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C17

C17, C-17 or C.17 may refer to:
  • [[Transportation#Air|C17 (aircraft)]], including the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III military transport
  • [[Transportation#Land|C17 (land transport)]]
  • [[Transportation#Water|C17 (water transport)]]
  • [[Science and technology#Computing|C17 (computing)]]
  • [[Science and technology#Electrical engineering|C17 (electrical engineering)]]
  • [[Other uses|C17 (other uses)]]
  • [[Chronology|C17 (chronology)]]
For the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, see [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]].

Transportation

Air

The Boeing C-17 Globemaster III is a large military transport aircraft developed by McDonnell Douglas, later acquired by Boeing, primarily for the United States Air Force (USAF) to fulfill strategic and tactical airlift roles. Development of the C-17 program began in 1981 as the C-X initiative, succeeding the earlier Advanced Medium STOL Transport (AMST) efforts from the 1970s, with the goal of replacing aging aircraft like the C-141 Starlifter while providing enhanced short takeoff and landing (STOL) capabilities. The aircraft's first flight occurred on September 15, 1991, followed by initial delivery to the USAF in June 1993 and entry into operational service on January 17, 1995. Production continued until 2015, with a total of 279 units built at the Long Beach facility, the last delivery occurring on November 29, 2015. In 2025, Boeing confirmed early discussions on restarting C-17 production in response to increasing global demand. The C-17 is designed for versatile missions, including strategic airlift of troops and cargo to main bases, tactical delivery to forward areas, airdrops of paratroopers and equipment up to 110,000 pounds, and aeromedical evacuation supporting up to 36 litter patients plus 54 ambulatory ones. It features advanced short-field performance, capable of operating on runways as short as 3,500 feet long and 90 feet wide, or even backing up using thrust reversers to maneuver in confined spaces without ingesting debris. Powered by four Pratt & Whitney F117-PW-100 turbofan engines, each providing 40,440 pounds of thrust, the aircraft achieves a maximum speed of 450 knots (Mach 0.74) at 28,000 feet and a service ceiling of 45,000 feet. Its unrefueled range is approximately 2,400 nautical miles with a full payload of 170,900 pounds, extendable to over 6,000 nautical miles without payload via in-flight refueling. Key specifications of the C-17 Globemaster III include the following:
Dimension/FeatureMeasurement
Length174 ft (53 m)
169.8 ft (51.74 m)
55.1 ft (16.79 m)
585,000 lb (265,352 kg)
170,900 lb (77,519 kg)
Engines4 × Pratt & Whitney F117-PW-100 turbofans
These dimensions and capabilities enable the C-17 to carry outsized cargo such as an tank or three helicopters, while accommodating 102 troops or 18 pallets in various configurations. The C-17 is operated by more than 10 nations, with the USAF maintaining the largest fleet of 222 aircraft as of 2025 across units in , , , and Air Force Reserve. International users include the , , , , , and others through NATO's program. The naming convention traces back to predecessors like the , emphasizing its role in heavy-lift air transport.

Land

The Queensland Railways C17 class consists of 4-8-0 steam locomotives designed as an improved superheated version of the earlier C16 class, built primarily for narrow-gauge operations in Australia. A total of 227 units were produced between 1920 and 1953 by several manufacturers, including the North Ipswich Railway Workshops (16 locomotives), Walkers Limited (138), Evans, Anderson, Phelan & Co. (28), Armstrong Whitworth (25), and Clyde Engineering (20). These locomotives were employed for a wide range of services on the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge network, including heavy freight such as coal trains from Gladstone, passenger services like the air-conditioned Inlander and Westlander until 1948, mail trains, suburban runs, and branch line duties. Their low axle load allowed operation on lighter tracks with sharp curves, making them versatile across Queensland's diverse terrain. Introduced following to address growing coal traffic demands on the expanding rail network, the C17 class quickly became the most numerous and reliable workhorse in Railways' fleet, handling approximately 90% of goods loads typically assigned to larger B18¼ class locomotives while also supporting lighter passenger operations. The first unit, No. 15, entered service on August 12, 1920, and the class proved adaptable to the state's challenging environments, contributing to rail expansion along lines like the North Coast Railway after 1924. Withdrawals began in as locomotives took over, with the last six units retired on August 26, 1970, though some continued shunting duties until March 1972. Several C17 locomotives have been preserved for heritage operations, including at the Southern Downs Steam Railway, Mary Valley Rattler, and . For instance, No. 971, built in 1950 by Walkers Limited and retired in 1969, was restored to mainline operational condition by 2008 and, following maintenance in 2025, remains available for tourist excursion runs. Key technical specifications of the C17 class, which evolved slightly over production with modifications like increased boiler pressure from 1935 onward, are summarized below:
SpecificationDetails
Wheel Arrangement4-8-0 (Mastodon type)
Driving Wheel Diameter45 in (1,143 mm)
Boiler Pressure175 psi (1,207 kPa)
Cylinders17 in × 22 in (432 mm × 559 mm), two outside
Tractive Effort21,016 lbf (93.5 kN)
Water Capacity3,050 imperial gallons (13,865 L)
Coal Capacity8 long tons (8.13 t)
Top SpeedApproximately 45 mph (72 km/h)
Grate Area18.5 sq ft (1.72 m²)
These features enabled efficient performance for freight and mixed services without excessive track wear.

Water

HMS C17 was a C-class of , commissioned in 1909 and serving primarily during in and roles. Built as part of an emergency expansion program that produced 38 boats of the class between and 1910, she represented an evolution from the earlier B-class s by incorporating improvements in size, speed, and operational range for coastal operations. The vessel was constructed at Chatham Dockyard, the first built there for the , and featured a larger bridge structure compared to initial C-class designs, though this provided limited additional protection against harsh weather. In terms of design, C17 displaced 287 long tons (292 tonnes) when surfaced and 316 long tons (321 tonnes) when submerged, with a length of 142 feet 3 inches (43.4 m), a of 13 feet 7 inches (4.1 m), and a draught of 11 feet 6 inches (3.5 m). She employed a single-hull construction typical of early 20th-century British submarines, housing a of 16 to 18 officers and ratings in cramped conditions suited for short-duration missions. Armament consisted of two 18-inch (450 mm) bow tubes, with up to six torpedoes carried, and later additions included a single 12-pounder (76 mm) quick-firing for surface engagements. Propulsion was provided by a single 600 horsepower (450 kW) 16-cylinder petrol engine for surfaced operations and a 300 horsepower (220 kW) electric motor for submerged travel, both driving a single shaft to achieve a maximum speed of 13 knots (24 km/h) on the surface and 7.5 knots (14 km/h) underwater. Her operational range extended to approximately 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km) at 10 knots surfaced or 190 nautical miles (350 km) at 2 knots submerged, emphasizing her role in littoral waters rather than open-ocean transits. During , HMS C17 was initially assigned to the 4th at , conducting patrols in the and without major combat incidents but contributing to the efforts against German naval forces. In 1917, she achieved a notable milestone as the first British to perform beach reconnaissance off Middlekerke, , remaining dived for 36 hours despite the crew enduring carbon dioxide poisoning from prolonged submersion. That same year, she suffered damage in a collision with the destroyer HMS Lurcher during operations with the Dover Patrol but was repaired and returned to service with the 6th until the war's end. Early in her career, on 14 July 1909, she collided with sister ship C16 near , , highlighting the challenges of early maneuvering. HMS C17 was decommissioned after the and sold for scrap on 20 November 1919, marking the end of her service in an era when petrol-engined submarines like the C-class were being phased out in favor of diesel-powered designs. Her career underscored the Royal Navy's rapid adaptation of submarine technology for wartime maritime dominance, with the C-class proving reliable for defensive patrols despite their limitations in endurance and firepower.

Science and technology

Computing

C17, informally referring to the 2018 revision of the C programming language standard, is formally known as ISO/IEC 9899:2018. Published in June 2018 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) via joint technical committee JTC1/SC22/WG14, it is the fourth edition of the standard and the direct successor to C11 (ISO/IEC 9899:2011), serving primarily as a bug-fix and clarification release, incorporating 54 defect reports from C11 to enhance portability, reliability, and maintainability of C programs across diverse computing systems, without adding new language features, keywords, or syntax. It remains fully backward compatible with C11, allowing seamless adoption in existing codebases. Key clarifications in C17 address ambiguities in , refine specifications for atomic operations via the _Atomic qualifier to better support parallel programming, and improve definitions for type-generic macros introduced in C11. Annex F, concerning IEC 60559 , was elevated from informative to normative status, providing stricter conformance requirements for floating-point implementations. Additionally, the standard endorses optional bounded I/O functions, such as asprintf(), within Annex K's bounds-checking interfaces, promoting safer handling in memory-constrained environments. These updates total minor textual and semantic refinements, ensuring consistent behavior in multithreaded and high-performance contexts without altering core language constructs. As of 2025, C17 has seen widespread adoption in major compilers, including version 8 and later via the -std=c17 flag, and version 6 and later with -std=c17 or -std=c18 options, though it was superseded by C23 (ISO/IEC 9899:2024) in October 2024. It underpins critical software domains such as embedded systems for resource-efficient control, operating system kernels like (which leverages compatible modern C features through 5.1+ support), and applications requiring precise atomicity and floating-point reliability. C17 implementations often coexist with prior versions and the newer C23, facilitating gradual migration in legacy projects.

Electrical engineering

The C17 is a female two-pole coupler defined in the (IEC) standard IEC 60320-1 for household and similar general-purpose equipment. It serves as a non-heating inlet, typically constructed from sheet with plating on the contacts to enhance resistance and . The connector dimensions are specified in the standard, with the front engagement face constrained within outlines ensuring compatibility, typically featuring a body approximately 20 mm in height and 30 mm in width for mounting. Rated for 10 A at 250 V , the C17 is designed for low-power applications, including computers, televisions, and chargers, where it mates with a C18 male to provide detachable connections. Introduced as part of the IEC 320 standard in and renumbered to in 1994, the specification has been updated through editions including the fourth edition of IEC 60320-1 published in 2021. Safety features include a finger-safe design that prevents accidental contact with live parts, verified through probe tests applying 20 N force to ensure insulation integrity. As part of the broader family—which includes the higher-power /C14 couplers rated similarly but with grounding—the C17 ensures global in power cords for IT and . It complies with safety requirements in standards such as IEC 60950 for equipment, though this has been succeeded by IEC 62368-1. Variants feature shrouded housings for added protection against environmental ingress and enhanced user safety. Common in IT equipment power cords, these connectors support standardized device connectivity in computing environments.

Other uses

Chronology

In historical, academic, and bibliographic contexts, C17 serves as an abbreviation for the , denoting the period encompassing the years 1601 to 1700. This notation provides a concise way to reference the era, distinguishing it from broader chronological systems like BC/AD or detailed year-by-year timelines. The C17 spans from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700, according to the , which had been introduced in 1582 but was not universally adopted across until later in the century—, for instance, transitioned in 1752. This period marked significant global transformations, including the , where pivotal advancements reshaped understanding of the natural world; notable examples include Galileo Galilei's telescopic observations of Jupiter's moons and the in 1609–1610, which challenged geocentric models, and Isaac Newton's publication of Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687, formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation. Political upheavals defined much of the era as well, such as the (1642–1651), a series of conflicts between Parliamentarians and Royalists that led to the execution of I and the brief establishment of the under . In , the (1618–1648) devastated the , involving religious and territorial disputes among Catholic and Protestant states, resulting in widespread famine, disease, and demographic decline. The C17 also witnessed accelerated colonial expansion by European powers, exemplified by the founding of in 1607 as England's first in , which initiated sustained transatlantic colonization efforts amid the broader . Culturally, the period flourished with the development of art and architecture, characterized by dramatic expression and grandeur in works by artists like and Bernini, while early thought began to emerge through philosophers such as and , emphasizing reason and empiricism. Globally, world population grew modestly from approximately 545 million in 1600 to around 600 million by 1700, reflecting gradual increases despite setbacks from wars and plagues, with growth concentrated in , , and the due to agricultural improvements and trade networks. The abbreviation appears in scholarly contexts, such as discussions of C17 history.

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