated allocations that fail to reflect current needs, as mid-year adjustments become more cumbersome. Historically, biennial budgeting gained traction in the early 20th century as part of progressive administrative reforms aimed at professionalizing government operations; by 1940, 44 U.S. states had implemented it to streamline legislative workloads and enhance fiscal predictability, though post-World War II trends saw a partial shift back to annual cycles in response to growing economic volatility.^[43]^[44]^[45]

Examples in Politics and Sports

In politics, the United States House of Representatives exemplifies a biennial electoral cycle, with all 435 seats contested every two years as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1787.^[46] This structure ensures frequent accountability for representatives, influencing political strategy by compelling parties to maintain continuous campaign readiness and adapt policies to short-term voter sentiments, though it correlates with lower turnout—typically around 40-50% in midterm elections compared to 60% in presidential years—due to reduced salience without a national headliner.^[47]^[48] Several U.S. states further illustrate biennial rhythms through their legislative sessions, which convene only every two years to deliberate and pass laws. For instance, the Texas Legislature meets in regular session for 140 days starting in odd-numbered years, a practice rooted in the state constitution to limit costs and focus governance, though it demands intense, compressed policymaking that shapes strategies around interim executive actions by the governor.^[49] Similar biennial sessions occur in Montana, North Dakota, and Nevada, where the odd-year timing aligns with federal cycles but can lead to legislative bottlenecks, prompting calls for annual meetings to enhance responsiveness.^[50] These cycles promote fiscal discipline but risk voter disengagement, as infrequent sessions may reduce public oversight and turnout in intervening off-years.^[51] In sports, the World Athletics Championships stand as a prominent biennial event, originally held every four years from its inception in 1983 through 1991—spanning Helsinki (1983), Rome (1987), and Tokyo (1991)—before shifting to a biennial format starting in 1993.^[52] The competition returned to its biennial schedule starting in 2022, with editions in Eugene (2022), Budapest (2023), and Tokyo (2025), a decision influenced by the COVID-19 postponement of the Tokyo Olympics but sustained to provide athletes double the competitive opportunities within a four-year Olympic span, fostering more consistent global exposure and skill development.^[52] This frequency impacts training by enabling shorter recovery and peaking cycles, though it requires enhanced periodization to avoid burnout, while globalization drives the model through increased broadcasting reach and sponsorships that amplify athlete earnings and international participation from over 200 nations.^[53] The biennial shift in athletics also reflects broader globalization trends, as more frequent elite events draw diverse talent pools and heighten competitive intensity, benefiting emerging markets in Africa and Asia by offering regular platforms for qualification and visibility absent in quadrennial setups.^[54] In politics, such cycles similarly adapt to global interconnectedness, as seen in how U.S. House elections influence international policy stances through rapid partisan realignments, though they can exacerbate strategic polarization by prioritizing short-term gains over long-term diplomacy.

Art and Cultural Biennials

History and Development

The modern art biennial emerged in the late 19th century as a response to the growing interest in international cultural exchange, with the inaugural Venice Biennale serving as the pioneering model. Established through a resolution by the Venetian City Council on April 19, 1893, the first International Art Exhibition opened on April 30, 1895, in the Giardini della Biennale, initially conceived to celebrate the silver wedding anniversary of King Umberto I and Queen Margherita of Savoy while promoting Italian art on a global stage. This event drew inspiration from earlier international expositions, particularly the 1851 Great Exhibition in London's Crystal Palace, which showcased industrial and artistic achievements from around the world and established a template for large-scale, periodic displays of national accomplishments that fostered diplomatic and cultural ties. The Venice Biennale's format, featuring national pavilions and curated exhibitions, quickly evolved into a recurring platform for artistic dialogue, attracting over 200,000 visitors in its debut year and setting the standard for biennials as venues for prestige and innovation.^[55] The 20th century witnessed significant expansion of the biennial format, particularly after World War II, as decolonization movements and cultural diplomacy propelled its adoption beyond Europe. The São Paulo Art Biennial, founded in 1951 by the Museum of Modern Art of São Paulo, marked the first major iteration outside Europe and the United States, organized by intellectuals such as Mário Pedrosa to institutionalize modern art in Brazil and integrate the country into the global art circuit amid post-war reconstruction and economic growth. This event, held biennially since its inception and housed in the Ciccillo Matarazzo Pavilion from 1957, emphasized international participation and helped democratize access to contemporary art in Latin America.^[56] Further growth occurred in the 1980s with the establishment of the Bienal de La Habana in 1984, initiated by the Wifredo Lam Center under Cuba's Ministry of Culture to promote solidarity among artists from Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean as a form of cultural decolonization and resistance to Western hegemony. Rooted in the Cuban Revolution's internationalist policies and non-aligned movement, the Havana Biennale facilitated South-South exchanges, drawing over 800 artists from 22 countries in its first edition and influencing subsequent global events through its focus on postcolonial themes and alternative narratives.^[57] Throughout this evolution, biennials shifted conceptually from mere national showcases to dynamic platforms engaging contemporary social and political issues, though this proliferation invited critiques of over-commercialization. Early iterations like Venice prioritized representational displays of artistic prowess, but by the mid-20th century, events such as São Paulo and Havana incorporated thematic curations addressing identity, colonialism, and globalization, transforming biennials into sites for critical discourse and activism. However, the rapid increase in biennials— from around 20 in the mid-1980s to over 60 by the mid-1990s—coined as "biennalization," raised concerns about their integration into neoliberal economies, where they often served urban development, tourism, and market-driven agendas rather than purely artistic ends. Critics highlighted how this over-proliferation led to homogenization, precarious labor in the art sector, and a dilution of radical potential, as biennials became spectacles blending education, entertainment, and commerce in an era of intensified globalization.

Notable Biennials and Their Impact

The Venice Biennale, established in 1895 and held every odd-numbered year, remains the world's oldest and most prestigious international art exhibition, drawing global attention with its thematic focus on contemporary issues. In 2024, under curator Adriano Pedrosa, it adopted the theme "Stranieri Ovunque – Foreigners Everywhere," exploring migration, identity, and decolonization through over 330 artists from 88 countries exhibited across the Giardini and Arsenale venues.^[58]^[59] The 2024 edition attracted fewer visitors than the 2022 post-pandemic record of over 800,000, but saw a 67% increase in attendance from fragile categories, enhancing inclusivity.^[60] Documenta, organized in Kassel, Germany, every five years since 1955, has profoundly shaped biennial discourse by emphasizing experimental and socially engaged art, influencing curatorial practices worldwide through its scale and interdisciplinary approach.^[61] The Gwangju Biennale, launched in 1995 as Asia's first contemporary art biennial, commemorates the 1980 Gwangju Uprising and prioritizes Asian perspectives, featuring works that address regional histories and global interconnectedness, with editions like the 2021 "Minds Rising, Spirits Tuning" highlighting postcolonial themes.^[62]^[63] These biennials have significantly propelled artists' careers by providing international platforms for exposure and validation. For instance, Ai Weiwei's participation in the 2006 Biennale of Sydney marked a pivotal moment in his rise to global prominence, where his installation World Map—a three-dimensional fabric sculpture—gained critical acclaim and helped transition him from underground Beijing art scenes to worldwide recognition.^[64]^[65] Beyond individual trajectories, they foster global dialogues on pressing issues; the Venice Biennale has repeatedly engaged with migration and climate change, as seen in its 2019 edition addressing rightwing politics, surveillance, and environmental crises, while Documenta 15 in 2022 amplified voices on social justice through collective curatorship by Indonesia's ruangrupa.^[66]^[67] Economically, these events drive substantial tourism; the Venice Biennale alone generates approximately €200 million annually for the city through visitor spending on accommodations, transport, and local services, attracting around 800,000 to 880,000 attendees per edition, which bolsters Venice's tourism-dependent economy despite broader overtourism challenges.^[68]^[69] Despite their influence, notable biennials face criticisms regarding inclusivity, with surveys indicating that more than 67% of culturally diverse artists feel there are cultural or access-related barriers to participating in major opportunities in the art sector, such as the Venice Biennale.^[70] Their environmental footprint is another concern, as large-scale events contribute to high carbon emissions from international travel and logistics, exacerbating the very climate issues often thematized in exhibitions.^[71] In response to such debates and the COVID-19 pandemic, biennials have evolved toward hybrid models, incorporating digital formats; for example, the 2021 Ukrainian Biennale of Digital & Media Art fully embraced virtual platforms to ensure accessibility amid restrictions, signaling a shift toward sustainable, inclusive practices in the post-pandemic era.^[72]^[73]

References

[1]
BIENNIAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Nov 5, 2025 · 1. occurring every two years; a biennial celebration. 2. continuing or lasting for two years; specifically, of a plant : growing vegetatively during the first ...
[2]
Know the life cycles of plants — annuals, biennials and perennials
A biennial requires all or part of two years to complete its life cycle. During the first season, it produces vegetative structures (leaves) and food storage ...Missing: credible sources
[3]
Explainer: what is a biennale? - The Conversation
May 29, 2014 · Biennales are large-scale exhibitions of contemporary art, named for their host city and typically managed by a combinations of public art ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[4]
Biennial - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Latin biennium meaning "two-year period," biennial means lasting two years or occurring every two years, also describing plants needing two ...
[5]
Biennium - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
From Latin biennium, meaning "space of two years," combining bi- ("two") + annus ("year"); origin reflects its meaning as a two-year period.
[6]
biennial, adj. & n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English ...
There are five meanings listed in OED's entry for the word biennial. See 'Meaning & use' for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence. biennial has developed ...
[7]
BIENNAL : Définition de BIENNAL
### Etymology and Origin of "Biennal"
[8]
biennal ▶ Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft | Duden
### Etymology and Origin of "biennal"
[9]
None
No readable text found in the HTML.<|separator|>
[10]
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/biennial_1
[11]
QUADRENNIAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
1. consisting of or lasting for four years 2. occurring or being done every four years quadrennial noun quadrennially
[12]
Biennial Statements for Business Corporations and Limited Liability ...
Domestic and foreign business corporations are required by Section 408 of the Business Corporation Law to file a Biennial Statement every two years with the New ...
[13]
Biennial Statement Filing Requirements and Deadlines - UpCounsel
Oct 16, 2025 · A biennial statement is a document that all businesses, both foreign and domestic, must file every two years as required by the Business Corporation Law.
[14]
Inspection, Repair, and Maintenance for Motor Carriers of Passengers
Jul 12, 2019 · Every commercial vehicle, including each segment of a combination vehicle requires periodic inspection that must be performed at least once every 12 months.
[15]
Commercial Annual Inspections | City of Detroit
Commercial property is subject to an annual / biennially (2yrs) inspection. Licenses are approved for renewal only when inspections by BSEED certify that the ...
[16]
Biennial Budgeting: Issues, Options, and Congressional Actions
Jan 10, 2017 · Biennial budgeting includes several variations. It may involve multiyear authorizations, two-year budget resolutions, two-year appropriations, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[17]
What's The Difference Between 'biannual' And 'semiannual'?
Biennial can be used, with its meaning of “every two years,” but its similarity to biannual can cause confusion. Semiannual is a good alternative.
[18]
biannual adjective - Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
[only before noun] happening twice a year. a biannual meeting compare annual see also biennialTopics Timec2.
[19]
biennial noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
any plant that lives for two years, producing flowers in the second year. compare annual, perennial.
[20]
Plant Life Cycles - Penn State Extension
Mar 14, 2023 · Biennials are usually sown in the spring, vegetative during the summer, dormant that fall, live in this inactive state through the winter, ...
[21]
Chapter 1: Botany – Virginia Cooperative Extension Gardener ...
Biennials are plants that start from seeds and produce vegetative structures and food storage organs the first season. In most biennials, during the first ...
[22]
Plants and Their Environment | MU Extension
Jun 21, 2017 · A biennial plant starts from seed and produces vegetative structures and food storage organs in its first full season. A rosette of basal leaves ...
[23]
Caso 1 - Background Information - Illinois Extension
Examples: parsley, carrots, and foxglove. Plant Parts. Basic parts of most all plants are roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. The roots help ...
[24]
[PDF] Chapter 1 - UNH Extension
... plant dies. Carrots, beets, cabbage, celery, onions, hollyhock, foxglove, and sweet william are all biennials. Plants which are botanically classified as ...
[25]
Great Plant Escape- Life Cycle - Illinois Extension
Examples: Daisies, chrysanthemums, and roses. carrots Biennial. A plant that needs two growing seasons to complete its life cycle. It grows vegetatively ( ...
[26]
Bull and Musk (Biennial) Thistle Control in Perennial Grass Crops
Biennials require portions of two growing seasons to reproduce. They grow from seed the first season as a rosette (a taproot with a cluster of leaves on the ...
[27]
Queen Anne's Lace | Home and Garden Education Center
Aug 23, 2025 · A taproot develops where energy is stored for next year's growth. The following spring, the plant produces more leaves, stalks and flowers.
[28]
Some perennials like it cold (Vernalization part 1) - Floriculture ...
Oct 29, 2005 · Vernalization is relatively specific to biennials and herbaceous perennials. Still, not all herbaceous perennials have a vernalization ...
[29]
[PDF] Plants for Tennessee Landscapes - UT Hort
In actuality, biennials can complete the flowering cycle within a 12-month period, but two separate growing seasons are needed to complete the full life cycle.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[30]
Chapter 3 | Page 2 | Model Certification Training Manual for Right-of ...
Biennials complete their life cycle within two years (Figure 2). In the first year they grow from seed, develop a root system, and a compact cluster of leaves ...
[31]
Vernalization and flowering time - ScienceDirect.com
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted by prolonged exposure to the cold of a typical winter.
[32]
[PDF] effect of photoperiod and temperature on flowering
Nonvernalized winter and biennial varieties fail to flower under long-day conditions due to absence of gib berellins and under short-day conditions because of ...Missing: life | Show results with:life
[33]
Gibberellin Promotes Bolting and Flowering via the Floral Integrators ...
May 7, 2020 · GAs generally induce bolting and flowering in long-day and biennial plants, although GA is not a universal flowering stimulus [23].
[34]
Horticultural Terms | Garden Notes
Mar 25, 2020 · The term monocarpic defines those plants that flower a single time, set seeds for reproduction, and then die.
[35]
On strict and facultative biennials - PubMed
In contrast most facultative biennials are pauciennials (short-lived monocarpic perennials) of more fertile, disturbed habitats. Moreover, the rigid two-year ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[36]
[PDF] Biennial Crops - University of Wisconsin–Madison
flowering preceded by a season of vegetative growth. 16. Plants with this particular adaptation, or those that require. 17 two seasons ...
[37]
State Budgets Basics | Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
May 24, 2022 · A state's budget is passed every year, or every other year in states with a two-year or “biennial” budget. The budget process occurs during most ...
[38]
Almost All States Began New Fiscal Year with Enacted Budgets
Jul 7, 2025 · As of today, 46 states have enacted their FY 2026 budgets. Three of those states—Wyoming, Kentucky and Virginia—enacted a biennial budget during ...
[39]
National Bridge Inspection Standards - Bridges & Structures
Periodic and thorough inspections of our Nation's bridges are necessary to maintain safe bridge operation and prevent structural and functional failures. In ...Missing: infrastructure | Show results with:infrastructure
[40]
2025 Biennial Meeting, Amelia Island, Florida
74th Biennial Connecting our alumni and bringing Mayo Clinic values to the world November 13–15, 2025 Amelia Island, Florida
[41]
Volumes | American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Volume 2: 11th Biennial Conference on Reliability, Stress Analysis, and Failure Prevention; 7th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology;<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
Biennial Budgeting: Do the Drawbacks Outweigh the Advantages?
Jan 20, 2012 · Many budget experts, however, have concluded that the disadvantages of biennial budgeting outweigh the advantages and make it an unwise course to pursue.
[43]
Biennial Budgeting: Three States' Experiences | U.S. GAO
GAO found that the states' reasons for changing their budget cycles varied. For example, Arizona adopted a biennial cycle to increase legislative oversight and ...
[44]
[PDF] Biennial Budgeting for the Federal Government - EconStor
The century-long trend toward biennial budgeting came to an end after World War II. Many state assemblies returned to annual sessions and budgets in ...
[45]
U.S. Constitution - Article I | Resources | Library of Congress
All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
[46]
Biennial Elections | US House of Representatives
... elected body with its membership reconstituted every two years throughout its history. The biennial term was a compromise at the Federal Constitutional ...
[47]
New voter turnout data from 2022 shows some surprises, including ...
May 18, 2023 · Yet unlike the previous midterm elections, the groups with the highest Democratic voting margins—in particular, young people, Black Americans, ...<|separator|>
[48]
Biennial Blues? - The Texas Tribune
Montana, North Dakota and Nevada — still have biennial legislative sessions. Lawmakers differ on whether ...
[49]
[PDF] Annual versus Biennial Legislative Sessions
Dec 23, 2013 · All of the biennial legislatures hold their regular sessions in the odd year. There are several basic arguments used by the respective ...
[50]
The Timing of Local Elections - Center for Effective Government
Jan 25, 2024 · The vast majority of elected officials in the United States serve in local governments, where voter turnout is shockingly low. Most local ...
[51]
World Athletics Championships - Wikipedia
The World Athletics Championships, known as the IAAF World Championships in Athletics until 2019, are a biennial athletics competition organized by World ...World Athletics Ultimate... · List of World Athletics... · 2022 · 1983
[52]
World Athletics Championships explained: track and field's defining ...
Jun 18, 2025 · Since the 1991 event in Tokyo, the championships have taken place biennially. The 2021 championships in Eugene were moved to 2022 to avoid ...
[53]
History of the WCH | Tokyo 25 | World Athletics Championship
Such had been the success of the fledgling event, the championships switched from a quadrennial to a biennial cycle, with Stuttgart hosting the 1993 edition.
[54]
WTF Is the World Athletics Championships and Why Should I Care?
Aug 16, 2023 · Because the Summer Olympic Games happen every four years, the World Athletics Championships are established as a biennial every two years.
[55]
Biennale Arte 2024 | Homepage 2024
The 60th International Art Exhibition, curated by Adriano Pedrosa, is open from Saturday 20 April to Sunday 24 November at the Giardini and Arsenale venues.Artists · Information · Prepare your visit · National Participations
[56]
Biennale Arte 2024: Stranieri Ovunque - Foreigners Everywhere
Nov 15, 2024 · The 60th International Art Exhibition, titled Stranieri Ovunque – Foreigners Everywhere, is open to the public from Saturday April 20 to Sunday November 24, ...Biennale Arte 2024 · Nucleo Contemporaneo · Nucleo Storico
[57]
documenta - Biennale.com
Since its founding, documenta has exerted considerable influence on contemporary art, curatorial practice, and cultural institutions worldwide. Its impact ...
[58]
Gwangju Biennale (South Korea) - Biennial Foundation
Founded in 1995 in memory of spirits of civil uprising of the 1980, the Gwangju Biennale in South Korea is Asia's oldest biennial of contemporary art.
[59]
The 1st Gwangju Biennale - 광주비엔날레
The first Gwangju Biennale featured 87 artists from 49 countries, exhibiting many artworks over the period of 62days.
[60]
'It Is Impossible to Simplify My Feelings About China': Ai Weiwei on ...
Aug 7, 2015 · “Ai Weiwei is one of the foremost contemporary artists in China in terms of experimentation,” says Charles Merewether, director of the Biennale ...
[61]
[PDF] Biennale of Sydney 2006 Report
Chinese artist Ai Weiwei created World Map (2006), a new eight-metre-long 3-D map of the world made from hundreds of layers of fabric. American artist Liza ...
[62]
Climate to fake news: Venice Biennale takes on era's big challenges
May 10, 2019 · Ralph Rugoff's exhibition also explores rightwing politics, migration and surveillance.
[63]
Documenta drama: the six most controversial (and confusing) things ...
Jun 21, 2022 · The opening of the quinquennial, curated by Indonesian collective ruangrupa, featured overworked employees and a BDSM party with a provocative entry policy.
[64]
The Beautiful Burden - Biennale.com
Venice 2024 saw its highest attendance ever. Why? Because ... The Venice Biennale generates approximately €200 million in economic impact for the city.
[65]
Venice 'Day Tripper' Tax Sees Mixed Results - Art News
Jul 22, 2024 · The 2022 edition drew 880,000 visitors into the city despite Covid-related travel restrictions, a record for the international exhibition. Read ...<|separator|>
[66]
The takeaway from the Venice Biennale saga: the art world faces ...
Jul 3, 2025 · The first key finding was more than 67% of artists and 78% of arts workers felt there were cultural and/or access-related barriers to them ...
[67]
Foreigners Everywhere: The Paradox of the Venice Biennale and ...
Jun 10, 2024 · It's impossible to ignore this: The Biennale's carbon footprint exacerbates the climate and humanitarian issues that disproportionately impact ...Missing: Criticisms biennials
[68]
Biennale: Ukrainian Biennale of Digital & Media Art 2021
Jan 30, 2022 · The first Ukrainian Biennale of Digital & Media Art was a unique, innovative cultural event that took from 15 to 30 October 2021.
[69]
Interview: digital art after COVID-19 - Pau Waelder
Jun 11, 2020 · From now on, there will probably be an increase in virtual exhibitions, art fairs, biennials and other events that take advantage of the ...