Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Stem

In linguistics, a stem is the base form of a word—typically comprising a root and any derivational affixes—to which inflectional affixes are attached to express grammatical features such as tense, number, case, or person.^[1]^[2] This structure allows stems to remain stable while enabling systematic word variation, as seen in English where the stem play accepts -s to form plays (third-person singular present) or -ed for played (past tense).^[1] Stems differ from roots, which are the minimal, unanalyzable units carrying core lexical meaning without any affixes; a stem may thus include derivational morphology that alters word class or semantics before inflection occurs.^[3] The concept of stems is fundamental to morphological analysis across languages, facilitating the distinction between derivation (which builds new stems) and inflection (which modifies existing ones for syntax).^[4] In many languages, words exhibit stem alternations, such as principal stems for citation forms and oblique stems for inflected cases, reflecting historical sound changes or paradigmatic patterns rather than arbitrary irregularity.^[3] For instance, in Sanskrit or Indo-European languages, stems may undergo vowel gradation (ablaut) when affixes are added, preserving etymological connections while adapting to grammatical demands.^[3] Theoretical approaches vary, with some viewing stems as stored lexical units and others as derived constructs, but empirical evidence from typology underscores their role in predicting inflectional behavior and language acquisition.^[4] Stems thus encapsulate causal mechanisms in word formation, where phonological and semantic constraints govern affixation, contributing to the efficiency and predictability of grammatical systems observed in diverse language families.^[3] This framework aids in computational modeling of morphology and cross-linguistic comparisons, revealing universals like stem invariance in isolating languages versus rich alternation in fusional ones.^[4]

Biological uses

Plant stem

The plant stem constitutes the primary aboveground axis in vascular plants, originating from the embryonic shoot apex and bearing leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits while enabling structural support and internal transport.^[5] Its core functions encompass mechanical elevation of photosynthetic and reproductive organs, conduction of water and minerals upward via xylem from roots, and translocation of photosynthates downward via phloem to storage or growth sites.^[6] In certain species, such as succulents or tubers, stems additionally serve as reservoirs for water and carbohydrates, enhancing survival under drought or dormancy.^[7] Morphologically, stems feature repeating units of nodes—sites of leaf, bud, or branch attachment—and internodes, the elongating segments between nodes that determine overall height and spacing.^[8] Apical buds at stem tips house meristematic tissues driving primary longitudinal growth through cell division and expansion, while axillary buds at nodes enable branching.^[9] Stems may exhibit determinate growth, ceasing elongation after reproductive maturation (e.g., in many annuals), or indeterminate growth, continuing via repeated internode formation (e.g., in trees).^[10] Internally, stems organize into three tissue systems: dermal (epidermis or periderm in older stems, providing protection and gas exchange via stomata), vascular (xylem for water conduction and phloem for nutrient transport, bundled in primary stems), and ground (cortex for storage and pith for structural filler).^[11] In eudicot stems, vascular bundles arrange in a peripheral ring during primary growth, with xylem toward the center and phloem outward; monocot stems display scattered bundles throughout the ground tissue, lacking this organization.^[12] Secondary growth, mediated by vascular cambium and cork cambium, thickens woody stems by producing secondary xylem (wood) inward and phloem/bark outward, enabling perennial persistence in gymnosperms and angiosperms.^[13] Stems classify by habit and habitat: herbaceous stems, reliant on turgor for rigidity, predominate in annuals and perish seasonally without lignification; woody stems accumulate lignin-reinforced secondary xylem for enduring support in perennials.^[9] Erect stems rise vertically for light capture; scandent or climbing forms twine or adhere via tendrils; prostrate or creeping stems hug the soil surface, as in stolons that propagate vegetatively at nodes (e.g., strawberries).^[14] Underground stems, homologous in structure but adapted for propagation or storage, include rhizomes (horizontal, e.g., ginger), tubers (swollen, e.g., potatoes), corms (bulb-like, e.g., gladiolus), and bulbs (layered, e.g., onions), often evading surface stressors while enabling asexual reproduction.^[15] These modifications underscore stems' plasticity in resource allocation and environmental adaptation across ~300,000 vascular plant species.^[6]

Linguistic uses

Word stem

In linguistics, a word stem is the base form of a word that serves as the foundation for adding inflectional or derivational affixes, carrying the core lexical meaning while allowing morphological modifications.^[4] This contrasts with a root, which is the minimal, irreducible morpheme providing the primary semantic content; a stem may consist of a root alone or a root combined with derivational elements, but it excludes inflectional endings.^[3] For instance, in the English verb "unhappiness," the root is "happy," the stem for derivation might be "unhappy" (root plus prefix), and further inflection could yield "unhappinesses" by adding the plural suffix to the extended stem "unhappiness." Stems play a central role in morphological analysis, enabling the systematic formation of words within a language's paradigm. In Indo-European languages like English or Latin, stems often appear in citation forms (e.g., dictionary entries) without inflection, such as the nominative singular stem in declensions.^[4] Complex stems can arise through compounding or affixation, as in "blackboard" where "black" and "board" form a compound stem before potential inflection like "blackboards."^[1] The term "stem" in this sense emerged in linguistic usage by the 19th century, building on earlier notions of "theme" or base forms in comparative philology, distinct from purely etymological roots traced to proto-languages. Distinctions between stems, roots, and bases remain debated in morphological theory, with some frameworks treating stems as any form to which bound morphemes attach, potentially overlapping with bases (free-standing words).^[3] In agglutinative languages like Turkish, stems are more readily isolable, as in "ev-ler-im-de" ("in my houses"), where "ev" is the root stem extended by possessive and locative suffixes. Empirical studies of child language acquisition highlight stems' psychological reality, as learners often produce over-regularized forms by attaching inflections directly to stems, bypassing irregular roots.^[16] This underscores stems' function in bridging lexical storage and productive rule application, supported by corpus analyses showing stem invariance across paradigms in fusional languages.^[17]

Verb "to stem"

The verb "to stem" has several distinct senses in English, primarily denoting restraint or derivation. In its core transitive usage, it means to stop, check, or dam up a flow or progress, as in staunching bleeding or curbing an advance. This sense traces to Middle English stemmen, borrowed from Old Norse stemma ("to stop, dam up"), ultimately from Proto-Germanic roots implying standing firm against movement, with earliest records around 1300 in contexts like holding back water.^[18]^[19]^[20] A related intransitive nautical application, "to stem the tide" or current, originally described a vessel directing its bow (stem) into opposing waves to maintain headway, rather than literally halting the flow—an impossibility without massive barriers. By the 19th century, this evolved idiomatically to signify resisting or reversing a prevailing adverse trend, such as economic decline or social shifts, often implying futility against overwhelming forces. The phrase appears in literature by 1828 in its progressive sense and gained metaphorical prominence thereafter.^[21]^[22]^[19] Another transitive sense, emerging in the 16th century, means to originate, derive, or arise from a source, as in "conflicts stemming from resource scarcity." This draws analogously from the botanical stem as a plant's foundational axis from which growth extends, rather than the damming etymology, reflecting a semantic shift toward causal roots.^[19]^[23] Additionally, "to stem" can mean to remove the stem from fruits, tobacco leaves, or similar items, a practical action directly extending from the noun's denotation of a slender supporting structure; this usage dates to at least the 15th century in agricultural contexts.^[18]^[24] Less commonly, in skiing since the early 20th century, it refers to executing a turn by sliding the heel of one ski outward while pointing the tips together, deriving from the wedge shape formed.^[23]^[25] Past tense and participle forms are stemmed, with derivatives like stemmer (one who or that which stems, e.g., a machine for destemming grapes) and stemming (the act or process). The verb's polysemy underscores English's layered Germanic and Norse influences, where physical restraint metaphors extend to abstract hindrance.^[19]^[24]

Musical and audio uses

Note stem

In Western musical notation, a note stem is the thin vertical line extending from the note head, attached to the right side for upward-pointing stems or the left side for downward-pointing stems, distinguishing notes of half-note value or shorter from whole notes and semibreves, which lack stems.^[26] The stem facilitates the attachment of flags for unstemmed eighth notes and shorter durations or beams for grouped notes, thereby visually encoding rhythmic values without altering the note head's diameter.^[27] Standard conventions dictate stem direction based on the note's position relative to the staff's middle line (the third line from the bottom in treble clef or equivalent): notes with heads entirely below this line receive upward stems on the right, while those on or above it receive downward stems on the left, promoting clarity by directing stems away from the staff's denser central region. ^[26] Upward stems ascend from the note head's right edge, and downward stems descend from the left, with both adhering to a typical length equivalent to one octave—roughly 3.5 staff spaces—to ensure uniformity and legibility across scores.^[28] For notes on ledger lines, stems extend to reach the staff's middle line, maintaining proportional balance; in chordal contexts or multi-voice polyphony, direction may prioritize the primary voice or outer note positions rather than strict positional rules, though single-note conventions prevail in monophonic writing.^[29] Beaming overrides individual stem lengths in rhythmic groups, aligning endpoints horizontally or with slight slopes not exceeding a third's interval to avoid visual distortion, as per engraving standards derived from 18th- and 19th-century practices refined in modern software like Finale and Sibelius.^[28] These rules, rooted in practical readability for performers, show minimal variation across common clefs, though exceptions occur in unconventional notations or for expressive emphasis in contemporary scores.

Audio stem

In audio production, an audio stem refers to a discrete or grouped collection of audio sources that have been mixed together into a single stereo file, intended to be processed downstream as a unified element rather than individual tracks.^[30] These stems typically categorize related elements, such as all drum components (kick, snare, overheads) rendered as one file, vocals as another, bass, and instrumental beds, allowing for a breakdown of a full mix into 4 to 8 subgroups without exposing raw multitracks.^[31] ^[32] Stems facilitate collaborative workflows in music production by providing a balance between the flexibility of full multitrack sessions and the simplicity of a stereo master. For instance, producers or remixers can receive stems to adjust balances, apply effects to groups (e.g., compressing an entire drum stem), or create variations without needing access to every original recording.^[33] In live sound reinforcement, stems enable sound engineers to manage complex arrangements more efficiently by routing grouped signals to venue systems, reducing channel count while preserving mix control.^[34] In mixing and mastering, stem-based processing, known as stem mastering, offers greater artistic options than working from a single stereo file, as engineers can target specific groups—for example, enhancing vocal clarity or taming drum peaks—while maintaining overall cohesion.^[35] This approach is particularly useful for genres with dense arrangements, where it allows subtle corrective EQ or dynamics without altering the producer's artistic intent embedded in the pre-mixed stems.^[36] However, stems differ fundamentally from multitracks, which are unprocessed individual audio files (e.g., separate kick and snare tracks); stems print group processing and effects, limiting granular edits but ensuring compatibility across digital audio workstations.^[37] When exporting stems, professionals recommend aligning levels so that summing them at unity gain recreates the original mix precisely, often using formats like WAV at 24-bit/48 kHz for fidelity.^[31]

Engineering and mechanical uses

Valve and pipe stem

In mechanical engineering, a valve stem is the elongated rod or shaft that connects an external actuator—such as a handwheel, lever, or motor—to the internal closure mechanism of a valve, transmitting linear or rotational motion to control fluid flow by opening, closing, or throttling the valve.^[38] This component operates under varying pressures and temperatures, requiring precise engineering to prevent leaks and ensure durability; it typically interfaces with packing glands or seals to maintain a fluid-tight barrier between the valve body and atmosphere.^[39] Valve stems are classified primarily into rising and non-rising types. Rising stems, common in gate and globe valves, feature external threading that elevates the stem visibly as the valve opens, allowing clear indication of valve position but requiring more vertical space; they are suited for applications needing precise stem-to-gate alignment, such as in ASME B31.1 power piping systems for sizes NPS 2 (DN 50) and larger.^[38] ^[40] Non-rising stems, used in multi-turn valves like rising stem gate valves with internal threading, remain stationary relative to the valve body during operation, conserving space and reducing exposure to environmental damage; these are prevalent in underground or compact installations.^[38] Materials for valve stems prioritize corrosion resistance and strength, often martensitic stainless steel for high-stress environments or forged steel in gate valves, with selection guided by fluid compatibility, pressure ratings (e.g., up to 200 PSI in some utility applications), and standards like API 600 for steel gate valves.^[41] ^[42] Pipe stems, in plumbing and utility engineering contexts, refer to specialized angled or straight brass fittings integrated with valves, designed to adapt hose connections to male pipe threads for fluid transfer in drainage or supply systems. These components, often equipped with handwheels for manual operation, facilitate secure, leak-resistant joints; for instance, a 3/4-inch angled pipe stem valve accommodates 1/2-inch Type K copper tubing and is rated for 200 PSI in water or fuel oil service per CSA standards.^[43] ^[44] Brass construction provides corrosion resistance to non-potable water and oils, with common sizes ranging from 1/2 to 3/4 inches inner diameter, emphasizing tight seals via threaded interfaces to minimize pressure drops and comply with codes for fuel handling.^[45] In piping systems, pipe stems enable transitional connectivity, such as linking garden hoses to threaded pipes, while integrating valve functions for isolation, though they differ from general valve stems by their fitting-oriented design rather than internal actuation.^[44] Maintenance involves periodic inspection for thread wear and packing integrity to avert failures under cyclic loading.^[46]

Nautical stem

The nautical stem is the forwardmost structural element of a ship's hull, forming the apex where the port and starboard bow sides intersect and extending upward from the keel to the deck level.^[47] It provides the leading edge that parts the water during forward motion, often curving or angling to enhance hydrodynamic performance and structural rigidity.^[48] Stems are categorized primarily by their inclination relative to the vertical: plumb stems rise perpendicular to the waterline, optimizing waterline length for improved speed and efficiency in modern vessels; raked stems incline aftward, historically favored for better wave clearance, added buoyancy forward, and traditional aesthetics in sailing ships.^[48]^[49] Contemporary designs may incorporate bulbous protrusions below the stem to minimize wave-making resistance, reducing fuel consumption by up to 15% in certain speed ranges through destructive interference of bow waves.^[49] Structurally, the stem anchors the forward framing and plating, transmitting hydrodynamic and impact loads to the keel while resisting buckling under compression.^[50] In steel construction, it consists of welded heavy plates, often with reinforced doublers at the keel junction for collision protection; wooden stems, as in historical or small craft, employ laminated hardwoods like white oak for flexibility and strength against rot and flexing.^[48] Hydrodynamically, stem rake angle directly affects wave resistance and stability: shallower angles (more vertical) lower resistance at high speeds but increase slamming in head seas, while steeper rakes enhance piercing but may elevate drag at low speeds, as validated by computational fluid dynamics analyses.^[51]^[52]

Other mechanical stems

In bicycles, the stem is a critical mechanical component that rigidly connects the handlebar to the front fork's steerer tube, facilitating steering torque transmission and enabling rider position adjustments for ergonomics and control.^[53] Modern stems are predominantly threadless designs, clamped via a wedge or expander bolt to the steerer, with lengths typically ranging from 70 to 120 mm and angles from -40° to +50° to suit road, mountain, or gravel applications; materials include aluminum alloys for durability, carbon fiber for weight reduction (often under 150 grams), and steel for budget robustness.^[54] Quill stems, an older threaded variant, insert directly into the fork and were standard until the 1990s but persist in retro or high-end builds for their adjustability via a binder bolt.^[55] In horology, the winding stem functions as a slender axial rod in mechanical watches, protruding through the case to interface with the crown for manual mainspring winding and time/date setting via gear engagement with the movement's arbor.^[56] Typically 0.8 to 1.2 mm in diameter and made from stainless steel or brass, the stem threads into the crown and features a squared or splined end for torque transfer, with pull-out resistance provided by a detent or clutch mechanism to prevent over-winding; removal often requires pressing a set lever to disengage it from the movement.^[57] Extenders or replacements accommodate varying case thicknesses, ensuring compatibility across calibers like ETA 2824 or Rolex movements.^[58] In mechanical safe locks, such as Sargent & Greenleaf FAS models, the key stem serves as an elongated rod extension (e.g., 210 mm for 7.57-inch door thicknesses) that transmits rotational force from the external key or dial to internal levers or combination wheels, often finished in brass or chrome for corrosion resistance.^[59] These stems are engineered for precise fitment in high-security applications, with detachable tips or universal designs allowing lever height reading and adaptability to multiple lock bodies without altering the core mechanism.^[60]

Educational and professional uses

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)

STEM designates the integrated study of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, promoting an interdisciplinary curriculum that emphasizes practical application, critical thinking, and problem-solving to prepare students for technical careers and innovation-driven economies.^[61] This approach contrasts with siloed disciplinary teaching by encouraging students to apply concepts across fields, such as using mathematical modeling in engineering design or technological tools in scientific inquiry.^[62] Core elements include hands-on projects, inquiry-based learning, collaboration, and iterative redesign, fostering skills like data analysis and systems thinking.^[63] The acronym originated in 2001 at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), where Judith A. Ramaley restructured the prior term "SMET" (science, mathematics, engineering, technology) to highlight interconnections and address workforce needs amid concerns over declining U.S. competitiveness in technical fields.^[64] NSF's earlier systemic reform efforts in the 1990s laid groundwork by partnering with states and districts to elevate math and science standards, building on post-Sputnik investments in education from the 1950s and 1960s.^[65] Federal momentum grew with President Barack Obama's 2009 Educate to Innovate initiative, which allocated over $250 million to enhance STEM proficiency through teacher training and public-private partnerships.^[66] STEM fields underpin economic growth, with U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projections indicating 10.8% employment expansion in STEM occupations from 2023 to 2033—more than triple the 3.0% rate for all jobs—adding approximately 1.1 million positions, particularly in computing and engineering.^[67] ^[68] In 2021, STEM workers constituted 24% of the U.S. labor force, up from 22% in 2011, with bachelor's degrees or higher prevalent among 57% of them.^[69] Globally, adoption has accelerated, with China producing over 4.7 million STEM graduates annually as of 2020—far exceeding the U.S. figure of about 600,000—driving initiatives in over 100 countries via UNESCO and national programs to build technical capacity.^[70] ^[71]

Criticisms and debates in STEM promotion

Critics argue that claims of a widespread STEM worker shortage, often invoked to justify expanded immigration policies like H-1B visas, lack empirical support, as evidenced by stagnant or declining wages in many STEM occupations and high numbers of underemployed U.S. graduates.^[72]^[73] A 2014 analysis found over twice as many STEM degree holders as available jobs, with no broad shortages across fields, attributing hiring challenges to employer preferences for cheaper foreign labor rather than domestic scarcity.^[74] Proponents of shortages, such as industry reports, have been challenged for relying on projections over actual data, ignoring evidence from sources like the Economic Policy Institute showing wage stagnation in computing and engineering from 2016 to 2021.^[75] Debates on gender disparities in STEM highlight tensions between social interventions and evidence of biological influences on interests and abilities. Women remain underrepresented in fields like engineering and computer science, comprising only about 15-20% of professionals, despite initiatives to boost participation through scholarships and outreach.^[76] Research indicates that sex differences in vocational interests—men favoring "things" over "people"—emerge early and persist, explaining why gaps widen in egalitarian societies with greater occupational freedom, as seen in the "gender equality paradox."^[77]^[78] Critics of purely social explanations, such as stereotype threat, note that interventions yield modest gains at high costs, while overlooking immutable cognitive variances, like greater male variability in aptitude leading to more men at both extremes.^[79] Promotion of STEM has faced scrutiny for ideological biases within academia, where left-leaning dominance—over 60% of faculty identifying as liberal or far-left—may prioritize diversity quotas over merit, potentially undermining scientific rigor.^[80] Political donation data from scientists shows overwhelming support for Democrats, correlating with pressures to integrate social justice frameworks into curricula, which some argue politicizes objective inquiry.^[81] This bias extends to hiring and funding, fostering self-perpetuating echo chambers that marginalize dissenting views on topics like sex differences, as documented in peer-reviewed analyses of academic homogeneity.^[82] Broader critiques question the efficacy and balance of STEM initiatives, which may inflate enrollment without addressing root issues like poor K-12 preparation or the opportunity costs of de-emphasizing humanities. Technology-heavy pedagogies, promoted under STEM, have been linked to lower test scores in core subjects and reduced long-term retention, per studies on ed-tech impacts.^[83] Federal efforts, while aiming for competitiveness, encounter implementation challenges like fragmented programs and unequal access, yielding uneven outcomes across demographics.^[84] Advocates counter that such promotion drives innovation, but skeptics emphasize evidence-based reforms over hype-driven policies.

References

[1]
The Use of Word Stems in English - ThoughtCo
Jul 10, 2020 · In English grammar and morphology, a stem is the form of a word before any inflectional affixes are added. In English, most stems also ...
[2]
What is the difference between a word root and a word stem?
Nov 5, 2014 · A root is the core, unanalyzable part of a word. A stem is the root with affixes added, and is used for inflectional morphology.<|control11|><|separator|>
[3]
[PDF] Morphological Units: Stems - Stanford University
A stem is a theoretical construct, part of a word, consisting of a root and zero or more derivational suffixes and stem formatives.
[4]
https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-542
[5]
Stems - OpenEd CUNY
Their main function is to provide support to the plant, holding leaves, flowers and buds; in some cases, stems also store food for the plant. A stem may be ...
[6]
[PDF] Plant Structures: Stems - Colorado Master Gardener
Functions. • Framework for leaves, flowers, and seeds. • Continuation of vascular system carrying water and minerals from the soil, and sugars.
[7]
Stems – Biology - UH Pressbooks
Their main function is to provide support to the plant, holding leaves, flowers and buds; in some cases, stems also store food for the plant. A stem may be ...
[8]
3.3.1: Stem Morphology (External Structure) - Biology LibreTexts
Jul 28, 2025 · Plant stems, whether above or below ground, are characterized by the presence of nodes and internodes (Figure 3 . 3 . 1 . 1 ). Nodes are points ...
[9]
30.2 Stems – General Biology - UCF Pressbooks
Their main function is to provide support to the plant, and hold leaves, flowers and buds. A stem may be unbranched, like that of a palm tree, or it may be ...
[10]
Plant Development I: Tissue differentiation and function
Plant stem structures include: nodes, which are points of attachment for ... Vascular tissue is made of two specialized conducting tissues: xylem, which ...
[11]
Stem Anatomy - OpenEd CUNY
The stem has three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Each is distinguished by characteristic cell types that perform specific tasks.
[12]
5.4: The Stem - Biology LibreTexts
May 18, 2024 · The most frequent kinds of steles are eustele (vascular bundles in a ring), solenostele (vascular cylinder) and ataktostele (dispersed vascular ...
[13]
ANATOMY I - PlantFacts
During primary development stems retain their epidermis and usually appear green. Unlike the root epidermis, the stem epidermis contains stomata and there are ...
[14]
[PDF] Vegetative plant morphology — stems, leaves, and roots
Stolon (runner) is a specialized stem that grows horizontally above the soil surface and forms a new plant at one or more of its nodes. Examples include ...
[15]
[PDF] The stem: morphology
out aerial shoots on the return of favorable conditions. The underground stems are classified into five principal kinds : 1.Suckers. 2. Rhizomes. 3. corms. 4 ...
[16]
Morphology in children's books, and what it means for learning - PMC
May 5, 2025 · The morphemes of a language consist of free-standing morphemes, called stems, which provide a word's lexical meaning (e.g., -friend- in friendly ...<|separator|>
[17]
[PDF] Identification and Distinction of Root, Stem and Base in English ...
The terms of “root, stem and base” are basic and important in morphology which will help students to have a rational understanding of word formation and ...
[18]
STEM Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Samantha Conti ... Verb. Middle English stemmen "to dam up"; of Norse origin. More from Merriam ...Stem from · Brain stem · Stem the tide · Stem cell
[19]
Stem - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Stem originates from Old English stemn/ stefn, meaning "tree trunk" or "ship's end-post," from Proto-Germanic *stamniz. It also means "hold back flow" from ...
[20]
stem - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology 2. From Middle English stemmen, a borrowing from Old Norse stemma (“to stop, stem, dam”) (whence Danish stemme/stæmme (“to stem, dam up”)), from ...English · Afrikaans · Dutch · Indonesian
[21]
Origin, meaning, and historical change (if any) of the idiom 'stem the ...
Jan 17, 2016 · According to Etymonline, the original meaning of stem is to stop, to hold back: Stem the tide: Phrase to stem the tide is literally "to hold ...
[22]
Stem The Tide: Meaning, Origin, Examples - Investopedia
Stem the tide is an idiom that means to resist or end a prevailing trend. The phrase originates from nautical terminology, whereby ships would try to deflect ...
[23]
stem - American Heritage Dictionary Entry
1. To stop or stanch (a flow): stemmed the bleeding. · 2. To restrain or stop: wanted to stem the growth of government. · 3. To plug or tamp (a blast hole, for ...
[24]
stem - WordReference.com Dictionary of English
[~ + object], stemmed, stem•ming. to check or slow down, esp. the flow of something:worked to stem the flow of blood from the wound.
[25]
stem - definition and meaning - Wordnik
intransitive verb Sports To turn (a ski, usually the uphill ski) by moving the heel outward. intransitive verb To stem a ski or both skis, as in making a turn.<|separator|>
[26]
Notation of Notes, Clefs, and Ledger Lines – Open Music Theory
The stems of notes can point either upward (on the right side of a note) or downward (on the left side of a note). For notes above the middle line, the stem ...
[27]
Musical Notes Guide | Names, Symbols & Time Values
Stem – The stem is the line that extends out from the notehead. Unlike most musical notes, the whole note does not have a stem. Stems can point up or down ...<|separator|>
[28]
Note Stems and Note Stem Direction: PianoTV Q&A
Apr 5, 2016 · The general rule of thumb is this: The stem of the note is the distance of an octave. So if you have a note on middle C, the stem would extend all the way to ...
[29]
Music Note Stem Length - Ultimate Music Theory
Jul 2, 2018 · Usually, music note stems are about one octave long. However, for notes on ledger lines, the stem must reach the center line of the staff.
[30]
https://www.izotope.com/en/learn/stems-and-multitracks
[31]
Stems In Music Production - Everything You Need To Know
Mar 25, 2025 · Stems are sub mixes of a larger mix, that when played together at equal volume will exactly recreate the full mix.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[32]
What are Stems in Music? How to Export Stems in 2025 - LANDR Blog
Jan 2, 2025 · A stem in music production is an individual track or group of tracks within a larger audio mix. A stem could represent distinct elements such as vocals, drums, ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[33]
What are stems in music production? - Epidemic Sound
Mar 21, 2023 · Music stems (or 'song stems,' or just good old-fashioned 'stems' – you get the idea!) are a type of audio file that breaks down a complete track into ...
[34]
What are Stems in Music Production? | ISM UK
Jun 18, 2025 · A stem refers to a mixed audio file that contains a group of related tracks. A classic example is a drum stem, which includes all the individual drum tracks.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[35]
https://www.izotope.com/en/learn/stem-mastering
[36]
Preparing a Mix for Stem Mastering - Sage Audio
Rendering or bouncing a sub-mix return as a stereo audio file creates a stem. Stem mastering engineers typically allow up to 8 stems total, so be smart about ...
[37]
Stems & Tracks Are NOT The Same Thing! - Audio University
Mar 12, 2024 · Stems are not individual tracks. Stems are stereo renderings of groups of tracks (such as drums, vocals, and instruments). The specific ...
[38]
Valves | Engineering Library
Two types of valve stems are rising stems and nonrising stems. Illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, these two types of stems are easily distinguished by observation.
[39]
https://valveman.com/blog/the-basic-parts-of-a-valve/
[40]
Major Valve Parts - Little P.Eng. Engineering
Jul 3, 2017 · The rising stem with outside screw and yoke (O. S. & Y.) is a common design for NPS 2 (DN 50) and larger valves. Some codes, such as ASME B31.1, ...
[41]
Valve stems – Knowledge and References - Taylor & Francis
A valve stem is a component typically made of martensitic stainless steel that is used in applications where higher strength is required, such as in fasteners ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[42]
What is the gate valve stem material? - Quora
Feb 13, 2024 · Rising stem gate valves are usually made from cast or forged steel while non rising stem gate valves are more typically brass, bronze or cast ...
[43]
angled pipe stem, valve, 3/4 in - fairview - Grainger-Canada
This angled pipe stem for water thread valves connects a water hose to a male pipe. The inside diameter of the male pipe will accommodate a 1/2-inch Type K ...
[44]
Angled pipe stem | Water thread valves - Fairview Fittings
Fairview's Angled Pipe Stem Water Drain Valve is also CSA Certified to 200 PSI for use with Fuel Oil.
[45]
FAIRVIEW ANGLED PIPE STEM, VALVE, 1/2 IN - 4949 - FAR224D
ANGLED PIPE STEM, VALVE, 1/2 IN ; Shipping Weight 0.04 ; ItemAngled Pipe Stem ; Body MaterialBrass ; Handle TypeHandwheel ; StandardsCSA.
[46]
Valve Stems and Their Importance in Piping Industry
Valve stems play a pivotal role in regulating fluid flow, isolating sections, and controlling the overall functionality of piping systems.<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
Stem - Wärtsilä
The bow frame forming the apex of the intersection of the forward sides of a ship. At its lower end it is rigidly connected to the keel.
[48]
Different Parts Of A Ship Explained - Marine Insight
Jul 12, 2021 · Stem: The front-most part of the boat or ship's bow is termed as the Stem of the ship. The keel itself is extended up ...
[49]
Types of Bow Designs Used For Ships - Marine Insight
Jan 21, 2019 · A vertical, or unraked bow having a straight edge is known as a plumb bow. These bows have maximum waterline besides an X-Bow or an Inverted Bow ...
[50]
Speaking the Language: Ship Structural Terms - U.S. Naval Institute
The forward end of the keel, extending upward, is the stem; the after end, extending upward, is the sternpost. Frames are beamlike structures fastened at right ...
[51]
The Static and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the Ship's Stem ...
In this paper, the relationship between stem angle and hull stability, wave resistance, hull resistance is investigated through computational fluid dynamics ( ...
[52]
The Rise of Water at a Ship Stem - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · The height of water at the stem of a ship hull—with a nonbulbous wedge-shaped bow—that advances at constant speed in calm water is ...
[53]
https://www.levelninesports.com/bulletin/learn-center/bike-gear-education/bicycle-stems-101
[54]
https://bikethomson.com/product-category/stems/
[55]
https://www.funnmtb.com/blogs/tech/a-guide-to-replacing-your-threadless-bike-stem
[56]
Watch 101 — Winding Stem - Hodinkee
The winding stem is the interface between the exterior and interior of a watch. Manipulation of the winding stem by turning, pulling, and pushing the crown ...
[57]
WINDING STEM - Horopedia
The winding stem is the axis on which the crown is screwed. It is mainly used to set the time and to wind the watch.
[58]
https://www.esslinger.com/watch-stems-and-stem-extenders/
[59]
https://mbausa.com/s-g-6870-80-90-fas-key-stem-210mm-7-57-d-t/
[60]
E3 universal make up key stem - 1010 Security
Our universal make-up key uses a single stem, no matter how many levers there are. Key stem handle has been engraved for reading lever heights. Shaft, tip and ...
[61]
STEM Education | NSF - National Science Foundation
Learn about US postsecondary science and engineering education and about STEM education at the elementary and secondary levels.Data Highlights · Over The Past 20 Years, Most... · Graduate Student Enrollment...
[62]
What Is STEM Education? | ACE Blog
Dec 5, 2024 · Aiming to cultivate interdisciplinary approaches to education, initiatives by the National Science Foundation in the late 1990s led to the first ...Stem Core Components · Lifelong Stem Learning · Stem Education Around The...
[63]
4 Key Components of Quality STEM Projects | Discovery Education
4 Key Components of Quality STEM Projects · 1. A Driving Question · 2. Solve A Problem · 3. Opportunities to Redesign · 4. Multiple Assessment Methods. Driving ...
[64]
1. The origin of STEM education - tlu.ee
The acronym STEM was coined in 2001 by Judith A. Ramaley of the National Science Foundation (USA) and replaced the previously used acronym SMET (Sanders, 2009).
[65]
3 History of Federal and National STEM Education Improvement ...
The NSF's systemic initiatives (1990–2008) promoted education reform in math and science through cooperative working arrangements or partnerships among SEAs, ...
[66]
A Brief History of STEM - Dottie Rose Foundation
Sep 16, 2022 · The 1990s also marked the first acronym used to define STEM. Initially called “SMET,” it was changed in 2001 to what we know today. Biologist ...
[67]
National STEM Day: November 8, 2024 - U.S. Census Bureau
Nov 8, 2024 · According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment in STEM occupations is projected to grow at twice the rate (10.8%) of overall employment ...
[68]
[PDF] Employment Projections - 2024-2034 - Bureau of Labor Statistics
Aug 28, 2025 · Total employment is projected to increase to 175.2 million and grow 3.1 percent, which is slower than the 13.0-percent growth recorded over the ...
[69]
Talent: US and Global STEM Education and Labor Force
Mar 13, 2024 · Between 2011 and 2021, STEM workers increased from 22% to 24% of the U.S. workforce. By educational attainment, the STEM workforce with a ...
[70]
The Global Distribution of STEM Graduates: Which Countries Lead ...
Nov 27, 2023 · The WEF report identified China, India, the United States, Russia, Iran, Indonesia, and Japan as the top seven STEM graduate-producing countries ...
[71]
Revitalizing STEM education to equip next generations with STEM
Feb 17, 2025 · The project, which aims to advance STEM education, will contribute to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Goals, ...
[72]
The STEM Crisis Is a Myth - IEEE Spectrum
Aug 30, 2013 · The real STEM crisis is one of literacy: the fact that today's students are not receiving a solid grounding in science, math, and engineering.
[73]
The Myth of the STEM Shortage, In Detail | Science | AAAS
The claim of a STEM worker shortage is that many studies have directly contradicted it, including reports from Duke University, the Rochester Institute of ...
[74]
Is There a STEM Worker Shortage? - Center for Immigration Studies
May 19, 2014 · We find no evidence of a general shortage of STEM workers. In 2012, there were more than twice as many people with STEM degrees (immigrant and ...
[75]
STEM Workforce Shortages Are a Myth - LinkedIn
Aug 10, 2022 · STEM wages have lagged other occupations. In fact, wages for Computer and Engineering occupations actually declined between 2016 and 2021. When ...
[76]
STEM Jobs See Uneven Progress in Increasing Gender, Racial and ...
Apr 1, 2021 · Among Black students earning degrees in a STEM field, more are women than men. This pattern aligns with long-standing gender gaps in educational ...
[77]
STEM's ongoing sex-difference debate - Inside Higher Ed
Feb 13, 2020 · “We hypothesize that men are more likely than women to enter STEM careers because of endogenous interests,” Geary and Stoet wrote. “Societal ...
[78]
Gender in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
In the past, a dominant assumption about gender disparities in STEM concerned women's lack of ability due to biological, innate, and/or immutable differences ( ...
[79]
[PDF] Why Are Some STEM Fields More Gender Balanced Than Others?
Women's participation in STEM fields today therefore is more concentrated in biology, chemistry, and mathematics than in com- puter science, engineering, and ...
[80]
The Hyperpoliticization of Higher Ed: Trends in Faculty Political ...
Higher education has recently made a hard left turn—sixty percent of faculty now identify as “liberal” or “far left.” This left-leaning supermajority is ...
[81]
Scientists' political donations reflect polarization in academia
Jun 11, 2023 · Our analysis of individual political donations confirms that the vast majority of scientists who contribute have supported Democratic candidates.
[82]
Political Biases in Academia | Psychology Today
May 29, 2020 · A list of mostly peer-reviewed articles and academic books and chapters addressing the problem of political bias in academia.
[83]
Rotten STEM: How Technology Corrupts Education
Aug 20, 2019 · The use of technology in schools actually lowers test scores in reading, math, and science, damages long-term memory, and induces addiction.
[84]
[PDF] STEM EDUCATION Selected Federal Initiatives, Challenges ... - GAO
Jul 15, 2025 · STEM education helps prepare K-12 students for careers in STEM fields to enhance innovation and global competitiveness.