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AC

Alternating current (AC) is an electrical current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, unlike direct current (DC) which flows unidirectionally.^[1]^[2] This reversal occurs at a frequency typically of 50 or 60 hertz in power systems, allowing voltage to alternate between positive and negative peaks.^[3] AC predominates in modern electrical grids due to its compatibility with transformers, which enable efficient voltage stepping for long-distance transmission with minimal energy loss, a principle rooted in electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday.^[4] Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse championed AC in the late 19th century, demonstrating its superiority over Edison's DC system through the successful powering of the 1893 Chicago World's Fair and Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant.^[4] The "War of the Currents" ensued, marked by Edison's campaigns portraying AC as hazardous—including funding public electrocutions of animals and the first electric chair execution—yet empirical evidence of AC's scalability prevailed, establishing it as the global standard for power distribution.^[4] Today, AC underpins residential, industrial, and renewable energy applications, though it introduces complexities like reactive power and phase differences in circuit analysis.^[5]

Science and technology

Electrical engineering and physics

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, typically following a sinusoidal waveform that varies in magnitude over time, in contrast to direct current (DC), which maintains a unidirectional flow.^[6] ^[1] This reversal arises from the oscillatory nature of AC generators, where electromagnets or conductors rotate in magnetic fields, inducing voltages via Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, producing a time-varying electromotive force described by V(t) = V_m \sin(2\pi f t + \phi), with V_m as peak voltage, f as frequency (commonly 50 or 60 Hz in power systems), and \phi as phase angle.^[7] In AC circuits, effective values use root-mean-square (RMS) quantities, such as RMS voltage V_{rms} = V_m / \sqrt{2}, to equate power delivery to DC equivalents, enabling consistent calculations for resistive loads where average power P = V_{rms} I_{rms} \cos \theta accounts for phase differences via the power factor \cos \theta.^[7] The practical dominance of AC in electrical power distribution stems from its compatibility with transformers, which exploit time-varying magnetic fields to achieve efficient voltage transformation without mechanical contacts, allowing high-voltage transmission to minimize resistive losses proportional to I^2 R, where current I is reduced for a fixed power P = VI.^[4] Nikola Tesla advanced AC systems in the 1880s by developing polyphase AC motors, generators, and transformers, filing U.S. patents in 1887 for an induction motor and complete AC transmission technology, which enabled rotating magnetic fields for self-starting motors without DC excitation.^[8] ^[9] These innovations, commercialized by George Westinghouse, demonstrated AC's superiority over Edison's DC systems during the "War of the Currents" (circa 1886–1893), a competition marked by Edison's propaganda, including public electrocutions of animals with AC to portray it as dangerous, yet empirical tests confirmed AC's lower transmission losses over distances exceeding 1 mile, culminating in Westinghouse's contract for the 1893 Chicago World's Fair and the 1895 Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant, which powered Buffalo, New York, at 11,000 volts AC over 20 miles.^[4] ^[10] Polyphase AC systems, particularly three-phase configurations invented by Tesla, enhance efficiency by delivering constant instantaneous power without the pulsations of single-phase AC, as the phases—offset by 120 degrees—result in overlapping waveforms where total power P = \sqrt{3} V_{line} I_{line} \cos \theta remains steady, reducing vibration in motors and enabling smaller conductors for equivalent power compared to single-phase, with three-phase systems transferring up to 1.732 times more power per wire pair.^[11] ^[12] This causal advantage arises from vector summation of phase currents, minimizing neutral conductor needs and improving overall system economy for industrial loads. In fundamental physics, AC manifests in quantum phenomena such as the AC Josephson effect, observed in superconducting Josephson junctions—thin insulating barriers between two superconductors—where a DC voltage V across the junction drives an alternating supercurrent at microwave frequency f = 2eV / h, with e as electron charge and h as Planck's constant, due to phase coherence of the superconducting wavefunction and quantum tunneling of Cooper pairs.^[13] Predicted theoretically in 1962 by Brian Josephson and experimentally verified in 1963, this effect underpins applications in precision voltage standards and SQUIDs for magnetic field sensing, grounded in macroscopic quantum coherence rather than classical oscillation.^[14]

Biology and medicine

The acromioclavicular (AC) joint connects the acromion process of the scapula to the distal clavicle, forming a diarthrodial synovial joint stabilized by the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments, which facilitate shoulder girdle motion while bearing significant compressive forces during arm elevation.^[15] Injuries to the AC joint represent about 40% of all shoulder injuries and 10% of major shoulder trauma cases, predominantly affecting males in their second decade of life, often from direct blows, falls onto the outstretched arm, or contact sports impacts that disrupt ligament integrity.^[15] ^[16] ^[17] These injuries are graded by Rockwood classification from type I (mild sprain with intact ligaments) to type VI (severe dislocation with muscle detachment), with types III-VI typically requiring surgical reconstruction for coracoclavicular ligament repair to restore stability and prevent chronic pain or instability.^[15] Nonoperative management with sling immobilization and physical therapy suffices for types I-II, yielding good outcomes in over 90% of low-grade cases, though higher-grade separations carry risks of osteoarthritis and reduced function if untreated.^[18] ^[19] In pharmacology, "a.c." abbreviates "ante cibum," Latin for "before meals," directing medication intake prior to eating to enhance bioavailability, reduce gastric irritation, or align with physiological absorption peaks, as seen in prescriptions for oral antidiabetics or analgesics.^[20] ^[21] This convention, rooted in historical Latin terminology, persists in modern dispensing to ensure precise timing, with evidence from pharmacokinetic studies showing preprandial dosing improves efficacy for drugs like metformin by minimizing food-induced delays in gastric emptying.^[22] The AC chemotherapy regimen combines doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide, administered intravenously every 21 days for 4 cycles as adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy for operable breast cancer, particularly hormone receptor-positive or HER2-negative subtypes, by intercalating DNA and alkylating nucleotides to induce cancer cell apoptosis.^[23] ^[24] Clinical trials, such as NSABP B-15, demonstrate 4-6 cycles reduce recurrence risk by 20-30% compared to single-agent therapy, though cardiotoxicity from doxorubicin limits cumulative doses to 450-500 mg/m², often necessitating echocardiographic monitoring.^[25] ^[26] AC is frequently sequenced with taxanes in AC-T protocols for enhanced pathologic complete response rates up to 15-20% in high-risk cases.^[27]

Chemistry

Actinium (Ac) is a radioactive chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table, with atomic number 89.^[28]^[29] It exists as a silvery-white metal that tarnishes slowly in air and reacts with water and most acids, though its reactivity is moderated by a passive oxide layer.^[29] The element has no stable isotopes; the longest-lived is actinium-227, with a half-life of 21.772 years, decaying primarily via beta emission to thorium-227.^[28] Discovered in 1899 by French chemist André-Louis Debierne during examination of pitchblende residues, actinium was isolated through fractional crystallization of its salts from uranium ore processing.^[29] Its name derives from the Greek "aktis," meaning ray, due to its intense radioactivity. Actinium-227, obtained from neutron irradiation of radium-226 or as a byproduct of uranium decay chains, finds limited use in sealed-tube neutron sources (e.g., Ac-Be sources) for its equilibrium decay products' neutron emission rates of up to 10^7 neutrons per second.^[29] Research applications include calibration standards and potential brachytherapy, though handling requires stringent radiological controls owing to its alpha and beta emissions. In organic chemical nomenclature, Ac denotes the acetyl group (CH₃CO–), a two-carbon acyl moiety originating from acetic acid (CH₃COOH).^[31] This abbreviation facilitates notation in reactions like acetylation, where the group is introduced via acetyl chloride (CH₃COCl) or acetic anhydride ((CH₃CO)₂O) to protect alcohols, amines, or thiols, forming esters, amides, or thioesters.^[32] The acetyl group's carbonyl carbon enables electrophilic behavior, driving nucleophilic acyl substitutions central to synthesis of pharmaceuticals and polymers.^[31] Distinction from the element symbol is context-dependent, with organic usage prevailing in structural formulas.^[33]

Computing and telecommunications

Access control (AC) in computing and telecommunications systems restricts access to resources such as files, networks, and applications based on authenticated user identities and predefined policies. It encompasses identification, authentication, and authorization processes to ensure only permitted entities interact with data or infrastructure, mitigating risks like unauthorized data breaches.^[34]^[35] Key models include discretionary access control (DAC), where resource owners grant permissions; mandatory access control (MAC), which uses system-enforced labels like security clearances; and role-based access control (RBAC), which ties permissions to organizational roles for efficient management in large-scale networks.^[36]^[37] RBAC, developed in the early 1990s and formalized in 1992 by David Ferraiolo and Rick Kuhn at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), organizes users into roles with inherited permissions, reducing administrative overhead in enterprise environments like cloud services and telecom infrastructures. NIST standardized RBAC in the late 1990s, influencing implementations in operating systems and protocols; by 2004, it was adopted as an ANSI consensus standard for scalable security. This model supports hierarchical roles and constraints, such as separation of duties, to prevent conflicts in distributed systems.^[38]^[39] In telecommunications and digital electronics, asynchronous communication transmits data without a synchronized clock, relying on framing mechanisms like start and stop bits to delineate characters, as seen in serial protocols such as RS-232 for device interfacing. This approach suits intermittent or low-bandwidth links in computing peripherals and telecom modems, contrasting with synchronous methods that require continuous clock alignment for higher throughput. AC-coupled circuits, incorporating series capacitors, isolate DC biases in high-speed differential signals within computing hardware like FPGA interfaces and network transceivers, enabling reliable signal integrity by passing only alternating components and preventing offset buildup over long traces.^[40]^[41] AC adapters in telecommunications devices convert mains AC power to low-voltage DC for equipment like routers, switches, and VoIP phones, typically outputting 5-48 V at currents up to several amperes to meet operational demands without internal rectification. These adapters comply with safety standards such as UL 62368-1 for information technology equipment, ensuring electromagnetic compatibility and energy efficiency under regulations like U.S. CFR Part 430, while ITU-T Recommendation L.1002 outlines universal power adapter solutions for interoperable telecom ecosystems.^[42]^[43]

Meteorology and environmental science

In meteorology, AC denotes altocumulus (Ac), a genus of mid-level clouds typically occurring between 2,000 and 6,500 meters (6,500–21,000 feet) above sea level.^[44] These clouds appear as white or grayish patches, sheets, or layered masses composed of rounded clumps, rolls, or lens-shaped formations, often with shaded undersides due to varying optical thickness.^[45] Altocumulus forms through convective processes in unstable air layers, commonly associated with fair weather but serving as a precursor to more unstable conditions like thunderstorms when accompanied by features such as altocumulus castellanus, which indicate upright growth and potential convective development.^[44] Observational data from weather stations and satellite imagery, such as those from the World Meteorological Organization's cloud atlas, confirm their prevalence in mid-latitudes during transitional seasons, with global coverage estimates showing they occupy significant portions of synoptic charts during non-frontal periods.^[46] In environmental science, AC refers to activated carbon, a porous form of carbon material produced by processing carbonaceous sources like coal, wood, or coconut shells through physical or chemical activation to enhance adsorption capacity.^[47] This process creates a high surface area—often exceeding 1,000 square meters per gram—and micropores that enable efficient sorption of organic pollutants, heavy metals, and volatile compounds from water, air, and soil.^[48] Empirical studies demonstrate its effectiveness in remediation; for instance, granular activated carbon filters have reduced pesticide concentrations in contaminated aquifers by up to 90% in pilot-scale tests, with adsorption isotherms following models like Freundlich or Langmuir based on equilibrium data from batch experiments.^[49] Lifecycle assessments indicate that biomass-derived AC yields lower greenhouse gas emissions (approximately 0.5–1.5 kg CO₂-equivalent per kg produced) compared to coal-based variants, supporting its use in sustainable environmental applications such as wastewater treatment and air purification systems.^[50]

Applied engineering technologies

Air conditioning systems utilize the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, in which a refrigerant circulates through evaporator and condenser coils to absorb heat indoors and reject it outdoors, enabling efficient cooling for residential and commercial buildings.^[51] Beginning January 1, 2025, under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's phasedown of high-global-warming-potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) mandated by the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act, new residential and light commercial air conditioning units must transition from R-410A (GWP 2,088) to lower-GWP alternatives such as R-32 (GWP 675) or R-454B (GWP 466).^[51] ^[52] These A2L-class refrigerants, which are mildly flammable, necessitate additional safety components like leak sensors and pressure controls, driving system costs up by 20-30% compared to legacy R-410A models.^[53] ^[54] The policy targets an 85% reduction in U.S. HFC production and consumption by 2036 to curb climate impacts, though analyses highlight that real-world efficacy hinges on minimizing refrigerant leaks—estimated at 5-15% annually in existing systems—which could undermine GWP reductions if not addressed through improved sealing and maintenance.^[55] ^[56] Alternating current (AC) motor drive systems, often paired with variable frequency drives (VFDs), enable precise speed and torque control in industrial machinery by modulating input frequency and voltage to the motor.^[57] These systems power applications such as pumps, fans, conveyors, and compressors in manufacturing, oil and gas extraction, and water treatment, achieving energy savings of up to 50% over constant-speed operations by matching motor output to load demands.^[58] ^[59] In heavy-duty settings like cranes and elevators, AC drives facilitate regenerative braking to recover energy, reducing operational costs and wear on components.^[60] Absorption chillers provide an alternative cooling technology for large-scale applications, employing a heat-driven cycle—typically using lithium bromide and water as the working fluid—to generate chilled water without relying on electric compressors.^[61] Heat sources such as waste exhaust from combined heat and power (CHP) systems or industrial processes drive the absorption and desorption phases, making these units suitable for facilities with surplus thermal energy, like district cooling plants or cogeneration setups, where they can achieve coefficient of performance (COP) values of 0.7-1.2.^[62] ^[63] Unlike vapor-compression systems, absorption chillers consume minimal electricity—primarily for pumps—reducing peak grid demand, though their lower efficiency requires larger equipment footprints.^[64] AC welding processes, particularly in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, leverage alternating polarity to alternate between electrode-positive and electrode-negative cycles, enabling effective penetration and oxide layer cleaning on materials like aluminum and magnesium.^[65] This waveform—typically at 60-120 Hz—facilitates applications in aerospace components, shipbuilding, and automotive fabrication, where AC balances heat input to minimize distortion while achieving high-quality welds on non-ferrous metals.^[66] Compared to direct current methods, AC TIG offers advantages in versatility for thick sections but requires specialized power supplies to maintain arc stability.^[67]

Organizations

Businesses and companies

A.C. Nielsen Company was founded on August 24, 1923, by Arthur C. Nielsen in Chicago, Illinois, initially offering engineering performance surveys to manufacturers for efficiency analysis.^[68] ^[69] The firm expanded into market research, conducting its first national survey in 1927 and entering radio ratings in 1942, followed by television audience measurement from 1950, which became its hallmark service for advertisers.^[70] ^[68] Now restructured as part of NielsenIQ under NIQ, it provides global consumer intelligence, tracking retail sales, media consumption, and purchasing behaviors across 100 countries with data from over 250,000 stores.^[70] AC Spark Plug Division originated from the Albert Champion Company, established in 1908 by French immigrant Albert Champion in Boston as an importer of electrical parts, later manufacturing spark plugs under the AC brand derived from his initials.^[71] ^[72] Acquired by General Motors in 1926, it produced ignition components, speedometers, and wartime munitions, employing 20,000 workers by World War II and generating $200 million in annual revenue by the 1960s. ^[72] In 1974, General Motors merged it with United Delco to form ACDelco, which continues supplying OEM and aftermarket automotive parts worldwide.^[73] AC Propulsion, Inc. was incorporated in 1992 in San Dimas, California, by engineer Alan Cocconi to advance electric vehicle technology, focusing on AC-induction drive systems that offered superior efficiency and regenerative braking over DC motors.^[74] ^[75] The company developed prototypes like the tzero sports car in 1997, which demonstrated 0-60 mph acceleration in 3.6 seconds on lead-acid batteries, influencing subsequent EV designs including early Tesla collaborations.^[76] It manufactures integrated drivetrains, battery packs, and chargers for commercial fleets, with products deployed in over 100 vehicles for partners like UPS and Azure Dynamics by 2010.^[77] ^[78] AC Cars, established in 1901 as Auto Carriers Ltd. by John Portwine and John Weller in Thames Ditton, England, began producing commercial vehicles before shifting to passenger cars, becoming Britain's oldest independent automaker still in operation.^[79] ^[80] Known for lightweight sports models like the 1953 AC Ace, which featured a 2-liter inline-six engine producing 100 horsepower, the firm gained global prominence through its 1962 partnership with Carroll Shelby, yielding the AC Cobra with Ford V8 power reaching 485 horsepower in later variants.^[79] ^[81] Despite financial restructurings, including bankruptcy in 1986, it persists in producing limited-edition heritage replicas and electric conversions, with annual output under 100 units centered on bespoke engineering.^[82]^[79]

Political and governmental

The Action Congress (AC), later known as the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), was a center-right political party in Nigeria that operated from 2006 to 2013. It emerged from the merger of a faction of the Alliance for Democracy (AD)—a party rooted in Yoruba southwestern interests—and approximately 15 smaller political groups in September 2006, following internal divisions within the AD after the 2003 elections.^[83] The AC positioned itself as a progressive alternative to the dominant People's Democratic Party (PDP), emphasizing democratic reforms, anti-corruption measures, and regional development in the southwest.^[83] The party achieved significant electoral success in southwestern states, governing Lagos State continuously from 2007 onward under leaders affiliated with the AC/ACN and securing victories in Ekiti, Osun, and Oyo during the 2007 and 2011 elections. It nominated candidates for national offices, including Muhammadu Buhari's running mate in 2007, but faced challenges from PDP dominance and electoral disputes. By 2011, the ACN had expanded its influence, controlling six states and positioning itself as the primary opposition bloc.^[83] In February 2013, the ACN merged with the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) and the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) to form the All Progressives Congress (APC), a unified opposition aimed at challenging PDP rule in the 2015 elections; this coalition ultimately led to the APC's victory in 2015, ending 16 years of PDP federal control.^[84]^[85] The merger reflected strategic realignments amid Nigeria's polarized politics, where opposition fragmentation had previously hindered national challenges to incumbents.^[85]

Other organizations

Associazione Calcio Milan (AC Milan), founded on December 16, 1899, in Milan, Italy, by English expatriates including Herbert Kilpin, operates as a professional football club with a history of competitive excellence in Serie A and European competitions.^[86] ^[87] Athletic Club de Bilbao, established in 1898 in Bilbao, Spain, functions as a member-owned sports association emphasizing Basque player recruitment, which has shaped its identity and sustained participation in La Liga since 1929.^[88] ^[89] The Amateur Cinema League, formed on July 28, 1926, in New York City, promoted non-professional filmmaking through education, contests, and its publication Movie Makers, fostering a global network of amateur cinematographers until its decline in the 1950s.^[90] ^[91]

People

Scientists and engineers

Willis Carrier (1876–1950), an American mechanical engineer, is credited with inventing the first modern electric air conditioning system in 1902 while employed by the Buffalo Forge Company.^[92] His design addressed excessive humidity in a Brooklyn printing plant by using cooling coils to control both temperature and moisture levels, marking a shift from earlier ice-based methods to engineered vapor-compression refrigeration for precise environmental control.^[93] Carrier patented this apparatus on January 2, 1906 (U.S. Patent 808,897), establishing foundational principles for humidity regulation that remain central to contemporary HVAC engineering.^[92] Earlier contributions to cooling technology include those of John Gorrie (1803–1855), a physician and inventor whose 1851 patent (U.S. Patent 8,079) for a machine to produce ice via air compression laid groundwork for mechanical refrigeration, motivated by efforts to combat disease through environmental cooling in Florida hospitals.^[94] Though not an engineer by training, Gorrie's empirical approach to thermodynamic cooling influenced subsequent engineering developments in air treatment.^[95] Carrier's innovations extended beyond initial application; by 1915, he co-founded the Carrier Engineering Corporation, which commercialized centrifugal refrigeration compressors in 1922, enabling larger-scale air conditioning for theaters and public buildings.^[96] These advancements relied on precise psychrometric calculations, which Carrier formalized in engineering charts still used today for designing systems that maintain occupant comfort and equipment efficiency.^[92]

Politicians and public figures

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (1908–1972) served as a Democratic U.S. Representative from New York's 18th congressional district from January 1945 to January 1967 and briefly from January 1969 until his death in April 1971, marking him as the first Black congressman from the Northeast and the fourth overall elected from New York.^[97] He chaired the House Committee on Education and Labor from 1961 to 1967, influencing legislation on minimum wage increases, anti-discrimination in employment, and school aid amid civil rights advancements.^[97] Powell's tenure included advocacy for desegregating the military and federal employment but ended in 1967 exclusion by the House over ethics charges involving unauthorized travel reimbursements totaling over $30,000 and absenteeism; the U.S. Supreme Court ruled this violated his Seventh Amendment rights in Powell v. McCormack (1969), 7–1, reinstating him with back pay.^[97]^[98] António Costa (born July 17, 1961) held office as Prime Minister of Portugal from November 2015 to April 2024, leading a Socialist Party minority government reliant on left-wing parliamentary support to pass budgets and reforms, including austerity reversals post-2011 financial crisis and economic growth averaging 2.3% annually from 2016 to 2019.^[99] He navigated coalition dynamics without formal majority, implementing policies on housing affordability and renewable energy targets, before resigning amid a corruption probe into his chief of staff, though cleared of personal involvement by Portuguese authorities in 2024.^[100] On June 27, 2024, European leaders elected Costa President of the European Council, effective December 1, 2024, for a 2.5-year term focused on EU unity amid geopolitical tensions.^[99] Alexandru C. Cuza (1857–1947), known as A. C. Cuza, founded Romania's National-Christian Defense League in 1923 and later the National Christian Party, promoting antisemitic economic nationalism and agrarian reforms excluding Jewish land ownership, which garnered up to 10% of votes in 1937 elections before dissolution under King Carol II's dictatorship.^[101] His platform, blending Orthodox Christianity with protectionist policies, influenced interwar far-right movements but alienated moderates due to explicit anti-Jewish rhetoric and calls for numerus clausus in universities and professions.^[102] Cuza's academic background as an economist at the University of Iași informed his writings on autarky, though his party fragmented post-1938 amid Iron Guard rivalry and World War II alignments.^[103] Andrew Cuomo (born December 6, 1957) governed New York State as a Democrat from January 2011 to August 2021, overseeing post-recession recovery with infrastructure investments exceeding $30 billion and criminal justice reforms like raising the age of criminal responsibility to 18 in 2017.^[104] His administration faced scrutiny for COVID-19 nursing home death underreporting, estimated at 15,000 by state audits in 2021, and a 2021 attorney general report documenting 11 instances of sexual harassment, prompting his resignation to avoid impeachment.^[105] Cuomo's policies included same-sex marriage legalization support in 2011 and paid family leave enactment in 2016, balancing progressive agendas with fiscal conservatism amid deficits.^[104]

Entertainers and artists

AC/DC is an Australian hard rock band formed in Sydney on 31 November 1973 by Scottish-born brothers Malcolm Young on rhythm guitar and Angus Young on lead guitar.^[106] The group's name derives from an electrical term indicating alternating current/direct current, inspired by a sewing machine label spotted by their sister Margaret.^[107] Early members included vocalist Dave Evans, later replaced by Bon Scott in 1974, whose raw delivery defined their blues-infused hard rock sound on albums like High Voltage (1975) and Highway to Hell (1979).^[106] Following Scott's death in 1980, Brian Johnson joined as vocalist, propelling the band to global success with Back in Black (1980), which has sold over 50 million copies worldwide.^[108] AC/DC has sold more than 200 million records globally, ranking among the best-selling music acts, with enduring appeal through high-voltage live shows featuring Angus Young's schoolboy uniform and energetic antics.^[108] A.C. Newman, the stage name of Canadian musician Allan Carl Newman (born 14 April 1968), is an indie rock singer-songwriter prominent as the primary songwriter and frequent lead vocalist for the band The New Pornographers, formed in 1999.^[109] His intricate pop melodies and literate lyrics appear on the band's albums, including Mass Romantic (2000) and In the Reeperbahn (2022).^[110] As a solo artist, Newman debuted with The Slow Wonder (2004), praised for its power-pop craftsmanship and tracks like "On the Table" that highlight his melodic versatility.^[111] Subsequent solo releases, Get Guilty (2008) and Shut Down the Streets (2012), further showcase his production style blending hooks with experimental elements, drawing from influences like 1960s British Invasion and power pop.^[112]

Other notable individuals

Abner Cole (August 17, 1783 – July 13, 1835) was an American newspaper editor, publisher, and freethinker active in Palmyra, New York, during the early 19th century. He served as a judge, bar iron manufacturer, and community leader before launching The Reflector in 1829, a weekly periodical that advocated mental improvement, civic equality, and moral reform while critiquing religious enthusiasm.^[113] Cole, an outspoken atheist, used the paper to challenge supernatural claims prevalent in the region, including those surrounding Joseph Smith's reported visions and the forthcoming Book of Mormon.^[114] In 1830, under the pseudonym Obadiah Dogberry, Cole published unauthorized galley proofs of Book of Mormon chapters stolen from the E.B. Grandin print shop, presenting them alongside satirical commentary titled the "Book of Pukei" to mock the text's authenticity and divine origin.^[115] This episode marked one of the first public controversies over the book's production, prompting Joseph Smith to intervene and demand cessation, after which Cole complied but continued editorial skepticism toward the movement.^[116] His writings reflected broader freethought principles, drawing parallels between Smith's claims and historical figures like Muhammad or Jemima Wilkinson, emphasizing empirical doubt over revelation.^[117] Cole's role as an early antagonist highlights tensions between secular rationalism and emerging religious innovation in antebellum America, though his influence waned after The Reflector's short run ended in 1831.^[118]

Places

Geographical and natural features

The Ashmore and Cartier Islands, an external territory of Australia with ISO 3166-2 subdivision code AU-AC, comprise uninhabited coral atolls and reefs located about 320 km northwest of the Australian mainland in the Indian Ocean.^[119] Ashmore Reef encloses three low-lying islets—West, Middle, and East—covering a marine area of approximately 583 km², while Cartier Island forms a sandy cay within a separate reef system; both support extensive lagoons, sand flats, seagrass beds, and diverse coral communities including hard and soft varieties alongside sponges.^[120] These features host significant biodiversity, including aggregations of sea snakes, migratory seabirds, and marine species adapted to tropical conditions, with the reserve designated in 1983 to protect its ecological integrity as a hotspot for Indo-Pacific fauna.^[121] Acre, a state in western Brazil designated BR-AC under ISO 3166-2:BR, spans 164,123 km² within the southwestern Amazon basin, bordered by Peru to the south and west and Bolivia to the southwest.^[122] The region's natural landscape is dominated by tropical lowland rainforest, with dense vegetation covering over 80% of its area, interspersed by meandering rivers such as the Acre, Juruá, and Purus that facilitate floodplain ecosystems and nutrient cycling.^[123] This geography supports high endemism in flora and fauna, including species reliant on the Amazon's humid equatorial climate, though deforestation pressures have reduced intact forest cover since the 1970s.^[124]

Settlements and administrative divisions

Atlantic City is a coastal city and seaside resort in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States, frequently abbreviated as AC. Incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township, the city lies on Absecon Island and serves as a municipal corporation within the state's county system. As of the 2020 United States Census, its population stood at 38,497 residents, with projections estimating 38,495 for 2025 amid minimal annual growth of 0.04%.^[125] Acre is a state in the North Region of Brazil, abbreviated as AC in official postal and administrative usage. Established as a federal unit on June 15, 1962, following territorial status since 1904, it occupies 164,123 square kilometers in the western Amazon, bordering Peru to the south, Bolivia to the southeast, and Brazilian states Amazonas and Rondônia. The state capital is Rio Branco, and its population was recorded at 830,018 in recent estimates, reflecting sparse density of about 5 inhabitants per square kilometer due to vast rainforest coverage.^[126]^[124]

Buildings and facilities

AC Hotels by Marriott constitutes a chain of upscale, design-focused hotel facilities originating in Spain. The brand was established in 1998 by hotelier Antonio Catalán, with the inaugural property opening in Madrid in 1999.^[127] In 2011, Marriott International formed a partnership with Catalán, rebranding and expanding the existing European properties while introducing the concept to the Americas.^[128] These facilities emphasize contemporary architecture, efficient layouts, and amenities such as signature European breakfasts and work-inspired social spaces, catering to urban business and leisure guests.^[129] As of 2022, the chain maintained operations across multiple continents, prioritizing seamless, minimalist design in its building aesthetics.^[130]

Ranks, titles, and awards

Military and nobility

The rank of Air Commodore, sometimes abbreviated as AC in military acronym lists, is a senior commissioned officer rank in the Royal Air Force (RAF), positioned as a one-star rank equivalent to brigadier in the British Army.^[131]^[132] Introduced in April 1919 during the RAF's early reorganization following World War I, it derived from the naval commodore rank to reflect command over air units analogous to squadron or wing-level operations. Air Commodores typically hold staff or command positions, such as leading air stations, training groups, or operational headquarters, with responsibilities including strategic air planning and resource allocation. In historical contexts, the rank has been associated with key RAF developments, including interwar expansions and World War II commands; for instance, Air Commodore Arthur Harris served in the role before his promotion to lead Bomber Command in 1942. Promotion to Air Commodore requires extensive operational experience, often after serving as group captain, and is marked by the insignia of a single white stripe on the lower sleeve or epaulette. No prominent abbreviations as AC appear in ancient or medieval noble titles, though curule aediles in Republican Rome held supervisory roles over public works and markets, a patrician magistracy without standardized modern abbreviation as AC.^[133]

Academic and professional titles

In educational institutions, AC commonly abbreviates Academic Coordinator, a professional role involving the oversight of curriculum development, faculty scheduling, and student academic advising, particularly in higher education and K-12 settings. This designation appears in university job postings and administrative hierarchies to denote coordinators who ensure compliance with accreditation standards and program quality.^[134] AC also designates Academic Certificate, a post-secondary credential focused on targeted skill acquisition in non-technical areas, often requiring 12 to 30 credit hours of coursework. Community colleges such as Mesa Community College and City Colleges of Chicago award ACs to facilitate professional entry or advancement, distinguishing them from associate degrees by their shorter duration and specificity.^[135]^[136] In alternative medicine, L.Ac. signifies Licensed Acupuncturist, a state-regulated professional title earned after completing a master's-level program (typically 3-4 years) and at least 650 hours of supervised clinical training, followed by licensure exams. This credential authorizes practice in acupuncture and related therapies, with variations by jurisdiction emphasizing competency in traditional Chinese medicine principles.^[137] Dipl. Ac. denotes Diplomate in Acupuncture, a national certification from the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM), validating expertise through rigorous examination and continuing education requirements.^[138]

Awards and honors

Arts and entertainment

Video games and gaming

The Assassin's Creed series, commonly abbreviated as AC, is an action-adventure video game franchise developed primarily by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft, focusing on stealth-based gameplay in historical settings intertwined with a modern-day sci-fi narrative involving genetic memories accessed via the Animus device. The inaugural title, Assassin's Creed, launched on November 13, 2007, for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, introducing core mechanics such as third-person free-running parkour, counter-based melee combat, and social stealth to blend into crowds or environments for assassinations targeting Templar antagonists.^[140] Subsequent mainline entries evolved these systems, incorporating naval combat in Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (2013), RPG elements like skill trees and dialogue choices in Assassin's Creed Odyssey (October 5, 2018), and dual-protagonist dynamics in Assassin's Creed Shadows (March 20, 2025), which features samurai Yasuke and shinobi Naoe with distinct combat styles including blocking mechanics and shadow-based hiding.^[141] Core gameplay emphasizes exploration of open-world historical recreations, from the Third Crusade in the original to Viking-era England in Assassin's Creed Valhalla (November 10, 2020) and feudal Japan in Shadows, where players uncover lore through missions, collectibles, and dynamic parkour trails enhanced by recent innovations like momentum-based traversal and environmental interactions. Stealth mechanics allow hiding in dynamic shadows at night or using tools like smoke bombs, while combat prioritizes parries, executions, and weapon-specific abilities, adapting across eras from hidden blades to katanas. Spin-offs such as the 2.5D Assassin's Creed Chronicles trilogy (2015–2016) and mobile titles extend the formula with side-scrolling or simplified controls, maintaining the Assassin-Templar conflict.^[142]^[143] The franchise has sold over 200 million units cumulatively as of fiscal year 2023–24, with Assassin's Creed Valhalla achieving 1.7 million units at launch in 2020 and Shadows topping U.S. and European sales charts for new releases in early 2025, reflecting sustained player engagement evidenced by 30 million unique active users across Assassin's Creed titles in fiscal 2024–25.^[144]^[145]^[146] Critical reception varies by entry, praising immersive worlds and historical detail while critiquing repetitive missions in earlier games like Assassin's Creed (2007) and launch bugs in Unity (November 11, 2014), prompting Ubisoft to refine formulas toward hybrid stealth-RPG hybrids in later releases.

Music

Adult contemporary, abbreviated as AC, is a radio format and music genre characterized by accessible pop, soft rock, and ballad-oriented songs featuring mellow rhythms, undistorted instrumentation, and themes often centered on romance or personal reflection.^[147] This style emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s as an evolution from middle-of-the-road programming, drawing from 1960s vocal standards and 1970s soft rock to appeal to adult listeners seeking less aggressive alternatives to top 40 hits.^[148] Stations in this format typically target audiences aged 25-54, with a core demographic of 35-44-year-olds, emphasizing proven commercial tracks from the past 15-20 years that balance familiarity and mild contemporaneity.^[149]^[150] AC/DC is an Australian hard rock band formed in Sydney in November 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young, with the name derived from an alternating current/direct current label on a sewing machine.^[151] The group gained prominence through high-energy performances and albums blending blues-influenced riffs with straightforward lyrics, achieving global success with their 1979 release Highway to Hell, which peaked at number 13 on the US Billboard 200 and featured hits like the title track.^[152] Earlier efforts, such as the Australia-only High Voltage (1975) and T.N.T. (1975), laid the groundwork for their raw sound, while later albums like Back in Black (1980) solidified their status as arena rock staples, selling over 50 million copies worldwide.^[153] The band's discography spans 17 studio albums as of 2025, maintaining a consistent hard rock formula despite lineup changes, including the replacement of original vocalist Bon Scott with Brian Johnson following Scott's death in 1980.^[151]^[153]

Literature, film, and other media

In film production, "AC" denotes assistant camera personnel, including the first assistant camera (1st AC), who manages focus pulling, lens changes, and camera rigging, and the second assistant camera (2nd AC), responsible for loading film magazines, operating the clapperboard, and maintaining camera logs.^[154]^[155] These roles are essential for ensuring smooth cinematography on sets, with the 1st AC working in close coordination with the director of photography to execute shots precisely.^[155] In television content rating systems, "AC" signifies "Adult Content," a descriptor used in classifications like those in certain international standards to indicate material unsuitable for younger audiences due to explicit themes. Latin phrases incorporating "ac" (meaning "and") appear occasionally in film titles or dialogue for stylistic effect, as in the 2003 film Dogville, where "Dictum ac factum" ("said and done") is inscribed on a mine wall, emphasizing themes of verbal commitments versus actions.^[156]

Other uses

Transportation and vehicles

In maritime and road transportation, the abbreviation AC designates an auto carrier, a specialized vessel or truck configured to transport multiple automobiles and other wheeled vehicles.^[157] Auto carriers in shipping logistics typically employ roll-on/roll-off designs with multiple vehicle decks to maximize capacity, handling thousands of units per voyage for global vehicle distribution. On roadways, AC-coded vehicles include multi-level haulers used by logistics firms to deliver cars from manufacturers to dealerships, subject to specific regulatory classifications for safety and weight limits.^[158]

Miscellaneous abbreviations

AC serves as an abbreviation for ante Christum, a Latin phrase meaning "before Christ," used equivalently to BC in historical dating to denote years prior to the birth of Jesus Christ.^[159]^[160] This usage appears in classical and ecclesiastical texts, where it parallels ante Christum natum (before the birth of Christ) but is shortened for brevity.^[161] In accounting and finance, A/C (or a/c) abbreviates "account," referring to a financial record or bank account, as seen in notations for payments, ledgers, or checks such as "a/c payee."^[162]^[163] This convention facilitates concise documentation in business transactions and bookkeeping.^[164]

References

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Rating 4.0 (6) This eBook covers Alternating Current (AC) circuit theory as well as a brief introduction of electronics. It is broken up into seven modules.
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A dc current flows across the junction in the absence of any electric or magnetic field. Ac Josephson effect. A dc voltage applied across the junction causes rf.
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The AC joint is prone to injuries from falls, hits, and overuse, leading to AC joint injuries involving the three ligaments inside the shoulder. The severity of ...
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Top 150 Prescription Abbreviations & Medical Meanings - Drugs.com
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Common Prescription Abbreviations for Medication - Verywell Health
Jun 12, 2025 · (ante cibum): before meals; achs: before meals and at bedtime; a.d. (auris extra): right ear; ad: up to; ad lib (ad libitum): use as much as ...
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AC Chemo for Breast Cancer: Adriamycin + Cytoxan
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Definition of AC regimen - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used with other types of therapy to treat breast cancer, including breast cancer that has spread or come back.
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How AC works. Both doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide damage the DNA inside cancer cells so they can't divide, which causes them to die.
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AC-T Chemo Treatment: Adriamycin + Cytoxan + Taxol
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Actinium (Ac) is a chemical element, an actinide with atomic number 89, discovered in 1899. It is a solid at room temperature.
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Actinium gives its name to a block of fifteen elements that lie between actinium and lawrencium in the periodic table with atomic numbers 89 through 103.
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[PDF] Common Abbreviations in Organic Chemistry
Ac. = Acetyl. AcO. = Acetate. Ac2O. = Acetic anhydride. AIBN. = a,a'-Azoisobyronitrile. All. = Allyl. Alloc. = Allyloxycarbonyl.
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[PDF] Organic chemistry acronyms
Ac. Acetyl (CH3C=O) acac. Acetylacetonate (ligand). AIBN. Azobis(isobutyronitrile)--radical initiator. 9-BBN-H. 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane.
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ac, acid. Ac, acetyl. AC, Analytical Chemistry. ace, Ace, acetone. aceD6, deuterized acetone. aceF6, hexafluoro acetone. AcOEt, ethyl acetate. Ac2O, acetic ...
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Altocumulus clouds - Met Office
Altocumulus clouds are small mid-level layers or patches of clouds, called cloudlets, which most commonly exist in the shape of rounded clumps.
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Applications in which AC Drives Work · Elevator · Escalator · Air-conditioning fan · Conveyor · Pump · Food machine · Crane/Automatic warehouse · Oil & Gas.
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AC Welding vs DC Welding: What's the Difference?
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[65]
AC vs. DC Welding: Differences Compared (with Pros & Cons)
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AC Propulsion aims to be the leading developer and producer of high performance, high efficiency, high value drivetrains for the EV and HEV markets.
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AC Propulsion, Inc. operates as a vehicle company. The Company offers charging system, drivetrain, battery technology, motor, design, and manufacture.
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AC Cars cements its status as Britain's oldest active vehicle manufacturer, by celebrating its 123rd anniversary with three milestones.
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Wayne Sentinel. Palmyra, NY. 1823–1852, 1860–1861. Bar iron and castings manufacturer, judge, newspaper editor and publisher.
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Ashmore and Cartier Islands
The islands are uninhabited and composed of coral and sand with some grass cover. The Territory is located on the outer edge of the continental shelf in the ...Missing: features | Show results with:features
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Ashmore Reef Marine Park
As well as these busy islands, the Marine Park includes lagoons, sand flats, reef flats and large seagrass meadows. Hard and soft corals and sponges are diverse ...
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[PDF] Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island Commonwealth Marine Reserves
They are regarded as biodiversity hotspots supporting a diverse array of terrestrial and marine species, in particular significant communities of sea snakes, ...
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ISO Codes for Canada & Brazil Tax Rates | Zonos Docs
State and federal district codes ; Acre, AC ; Alagoas, AL ; Amapá, AP ; Amazonas, AM.
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Acre is a Federal State at the Edge of Brazil | Aventura do Brasil
Acre is the westernmost state of Brazil. It is part of the Região Norte and located in the southwest of the Brazilian Amazon basin.
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Acre - Invest in Brazil
Situated in the heart of the Amazon rainforest, Acre's economic landscape is marked by its natural resources, agricultural opportunities, and emerging ...
[124]
Atlantic City - New Jersey - World Population Review
Atlantic City has a 2025 population of 38,495. Atlantic City is currently growing at a rate of 0.04% annually and its population has increased by 0.2% since the ...Missing: abbreviation AC
[125]
Brazilian States, Abbreviations and Information - Brazil-Help.com
Common Two Letter Abbreviation. State. Capitol City ; AC. Acre. Rio Branco ; AL. Alagoas. Maceió ; AP. Amapá. Macapá ; AM. Amazonas. Manaus ...
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About Us | Seamless Design Hotels - AC Hotels - Marriott
When our first hotel opened in Madrid in 1999, we knew we were onto something special. By 2022, we strive to offer our unique experience to the next generation ...
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Our Story - Marriott
In 2011, a partnership with hotelier Antonio Catalan results in AC Hotels by Marriott, rebranding existing AC Hotels primarily in Italy, Spain, and Portugal.
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How Marriott Took A Small Spanish Brand And Gave It A Global ...
Dec 3, 2023 · The year was 2005 and Antonio Catalán created the first AC Hotel in his home region of Navarra, Spain. His goal was to create something ...
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The Evolution of a Brand: AC Hotels - DLR Group
Dec 13, 2022 · Marriott acquired the AC Hotel concept from Antonio Catalan, who established the brand in Spain and Italy. Marriott's goal with the hotels was ...
[130]
RAF Ranks, Acronyms & Abbreviations - ASALI Designs
Ranks – who's who starting from the top! ACM – Air Chief Marshal. AM – Air Marshal. AVM – Air-Vice Marshal. AC – Air Commodore. Gp Capt – Group ...
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Military abbreviations: A - The Lonsdale Battalion
AC, Armourers Crew (RN), Air Commodore (RAF) ; AC1, Aircraftman 1st Class ; AC2, Aircraftman 2nd Class ; ACAS, Assistant Chief of Air Staff (RAF).
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Curule aedile | Roman official - Britannica
The curule aediles, who were the magistrates responsible for the care and supervision of the markets, also issued edicts.
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AC Academic Coordinator - All Acronyms
The abbreviation AC stands for Academic Coordinator and is mostly used in the following categories: Academic, Coordinator, University, Teaching, Education. ...Missing: designations | Show results with:designations
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Degree Types | Programs & Degrees | Mesa Community College
Academic Certificate (AC). These certificates are designed to develop specific, structured, non-technical professional skills or the opportunity for development ...
[135]
Glossary of Terms - Academic Catalog - City Colleges of Chicago
AC. Advanced certificate; generally certificates with a credit hour value of 30 or more. Academic Days. Academic days are week days, excluding holidays ...<|separator|>
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What does that L.Ac after your name mean? - Acupuncture in St ...
L.Ac means that your practitioner has had at least 650 hours of supervised clinical experience. Licensed acupuncturists have dedicated anywhere from 3-5 years ...
[137]
Acupuncture Titles and Abbreviations | Acupunture Today
Professional Titles ; Dipl. Ac. Diplomate in Acupuncture ; Dipl. CH, Diplomate in Chinese Herbalism ; Dipl. OM, Diplomate in Oriental Medicine ; DNBAO, Diplomate, ...
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Post-nominals | PM&C
Post-nominal entitlements ; Commendation for Gallantry · Companion of the Order of Australia · Conspicuous Service Cross ; * · AC · CSC.
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Assassin's Creed Franchise | Ubisoft (US)
On this website, discover all the games released to date, find the latest news on the coming games & extend your experience with books, podcasts, & more!Assassin's Creed Odyssey · Valhalla · Check the Games · All News
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Assassin's Creed Shadows - Stealth Gameplay Overview - Ubisoft
Nov 21, 2024 · During nighttime, any pocket of shadows becomes a dynamic hiding spot in which you can progress without being seen. This applies to both ...
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Assassin's Creed Shadows – Parkour System Overview - Ubisoft
Jan 7, 2025 · In this article, we will focus on highlighting some of the new moves and mechanics developed to enhance parkour.
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Assassin's Creed Shadows – Exploration Gameplay Overview
Jan 14, 2025 · There is a lot to discover in the open world of Assassin's Creed Shadows, from temples to castles, hidden parkour trails to training grounds, and other secrets.
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[PDF] UBISOFT REPORTS FULL-YEAR 2024-25 EARNINGS FIGURES
May 14, 2025 · The Assassin's Creed and Rainbow Six franchises have each sustained around 30 million unique active players for the fourth consecutive year ...
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I compiled data to see how the sales performance of newer RPG ...
Sep 11, 2025 · Assassin's Creed Valhalla sold 1.7M units, 50% more than Assassin's Creed Odyssey at launch. r/assassinscreed - Assassin's Creed Valhalla sold ...Assassin's Creed Shadows is the highest-selling new release of ...Assassin's Creed Shadows is the best-selling new game of 2025 in ...More results from www.reddit.com
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Assassin's Creed Shadows Tops Best Selling Games Charts in ...
Aug 18, 2025 · Assassin's Creed Shadows has beaten out other 2025 releases like Monster Hunter Wilds and Mario Kart World in European sales.
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Adult contemporary music | Songs, Artists, Examples, & Genre
A popular radio format, adult contemporary music is known for its easy-flowing rhythms, gentle instrumentation, vocal virtuosity, and romantic lyrics. Often ...
[147]
Adult Contemporary Music Guide: What Is Adult Contemporary? - 2025
Aug 30, 2021 · Adult contemporary music is a style of pop music that emphasizes relaxed rhythms, un-distorted instruments, love-focused lyrics, and vocal ...
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7.3 Radio Station Formats – Intro to Mass Media
Adult Contemporary. Generally targeted toward individuals over 30, the adult contemporary (AC) format favors pop music from the last 15 to 20 years as opposed ...
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Adult Contemporary | Westwood One
Every song has proven appeal to adults 25-54, and specifically the target 35-44 core. The format leans towards women, but nearly 40% of the audience is men.
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AC/DC | Band, Members, Songs, & Facts - Britannica
AC/DC is an Australian heavy metal band formed in 1973, known for high-energy shows and popular in the 1980s, with members like Angus Young and Bon Scott.Missing: sales | Show results with:sales<|separator|>
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AC/DC Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | All... - AllMusic
Active. 1970s - 2020s ; Formed. 1973 in Sydney, Australia ; Genre. Pop/Rock ; Styles. Album Rock, Aussie Rock, Hard Rock, Heavy Metal, Arena Rock ; Group Members.Back in Black · Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap · Highway to Hell · Let There Be Rock
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Complete List Of AC/DC Albums And Discography
This Complete List Of AC/DC Albums And Songs presents the full discography of AC/DC studio albums. The band AC/DC was first formed in 1973. The group AC/DC ...Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap · Powerage · For Those About To Rock We...<|separator|>
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AC Assistant Cameraman - All Acronyms
The abbreviation AC stands for Assistant Cameraman and is mostly used in the following categories: Camera, Assistant, Film, Production, Technology. Whether you ...
[154]
2ND AC - Everything You Need to Know - NFI
A 2nd AC, second assistant camera, second assistant, camera loader, or clapper loader has various tasks included with it.
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Television content rating system - Wikipedia
AC – Adult Content ; AL – Adult Language ; GL – Graphic Language (exclusive to R/TV-MA-rated programmes) ; MV – Mild Violence ; V – Violence ...
[156]
In Dogville 2003, what's the purpose of "Dictum ac factum" that's ...
Apr 1, 2020 · In Dogville - 2003, in a brief scene, there's a writing on the wall of the mine that reads "dictum ac factum" which in Latin means "said and ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] Transportation Acronym Glossary
AC: Auto Carrier. AC: Alternating Current. ACC: Auto Cruise Control. ACCT ... HDTV: High-Definition Television. HELO: Helicopter. HELP: Heavy Vehicle ...
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Chapter 5H - Vehicle Body Type Abbreviations - Real File
Aug 20, 2013 · Auto Carrier. AC. Ambulance. AM. Armor Truck. AR. Beverage Rack. BR. Bus. BU ... Concrete or Transit Mixer. CM. Crane. CR. Dump. DP. Tractor Truck ...
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
Abbreviations and Acronyms: A - I AC or ACN From Latin Ante Christum or Ante Christum Natum, meaning "Before Christ" or "Before Christ (was) Born."
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AC - Ante Christum (Latin: Before Christ) | AcronymFinder
What does AC stand for? AC stands for Ante Christum (Latin: Before Christ). Suggest new definition. This definition appears very frequently and is found ...<|separator|>
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https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=31838
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What is a/c? - Accounting Coach
Definition of a/c. In accounting, a/c is the abbreviation for account. Example of a/c. An accountant might leave the following note for a subordinate:
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What is the Abbreviation for Account? - Writing Explained
How do you abbreviate account? There are two common ways to abbreviate account. They are,. acct. a/c. For example,. Payables acct. A/c number.
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Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners
May 14, 2025 · Account = a/c; Account current = A/C; Accommodation = ACC/ACCOM; Account = acct. Actual cash value = a.c.v.; After date = a.d.; Addition ...<|separator|>