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Buccopharyngeal fascia

The buccopharyngeal fascia is a thin, fibrous layer of the deep cervical fascia that forms the outermost covering of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (superior, middle, and inferior) and extends anteriorly to envelop the buccinator muscle, serving as the posterior segment of the visceral division of the pretracheal (middle) layer of neck fascia.^[1]^[2] It originates superiorly at the skull base, attaches to the buccinator and pharyngeal constrictors, and continues inferiorly as the fascial sheath around the esophagus and trachea down to the fibrous pericardium in the thorax, thereby providing structural support to the enclosed pharyngeal and upper aerodigestive viscera.^[1]^[2] Functionally, it aids in maintaining the integrity of the pharynx during swallowing and respiration by enclosing the fibromuscular wall of the pharynx, while also acting as the anterior boundary of the retropharyngeal space, which separates it from deeper structures like the alar and prevertebral fascias.^[3]^[2] Embryologically, it develops independently of the organs it encloses, such as the thyroid, parathyroid glands, trachea, and esophagus, and clinically, it is significant in the potential spread of deep neck infections from the pharynx to the retropharyngeal space or mediastinum, often necessitating surgical intervention for abscess drainage.^[1]^[2]

Anatomy

Definition and Location

The buccopharyngeal fascia is a thin layer of the pretracheal (visceral) fascia that forms the posterior and lateral covering of the pharynx, enclosing the superior portion of the alimentary canal from the mouth to the esophagus.^[4]^[1] It constitutes a key component of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia, specifically investing the outer surfaces of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the buccinator muscle.^[4]^[1] This fascia is positioned within the cervical region, spanning superiorly from the base of the skull and continuing inferiorly as the fascial covering of the esophagus and trachea to the fibrous pericardium in the thorax.^[1] It lies posterior to the pharynx and esophagus, contributing to the visceral division of the deep cervical fascia while separating the pharyngeal structures from adjacent spaces such as the retropharyngeal space.^[1] The term "buccopharyngeal" derives from "bucco-," relating to the cheek and the buccinator muscle, combined with "pharyngeal," referring to the pharynx or throat, thus emphasizing its coverage of both oral and pharyngeal regions.^[5] Historically, in the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy, it was described as the posterior portion of the visceral fascia.

Composition and Layers

The buccopharyngeal fascia is composed primarily of fibrous connective tissue rich in collagen and elastin fibers, forming a thin membrane that invests the outer surface of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and extends to the buccinator muscle.^[1]^[6]^[7] This structure arises embryologically from fibromuscular laminae and provides a supportive envelope for the visceral compartment.^[1] It consists of a single thin layer without distinct sublayers, blending seamlessly superiorly with the pharyngobasilar fascia and continuous inferiorly with the thoracic coverings of the esophagus and trachea as part of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia.^[1]^[7] Microscopically, the fascia features a dense fibrous arrangement permeated by small nerves, veins, and associated lymphatics, with thickness varying regionally and increasing near points of muscular attachment.^[7]^[8] In the Terminologia Anatomica (1998, with updates), the buccopharyngeal fascia is designated as fascia buccopharyngea with FMA ID 55078, highlighting its role as a unifying fibrous envelope for pharyngeal and buccal structures.

Attachments and Relations

Attachments

The buccopharyngeal fascia exhibits distinct superior attachments that anchor it to the base of the skull through continuity with the pharyngobasilar fascia, which fuses with the periosteum along the skull base, providing structural support for the pharynx.^[1] Laterally, it connects to the pterygomandibular raphe, a fibrous band extending between the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate and the posterior mylohyoid line of the mandible, facilitating integration with adjacent masticatory structures.^[7] Inferiorly, the buccopharyngeal fascia blends seamlessly with the visceral fascia enveloping the esophagus at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6), where the pharynx transitions into the esophageal inlet, and it maintains a loose connection to the prevertebral fascia through intervening areolar tissue, allowing for physiological mobility.^[1] This areolar linkage prevents rigid fixation while permitting limited displacement during swallowing.^[2] Laterally, it connects indirectly to the carotid sheath via surrounding connective tissue, spanning between the carotid sheaths posterior to the esophagus and thyroid lobes.^[1] Medially, the buccopharyngeal fascia adheres closely to the posterior pharyngeal wall, covering the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and extends anteriorly over the buccinator muscle to attach to the mandible and maxilla, particularly fusing with the periosteum of the posterior alveolar process of the maxilla and the inner pterygoid plate.^[7] This medial extension reinforces the pharyngeal lining and integrates with oral cavity structures.^[2] Overall, these attachments enable the buccopharyngeal fascia to form a continuous sleeve around the pharynx, enclosing the superior alimentary canal while incorporating loose connections that allow sliding over the underlying prevertebral fascia, thereby accommodating dynamic movements without compromising stability.^[1]^[7]

Relations to Adjacent Structures

The buccopharyngeal fascia directly invests the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle on its posterior aspect and the buccinator muscle anteriorly, providing a continuous fascial covering that facilitates coordinated movement between the oral cavity and pharynx.^[4]^[2] This investment forms a protective layer around these muscles, blending laterally with the pharyngobasilar fascia superiorly and extending inferiorly to merge with the pretracheal fascia.^[1] As part of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia, the buccopharyngeal fascia serves as the anterior boundary of the retropharyngeal space, which lies posterior to it and is delimited posteriorly by the alar layer of the prevertebral fascia.^[1] Laterally, it relates to the carotid sheath, positioning it medial to the parotid gland and separating the pharyngeal structures from the parapharyngeal space, where loose connective tissue allows limited potential for extension between compartments without direct communication.^[9]^[2] Vascularly, the buccopharyngeal fascia lies anterior to the internal jugular vein and common carotid artery within the carotid sheath, maintaining spatial separation while permitting proximity for neurovascular support to pharyngeal functions.^[1] Inferiorly, it borders the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland, transitioning into the visceral fascia that encloses the gland and adjacent structures like the esophagus.^[7] Neurally, the buccopharyngeal fascia overlies branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) and vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) as they pierce to innervate the pharyngeal musculature and mucosa.^[2] This superficial positioning allows these nerves to access the pharynx while being enveloped by the fascial layer for structural integrity.^[9]

Functions

Mechanical Roles

The buccopharyngeal fascia serves as a fibrous envelope that envelops the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, as well as portions of the buccinator muscle, providing biomechanical stability to the pharyngeal region during activities such as swallowing and mastication.^[7] This envelopment prevents collapse of the pharyngeal walls under intraoral and pharyngeal pressures by maintaining structural integrity and limiting excessive deformation.^[1] Additionally, as part of the deep cervical fascia's visceral division, it contributes to compartmentalization by defining boundaries such as the anterior limit of the retropharyngeal space, thereby containing the pharyngeal muscles within distinct compartments and restricting lateral displacement of the pharyngeal walls during mechanical stress.^[10] The elastic properties of the buccopharyngeal fascia arise from its composition, which includes elastic fibers integrated within the connective tissue matrix, enabling limited expansion and contraction to accommodate dynamic changes in pharyngeal volume.^[11] This elasticity supports the propulsion of food boluses by allowing controlled deformation without compromising overall stability, particularly in coordination with the enclosed pharyngeal constrictors. Furthermore, it anchors select fibers of the buccinator muscle, integrating cheek and pharyngeal movements to ensure synchronized actions during mastication and deglutition, as outlined in functional anatomy analyses.^[12] This anchoring briefly references its relation to adjacent structures like the buccinator, promoting overall biomechanical harmony in the oropharyngeal region.

Involvement in Physiological Processes

The buccopharyngeal fascia plays a critical role in deglutition by enveloping the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, thereby facilitating coordinated contraction and propulsion of the bolus through the pharynx.^[1] This fascial layer provides structural support to the pharynx, enabling smooth peristaltic movement during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing while integrating with adjacent fascial elements to maintain efficient bolus transit.^[13] By covering the constrictor muscles, it allows for tension transmission that aids in elevating and closing the pharynx, preventing aspiration and ensuring seamless progression to the esophageal phase.^[1] In mastication, the buccopharyngeal fascia connects fibers of the buccinator muscle to pharyngeal structures via attachments such as the pterygomandibular raphe, promoting synchronized compression of the cheeks against the teeth to retain food during chewing.^[12] This anchorage stabilizes the buccinator, an accessory muscle of mastication, allowing it to assist in grinding and positioning the bolus for subsequent swallowing preparation.^[14] The fascial continuity ensures balanced tension between oral and pharyngeal compartments, enhancing overall efficiency in the preparatory phase of deglutition.^[13] The buccopharyngeal fascia contributes to respiratory integration by enclosing the pharyngeal constrictors and maintaining pharyngeal lumen patency during quiet breathing, tethering these muscles to prevent collapse or obstruction of the upper airway.^[1] As part of the visceral fascia, it supports the dynamic balance between pharyngeal dilation for airflow and constriction for swallowing, allowing the shared pharyngeal conduit to alternate functions without compromise.^[13] It aids lymphatic drainage by forming the anterior boundary of the retropharyngeal space, where lymph nodes drain superficial structures of the pharynx, nasopharynx, and adjacent aerodigestive tissues toward the deep cervical nodes, thereby supporting immune surveillance in the upper respiratory and digestive tracts.^[15] These nodes, located within the retropharyngeal space bounded anteriorly by the buccopharyngeal fascia, facilitate the clearance of antigens and pathogens from the pharyngeal mucosa.^[2] Developmentally, the buccopharyngeal fascia ensures continuity in the transition from oral to pharyngeal phases during infant feeding by developing in coordination with the buccinator and constrictor muscles, enabling early sucking and swallowing reflexes essential for neonatal nutrition.^[14] This embryological adaptation arises from mesodermal origins, forming a stable framework that supports the maturation of coordinated oropharyngeal functions from fetal stages onward.^[16]

Clinical Significance

Role in Infections and Pathology

The buccopharyngeal fascia forms the anterior boundary of the retropharyngeal space, a potential space that facilitates the posterior extension of infections such as pharyngeal abscesses originating from the upper aerodigestive tract.^[2] This anatomical arrangement allows pus collections to track posteriorly along loose areolar tissue, potentially breaching the space and leading to complications like airway compromise.^[17] Furthermore, the buccopharyngeal fascia's loose connections to the underlying alar fascia enable infections within the retropharyngeal space to descend into the danger space, which spans from the skull base at C1 to approximately T4 in the posterior mediastinum.^[18] In common pathologies, the buccopharyngeal fascia is implicated in the spread of infections through fascial planes, as seen in Lemierre's syndrome, where pharyngeal infections—often from tonsillitis—lead to septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein via contiguous deep neck spaces.^[19] Deep neck abscesses frequently originate from tonsillitis and can involve the buccopharyngeal fascia as part of the visceral compartment, promoting lateral and inferior dissemination if untreated.^[17] The buccopharyngeal fascia's thin, fibrous composition limits its barrier function, rendering it susceptible to perforation by expanding peritonsillar abscesses, which may rupture posteriorly and track along the retropharyngeal space to cause life-threatening mediastinitis.^[2] This vulnerability underscores the fascia's role in containing but not always preventing the progression of suppurative infections from the peritonsillar region. Diagnosis often relies on imaging, where computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals fascial thickening and fluid collections indicative of pathology.^[20]^[21] Deep neck infections involving fascial planes, including the buccopharyngeal fascia, pose higher risks in immunocompromised patients due to impaired defenses facilitating spread.^[2]

Surgical and Diagnostic Considerations

In transoral surgical approaches to the pharynx, incision through the buccopharyngeal fascia is often required to access underlying structures, such as during resection of parapharyngeal tumors or drainage of retropharyngeal abscesses, allowing direct visualization and manipulation while minimizing external scarring.^[22]^[23] This method is particularly effective for abscesses confined above the C3 level, where a vertical incision is made intraorally using a mouth gag, followed by irrigation and drainage, with the fascia serving as the anterior boundary of the retropharyngeal space to contain the procedure medially.^[24] Such approaches inherently preserve the carotid sheath laterally by limiting dissection to the medial fascial plane, reducing the risk of vascular injury during procedures like endoscope-assisted tumor excisions.^[25] Anesthesia considerations in pharyngeal surgeries involving the buccopharyngeal fascia include local infiltration along the fascial planes to facilitate dissection of the superior pharyngeal constrictor, enhancing analgesia while avoiding deeper structures; however, extension of dissection risks involvement of the vagus nerve within the adjacent carotid sheath, potentially leading to vocal cord paralysis or dysphagia.^[2] In neck dissections for head and neck cancers, the buccopharyngeal fascia acts as a key procedural landmark, guiding the separation of visceral contents from the retropharyngeal space to prevent violation and potential spread of malignancy, as emphasized in fascial plane techniques that maintain oncologic integrity.^[26] On diagnostic imaging, the buccopharyngeal fascia typically appears as a thin hypodense line on CT scans and a subtle hypointense structure on MRI, reflecting its fibrous composition, with contrast enhancement signaling inflammation or invasion in pathologic states like abscesses or tumors.^[21]^[27] Ultrasound is generally limited due to the fascia's depth and overlying structures, making cross-sectional imaging preferable for preoperative planning.^[2] In radiation therapy planning for oropharyngeal tumors, the integrity of the buccopharyngeal fascia influences field margins, as tumor spread along fascial planes to the retropharyngeal space necessitates inclusion of nodal regions to achieve adequate coverage without excessive mucosal toxicity.^[28]^[29] If the buccopharyngeal fascia is damaged during surgery, reconstruction often employs fascia lata grafts to restore pharyngeal wall continuity and prevent complications like fistula formation, as seen in repairs of pharyngeal tears or defects following ablative procedures.^[30]^[31] This approach leverages the graft's durability for tension-free closure, particularly in salvage surgeries for advanced head and neck cancers.^[32]

References

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The buccopharyngeal fascia continues as the thoracic covering of the esophagus and trachea.[2] In clinical settings, the part of the visceral division of the ...Introduction · Structure and Function · Embryology · Nerves
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The buccopharyngeal fascia is attached to the buccinator and the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors. The prevertebral fascia contains the ...
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... (buccopharyngeal fascia) covering the outer surface of the muscles. The wall of the pharynx is composed mainly of two layers of skeletal muscles. The ...
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Feb 22, 2024 · The buccopharyngeal fascia is the component of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia that invests the outside of the pharyngeal constrictors and ...
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Feb 20, 2020 · Fascia buccopharyngea (visceral fascia; buccopharyngeal fascia) ... It extends cranial to the skull base and caudal to the level of C6 or C7.Missing: extent | Show results with:extent<|separator|>
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### Summary of Buccopharyngeal Fascia and Its Role
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Oct 4, 2020 · With the horizontalization of the skull base, there is a change in the insertion axis of the buccopharyngeal fascia, changing the positioning ...Review · Figure 1. Phylogenetics Of... · Figure 2. Phylogenetics Of...<|separator|>
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Lemierre's syndrome, characterized by pharyngitis followed by septic ... Retropharyngeal abscesses typically involve the space between the buccopharyngeal fascia ...
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Overall, complex reconstruction with the ALT/fascia lata flap and GSV graft is optional and effective for salvage surgery in advanced HNC patients. Innovative ...<|separator|>