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Mylohyoid line

The mylohyoid line is an oblique ridge on the medial (internal) surface of the mandibular body, serving as the primary attachment site for the origin of the mylohyoid muscle, a key suprahyoid structure that contributes to the floor of the oral cavity.^[1] This bony feature, also known as the linea mylohyoidea, typically extends anteroinferiorly from a position posterior and inferior to the third molar tooth toward the lower border of the mandibular symphysis near the midline.^[2] It is more distinct at its posterior end and gradually fades anteriorly, dividing the inner mandibular surface into the sublingual fossa above (which accommodates the sublingual salivary gland) and the submandibular fossa below (which houses the submandibular salivary gland).^[3] Anatomically, the mylohyoid line runs along the entire length of the mandible's inner aspect, positioned anterior to the mylohyoid groove and superior to the inferior border of the jaw.^[1] The mylohyoid muscle fibers arise broadly from this ridge, coursing inferomedially to insert via a midline raphe and onto the anterior surface of the hyoid bone, forming a paired muscular sling that supports the tongue and facilitates deglutition.^[4] This arrangement separates the sublingual space (above the muscle) from the submandibular space (below), making the line and its associated muscle critical landmarks in head and neck imaging for identifying pathologies in the oral cavity and upper neck regions.^[5] The mylohyoid line exhibits variability in prominence and course among individuals, though this does not significantly impact the microarchitecture of adjacent edentulous alveolar bone, as evidenced by micro-CT studies.^[6] Clinically, its position is relevant in dental procedures, such as implant placement, and in surgical approaches to the floor of the mouth, where awareness of the line helps avoid injury to the mylohyoid muscle and related neurovascular structures like the lingual nerve and submandibular duct.^[7]

Anatomy

Description and Location

The mylohyoid line, known in Latin as linea mylohyoidea mandibulae, is a bony ridge located on the medial (internal) surface of the body of the mandible.^[1]^[2] It is identified in standard anatomical nomenclature as TA98: A02.1.15.012, TA2: 848, and FMA: 53119. This ridge typically appears as a shallow, linear elevation, and its prominence can vary among individuals.^[8]^[9] The line originates near the symphysis menti in the submandibular fossa, and runs obliquely in an anteroinferior direction along the medial mandibular surface.^[10] It extends posteriorly to the region behind the third molar tooth, anterior to the mylohyoid groove on the mandibular ramus.^[1] Superiorly, it is bounded by the alveolar process, while inferiorly it lies above the base of the mandible.^[3]

Attachments and Relations

The mylohyoid line forms the inferior boundary of the sublingual fossa and the superior boundary of the submandibular fossa on the internal surface of the mandibular body.^[8] Above the line lies the sublingual fossa, which accommodates the sublingual gland, while below it, the submandibular fossa houses the superficial part of the submandibular gland.^[11] The line is positioned superior to the base of the mandible and runs medial to the mylohyoid groove on the medial surface of the mandibular ramus, where the groove serves as a conduit for the mylohyoid nerve and vessels.^[8] In terms of soft tissue relations, the mylohyoid line is adjacent superiorly to the sublingual gland and lies near the lingual nerve and submandibular duct, both of which course above the line in the floor of the mouth.^[4] Laterally, it contributes to the boundary of the mouth floor, separating the oral cavity from the submandibular space.^[12] Ligamentous relations include the posterior attachment of the pterygomandibular raphe to the mylohyoid line, linking it to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate.^[13] Vascular and neural structures are in close proximity but do not directly traverse the line; the lingual artery and vein lie superior to it within the sublingual space, while the mylohyoid nerve branches from the inferior alveolar nerve and travels inferiorly via the mylohyoid groove.^[14] The line relates indirectly to alveolar nerves through this branching.^[8] The mylohyoid line exhibits bilateral symmetry, appearing on the medial surfaces of both mandibular bodies and converging toward the midline near the mandibular symphysis, where it approaches the mental spines.^[8]

Function

Muscular Attachments

The mylohyoid muscle originates from the mylohyoid line on the medial surface of the mandibular body, extending from near the symphysis to approximately the level of the third molar, forming a broad and direct attachment that supports its role as a foundational muscle in the submandibular region.^[3]^[4] This origin allows the muscle to span the floor of the mouth bilaterally.^[15] The posterior end of the mylohyoid line serves as the origin for the mylopharyngeal part of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, providing a more localized attachment point compared to the extensive span of the mylohyoid muscle.^[16] Additionally, the pterygomandibular raphe, a tendinous band of buccopharyngeal fascia, attaches at the posterior end of the mylohyoid line, linking the superior pharyngeal constrictor posteriorly to the buccinator muscle anteriorly.^[13]^[17] From its origin on the mylohyoid line, the fibers of the mylohyoid muscle course transversely and inferomedially across the midline, meeting their contralateral counterparts at the mylohyoid raphe and inserting onto the body of the hyoid bone to form the mylohyoid sling.^[4] This orientation creates a muscular diaphragm that separates the submandibular and sublingual spaces.^[3] These muscular attachments to the mylohyoid line were classically described in early 20th-century anatomical literature, including the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy, which details the origins of the mylohyoid and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles along the line.

Role in Oral and Pharyngeal Mechanics

The mylohyoid line serves as a critical attachment site for the mylohyoid muscle, which forms the primary muscular support for the floor of the mouth. During swallowing and speech, contraction of the mylohyoid elevates the hyoid bone and the floor of the mouth anterosuperiorly when the mandible is fixed, facilitating the propulsion of the bolus and maintaining oral cavity integrity. This action also elevates the base of the tongue, aiding in the coordination of deglutition and articulation by positioning the tongue appropriately against the palate.^[4]^[18] The posterior aspect of the mylohyoid line contributes to pharyngeal mechanics through its role in anchoring the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, which originates from the posterior end of the line and the adjacent pterygomandibular raphe. During deglutition, this muscle contracts to narrow the upper pharyngeal segment, closing the nasopharynx and propelling the bolus toward the esophagus in a coordinated sequence with other constrictors. This attachment ensures efficient bolus transit while protecting the airway from aspiration.^[19] Additionally, the mylohyoid line's connection to the pterygomandibular raphe provides stabilization for the soft palate and pharynx during mastication. The raphe anchors the superior pharyngeal constrictor and buccinator muscles, tensing the pharyngeal walls to resist lateral forces from chewing and supporting velopharyngeal closure to prevent food escape into the nasal cavity. This stabilizing function maintains pharyngeal patency and aids in efficient food processing.^[20] The attachments along the mylohyoid line collectively contribute to the formation of the mylohyoid sling, a paired muscular structure that elevates the tongue base during swallowing when the hyoid is stabilized and indirectly depresses the jaw when the hyoid is fixed, facilitating mouth opening and integrated oral movements. In adulthood, the line's prominence may increase due to ongoing muscle traction and bone remodeling, influencing load distribution; however, in edentulous states, alveolar bone resorption alters the line's relative position, potentially compromising floor-of-mouth support and denture mechanics during function.^[18]^[4]^[21]

Clinical Significance

Surgical Considerations

In dental and oral surgery, the mylohyoid line serves as a critical anatomical landmark during submandibular gland excision, where the mylohyoid muscle, attached along this line on the medial mandibular surface, forms the floor separating the superficial and deep glandular lobes, guiding dissection to avoid deeper neurovascular structures like the lingual and hypoglossal nerves immediately posterior to its free margin.^[22] Similarly, in sialolithotomy for submandibular stones, the line delineates stones as superior or inferior to the mylohyoid, influencing the intraoral approach and extraction difficulty, with inferior stones often requiring more extensive mobilization of the mylohyoid muscle to access the submandibular fossa.^[23] During third molar extractions, the mylohyoid line poses a risk for iatrogenic injury to the mylohyoid nerve, a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve that runs in the mylohyoid groove inferior to the line, potentially leading to submental hypoesthesia or contributing to incomplete lingual anesthesia if communications exist between the mylohyoid and lingual nerves near the third molar region.^[24]^[25] In mandibular procedures such as orthognathic surgery, medial mandibular landmarks near the mylohyoid line and groove guide sagittal split osteotomies to help preserve the mylohyoid muscle attachment and reduce risks to the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. For floor-of-mouth reconstructions following cancer resection, exposure of the mylohyoid line facilitates marginal mandibulectomy planning, ensuring adequate mandibular height preservation while detaching the mylohyoid muscle for tumor clearance without compromising the oral floor integrity. Anesthesia implications arise from the mylohyoid line's proximity to the lingual nerve, which courses superiorly along the medial mandible above the line near the third molar, necessitating precise needle placement in inferior alveolar nerve blocks to avoid lingual nerve trauma or unintended diffusion affecting mylohyoid innervation.^[26]^[27] Preoperative imaging relies on the mylohyoid line's visibility on panoramic radiographs, where it appears as an oblique ridge aiding assessment of bone height for implant placement or fracture risk, and on CT scans for detailed three-dimensional planning in sialolithotomy or mandibular osteotomies to evaluate its relation to the mandibular canal and submandibular fossa depth.

Pathological Associations

The mylohyoid line demonstrates notable anatomical variability, particularly in its width and prominence, which can range from 0.4 mm to over 10 mm across different mandibular regions, with the greatest variation observed near the second molar. Minor bony features, such as mylohyoid eminences or fossae, may occur around the posterior portion of the line, representing subtle developmental differences in mandibular architecture. Defects in the associated mylohyoid muscle, known as mylohyoid boutonnières, are relatively common and can alter the line's functional support, with reported incidences ranging from 10% to 77% in cadaveric and imaging studies. These muscle gaps may permit herniation of sublingual gland tissue or vessels, indirectly influencing the line's role in compartmentalizing oral spaces. In traumatic pathologies, the mylohyoid line serves as a stress concentration point, predisposing it to oblique fractures in the mandibular angle or body, often complicating reduction due to muscle pull from the mylohyoid and associated suprahyoid structures. Such fractures are classified as unfavorable when the fracture line aligns with the mylohyoid groove, leading to displacement of fragments. Osteomyelitis originating from dental infections can propagate along the mylohyoid line, particularly when lower tooth roots lie superior to this ridge, facilitating spread from the sublingual to submandibular spaces and resulting in localized bone necrosis. Neoplastic involvement of the mylohyoid line is uncommon but significant in advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma, where tumor infiltration of the mylohyoid muscle attachments may manifest as muscle thinning, irregularity, or full-thickness disruption on preoperative MRI, guiding decisions for en-bloc resection. A scoring system based on MRI features predicts infiltration with high sensitivity when scores exceed 4, indicating extension beyond the muscle origin along the line. Similarly, malignant salivary gland tumors arising in the floor of the mouth, such as sublingual gland adenocarcinomas, rarely invade the mylohyoid attachments, often exploiting muscle defects to extend into adjacent submandibular spaces. Developmental anomalies affecting the mylohyoid line occur in syndromes like Pierre Robin sequence, characterized by mandibular micrognathia that underdevelops the overall bony framework, including the line's formation and the mylohyoid muscle's supportive role in elevating the hyoid and floor of the mouth. On imaging, conditions such as hyperparathyroidism may present with mandibular erosions or brown tumors, appearing as radiolucent lesions with surrounding sclerosis on CT or panoramic radiographs. In Paget's disease, mandibular involvement leads to bony prominence and expansion, visible as a coarse trabecular "mosaic" pattern with cortical thickening on CT scans.

References

[1]
Mylohyoid Line (Left) | Complete Anatomy - Elsevier
The mylohyoid lines (internal oblique ridges) are the two oblique ridges found along the internal surface of the body of the mandible.
[2]
Mylohyoid line - e-Anatomy - IMAIOS
The mylohyoid line is a noticeable ridge that slants downwards and forwards, starting just under the third molar tooth and ending near the median area beneath ...
[3]
Mylohyoid: Origin, insertion, innervation and action - Kenhub
Mylohyoid is a suprahyoid muscle that forms the floor of oral cavity and aids deglutition. Learn about the anatomy and function of mylohyoid at Kenhub!
[4]
Anatomy, Head and Neck, Mylohyoid Muscle - StatPearls - NCBI - NIH
It is a flat and triangular muscle that originates from the mandible near the molars hence the prefix “mylo” (Greek for molars) and inserts on the hyoid bone.
[5]
Mylohyoid muscle | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
Jun 16, 2022 · The mylohyoid muscles form a paired muscular sling that forms part of the floor of the mouth. It also separates the sublingual space (and oral cavity) from the ...
[6]
The mylohyoid line is highly variable but does not affect the ...
May 3, 2024 · The mylohyoid line is highly variable but does not affect the microarchitecture of the edentulous alveolar bone – an anatomical micro-CT study.
[7]
Mylohyoid - Head and Neck Anatomy: Part II - Dentalcare.com
The mylohyoid muscle has a long origin along the mylohyoid line of the mandible. As such it forms the muscular floor of the oral cavity.
[8]
Anatomy, Head and Neck, Mandible - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Apr 1, 2023 · The internal surface of the body is crossed obliquely by the mylohyoid line that starts from just below the posterior border of the third molar ...
[9]
Human Mandible: Anatomical Variation and Adaptations over the ...
Throughout the hominin lineage, males consistently show more robust features—larger bicondylar widths, more prominent mental protuberances, and deeper mental ...
[10]
Anatomical Relationship of the Mylohyoid Ridge, Lingual Concavity ...
Sep 3, 2025 · The mylohyoid ridge (MR), also known as the linea mylohyoidea or linea obliqua interna, is a distinct bony prominence located on the inner ...
[11]
Facial Bone Anatomy: Overview, Mandible, Maxilla
Dec 11, 2024 · Above and below the mylohyoid line on the inner mandibular body are two shallow convexities, against which the sublingual and submandibular ...
[12]
Imaging of the Mylohyoid Muscle: Separation of Submandibular and ...
The mylohyoid muscle separates the sublingual space from the submandibular space and is a key landmark in imaging of the oral cavity and upper neck.<|control11|><|separator|>
[13]
Pterygomandibular raphe: Anatomy, structure and function - Kenhub
Mar 20, 2024 · It extends from the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid to the mylohyoid line of the mandible. The buccinator muscle attaches ...
[14]
Anatomy, Head and Neck, Lingual Artery - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
[1] The sublingual artery is the third branch and supplies the sublingual gland, the genioglossus, the geniohyoid, the mylohyoid, the buccal and gingival mucosa ...
[15]
Mylohyoid Muscle | Complete Anatomy - Elsevier
Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible. Insertion: Mylohyoid raphe and body of hyoid bone. ... This line varies in length, where it may not extend as far as the third ...Missing: adults | Show results with:adults
[16]
Superior pharyngeal constrictor: Anatomy, action - Kenhub
Origin, Pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible, the tongue ; Insertion, Pharyngeal tubercle on basilar part of ...
[17]
Pterygomandibular Raphe | Complete Anatomy - Elsevier
The pterygomandibular raphe attaches to the buccinators anteriorly and to the superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx posteriorly.
[18]
Anatomy, Head and Neck: Hyoid Bone - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
May 3, 2025 · The mylohyoid muscle arises from the mylohyoid line of the mandible and forms the floor of the mouth, creating a sling beneath the tongue.
[19]
Anatomy, Head and Neck: Pharyngeal Muscles - StatPearls - NCBI
Superior constrictor: This muscle originates from the pterygoid process, the posterior end of the mandible's mylohyoid line, and the pterygomandibular raphe.Missing: mastication | Show results with:mastication
[20]
The pterygomandibular raphe: a comprehensive review - PMC
Mar 31, 2024 · The pterygomandibular raphe (PMR) is a tendinous structure connecting the bucinator and the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles.
[21]
Relative position of the mylohyoid line on dentulous and edentulous ...
A straight pattern of the mylohyoid line was observed most frequently, with the segment of the mylohyoid line between the first and second molars being straight ...Missing: prominence mechanics
[22]
1.6: Submandibular Gland Resection
### Role of Mylohyoid Muscle/Line in Submandibular Gland Excision
[23]
Clinical Efficacy of Sialendoscopy‐Assisted Stone Removal for Non ...
Feb 20, 2025 · Stones located above or included in the mylohyoid line were classified as “superior to mylohyoid” stones, whereas those below were categorized ...
[24]
Anomalies and Clinical Significance of Mylohyoid Nerve: A Review
Oct 21, 2020 · In lingual nerve damage during third molar extraction, some tongue sensations are carried by the mylohyoid nerve/accessory mylohyoid nerve.
[25]
An unusual communication between the mylohyoid and lingual...
... third molar tooth, which makes it more susceptible to injury during third molar extractions. The mylohyoid nerve (MHN) is a branch of the inferior alveolar ...
[26]
[PDF] Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy - Thieme Connect
Mylohyoid line. Submandibular fossa. Mandibular foramen. Lingula. Retromolar ... Vascular considerations in orthognathic surgery. I. Mandibular osteotomies ...
[27]
Local Anesthesia Techniques in Dentistry and Oral Surgery - NCBI
Jun 1, 2023 · It runs along the lingual body of the mandible, passing medial to the third molar and above the mylohyoid line, generally 2 or 3 mm below the ...
[28]
Clinical anatomy of the nerve to the mylohyoid - KoreaMed Synapse
Mar 29, 2019 · Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. 41st ed. London: Elsevier Health Sciences;2015. 16. Valentin G. Traité de ...<|separator|>
[29]
Mylohyoid Ridge as a Predictor of Available Bone for Implant ... - PMC
Jul 29, 2022 · Descriptive statistics were done. The unilateral and bilateral site and gender differences were evaluated. Bone height superior to the ...
[30]
Iatrogenic Mandibular Fracture Associated with Third Molar Removal
The mylohyoid line extends diagonally downward from the area of the third molar and forward toward the genial tubercles at the midline. Because stress is ...