Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Car float

A car float, also known as a rail barge, is an unpowered flat-topped barge fitted with railroad tracks on its deck, designed to transport entire rail cars across bodies of water such as rivers, harbors, or bays where no fixed bridge or tunnel connects rail lines.^[1] These vessels, typically measuring 300 to 400 feet in length and capable of carrying 15 to 20 standard freight cars, are towed by powerful tugboats and loaded or unloaded using specialized transfer bridges or gantry cranes at terminal facilities.^[2] Unlike self-propelled train ferries, car floats rely entirely on external propulsion and were a critical innovation for overcoming geographical barriers in rail networks, particularly in urban waterfront settings.^[3] The concept of the car float emerged in the early 19th century as railroads expanded but faced natural obstacles like wide rivers. In the United States, the first rail car ferry service began in April 1836 with the steam-powered ferry Susquehanna, which carried rail cars across the Susquehanna River between Perryville and Havre de Grace, Maryland, marking the inception of waterborne rail transport.^[4] By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, car floats proliferated in major ports, with nearly 20 railroad companies operating over 300 such barges around New York City alone to facilitate freight movement across the Hudson River and New York Harbor.^[1] Notable examples include the Long Island Rail Road's operations between Bay Ridge in Brooklyn and Long Island City in Queens, which bypassed lengthy land routes via Albany and reduced transit times by more than half.^[2] Car float operations peaked in the mid-20th century but declined sharply after World War II due to the construction of bridges, tunnels, and highways, as well as the rise of trucking for short-haul freight.^[3] In New York, services across the Hudson largely ended by the 1960s, though remnants like the New York Central's 69th Street Transfer Bridge persist as historical landmarks.^[1] Despite this, limited modern usage continues; for instance, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's NYNJ Rail operates a fleet including the 370-foot NYNJR 100 barge, which shuttles up to 18 rail cars between Jersey City and Brooklyn, offering an efficient, low-emission alternative to diesel locomotives.^[3] During World War I, innovative concrete car floats—such as the twelve 265-foot vessels commissioned by the U.S. War Department—highlighted wartime adaptations for durability and rapid deployment.^[5] Overall, car floats represent a pivotal chapter in railroad engineering, blending maritime and rail technologies to sustain commerce in constrained geographies.

Overview

Definition and purpose

A car float is an unpowered barge fitted with railway tracks on its deck, specifically designed to transport entire railroad cars, or rolling stock, across bodies of water in situations where fixed rail infrastructure such as bridges or tunnels is unavailable or impractical.^[6] This specialized vessel enables the seamless movement of freight by allowing rail cars to be loaded directly onto the barge from a terminal via a transfer bridge, ferried across the waterway, and then unloaded at the destination terminal in a similar manner.^[6] The primary purpose of a car float is to maintain the continuity of rail freight transport over waterways, eliminating the labor-intensive process of unloading cargo from rail cars, transferring it to another mode, and reloading it elsewhere.^[3] Historically, this method proved essential for overcoming geographic barriers in port cities and along rivers, supporting efficient logistics in densely developed areas where alternative rail routing would involve lengthy detours.^[3] Car floats differ from related vessels like train ferries, which are self-propelled ships capable of carrying entire trains—including locomotives and often passengers—over longer distances under their own power.^[6] In contrast, car floats lack propulsion systems and are towed by dedicated tugboats, focusing exclusively on freight cars without any passenger accommodations.^[3] Among its key advantages, the car float system offers a cost-effective solution for short-distance crossings, minimizing operational expenses compared to building extensive land-based rail extensions or bridges.^[3] It also reduces wear and tear on rail infrastructure by shortening overall route lengths and facilitates direct car-to-car transfers, preserving the integrity of bulk cargo without repackaging.^[3] At its height in the early to mid-20th century, such operations in New York Harbor processed over 6,000 freight cars daily, underscoring their scale in supporting industrial freight networks.^[6]

Design and technical features

A car float is typically a flat-deck barge measuring approximately 150 to 300 feet in length and 30 to 50 feet in width, equipped with three to five parallel railway tracks of standard gauge (4 feet 8.5 inches) mounted directly on the deck to accommodate 15 to 25 rail cars depending on their length and loading configuration.^[2]^[7] These dimensions allow for efficient transport across short water distances while maintaining stability under the weight of loaded freight cars, with examples like Long Island Railroad barges at about 169 feet long supporting up to 19 cars across three tracks (seven on outer tracks and four to five on the center track).^[2] Historically, car floats were constructed primarily from wood for early 20th-century models, transitioning to steel for greater durability and load-bearing capacity in mid-century designs.^[7] Modern iterations employ reinforced steel hulls with concrete ballast to enhance stability and resistance to corrosion, often incorporating watertight compartments divided by bulkheads to prevent flooding and ensure buoyancy even if one section is breached.^[6] Key components include the apron or transfer bridge at terminal ends, which facilitates loading and unloading of rail cars through hydraulic adjustments or gravity-assisted movement, with lock bars and toggle mechanisms securing the connection and aligning tracks to within ±0.25 inches.^[8] Fender systems, typically rubber or cellular materials, absorb impacts during docking, while mooring cleats and connections—often supplemented by dolphins—allow secure attachment to tugboats and withstand longitudinal forces up to 700 kips from towing and tidal surges.^[6] In operation, car floats are towed at low speeds by tugboats across harbors or rivers, with precise alignment of deck tracks to shore rails achieved via adjustable transfer bridges that compensate for tidal variations of up to 10 feet.^[6] Safety features such as rail clamps or locking pins secure cars against movement during transit, preventing derailments from wave action or listing, and hydraulic buffers mitigate mooring impacts.^[2]^[8] Variations include rare self-propelled hybrids, which integrate onboard propulsion for limited maneuvering but are uncommon compared to towed designs, often reclassified as rail ferries.^[9] During World War I, the U.S. War Department commissioned twelve concrete car floats measuring 265 feet long by 36.5 feet wide for wartime durability and steel conservation.^[5]

History

Origins and early development

The concept of transporting rail cars across water barriers predated widespread car float operations, with precursors appearing in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1833, the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway in Scotland established the world's first rail wagon ferry across the Forth and Clyde Canal, where a steamship towed horse-drawn wagons loaded on flat-bottomed boats to extend the line without bridging the waterway. This innovation addressed similar logistical challenges posed by canals and rivers, though it relied on animal power rather than locomotives. By 1850, Britain introduced the first roll-on/roll-off train ferry across the Firth of Forth using the Leviathan, allowing steam locomotives to remain attached to cars during the crossing and marking a step toward more efficient rail-water integration.^[10]^[11] In the United States, the extensive network of navigable rivers and the rapid expansion of railroads in the 1830s drove the invention and initial adoption of car floats as a practical alternative to costly bridges. The first documented railroad car ferry in the country, the steam-powered Susquehanna, entered service in April 1836 on the Susquehanna River between Havre de Grace and Perryville, Maryland, operated by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. This barge transported freight cars—but not locomotives—across the wide estuary until a bridge replaced it in 1866, using wooden flatboats fitted with temporary rail tracks laid by hand for each crossing. The U.S. led global development due to its geography of major waterways like the Potomac, Susquehanna, and Mississippi, which fragmented rail lines and necessitated such solutions for commercial connectivity.^[12]^[13] The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) played a pivotal role in early commercial adoption, initiating regular car float service across the Potomac River in 1874 from Shepherd's Landing in Maryland to Alexandria, Virginia, to bypass ownership disputes over Long Bridge. Passenger cars were floated first, followed immediately by freight, with operations continuing until 1906 when the opening of Potomac Yard rendered the service obsolete; initial designs employed wooden barges with removable tracks secured by spikes and ballast for stability. Similarly, the B&O operated car floats across the Baltimore Inner Harbor to connect rail lines around the city's waterfront obstacles, serving industrial areas like Fells Point until the completion of the Baltimore Belt Line tunnel in 1895 eliminated the need. These early systems highlighted the shift from experimental, ad-hoc setups to routine commercial use by the mid-19th century, enabling seamless rail continuity despite water barriers.^[14]^[15] Technological advancements in the 1840s further refined car float operations, particularly through the introduction of transfer bridges for efficient loading and unloading. The first such device in the U.S. was built in 1838 across the Susquehanna River at Havre de Grace and Perryville, Maryland, by the Camden & Amboy and Baltimore & Potomac Railroads, consisting of a structure that lifted entire rail cars from land tracks onto floating barges, reducing manual labor and turnaround times compared to earlier ramp-based methods. By the 1850s, these innovations transitioned car floats from military and provisional applications to integrated commercial rail networks, with wooden barges evolving to include permanent deck tracks aligned via adjustable aprons. A key formalization occurred during the Civil War in 1862, when U.S. Army engineer Brigadier General Herman Haupt designed specialized railroad float barges for the Military Railroads Construction Corps to ferry supply cars across the Potomac River, demonstrating scalable pontoon-style platforms that influenced postwar civilian designs.^[16]^[17]

Expansion and peak usage

Following the Civil War, car float operations experienced rapid expansion as railroads sought efficient methods to bypass geographical barriers like rivers and harbors, with major lines such as the Pennsylvania Railroad and Baltimore & Ohio adopting the technology by the 1880s to facilitate cross-water freight transfers in key industrial areas.^[16] This growth accelerated in the early 20th century, reaching its operational peak during the 1920s through 1940s, when car floats became integral to national rail networks, particularly supporting wartime logistics during World War II by enabling the rapid movement of military supplies and equipment across congested ports. Similar operations expanded to ports like Baltimore and Philadelphia, handling millions of tons of freight annually and supporting industrial supply chains nationwide. The economic drivers behind this expansion centered on the need for cost-effective freight transport in densely industrialized hubs, where building extensive bridges or tunnels was prohibitively expensive; car floats allowed railroads to move loaded railcars—carrying commodities like coal, steel, and manufactured goods—directly across waterways, integrating seamlessly with existing track infrastructure and reducing the overall cost of logistics in regions like the Northeast.^[16] By avoiding the need for transloading cargo at water crossings, these operations minimized delays and labor expenses, bolstering the efficiency of supply chains for heavy industry and contributing to the broader economic vitality of rail-dependent manufacturing centers. At their zenith in the mid-20th century, U.S. car float networks supported a vast operational scale, employing approximately 3,400 workers to manage fleets comprising 323 dedicated car floats, 1,094 support barges, and 150 tugboats that facilitated transfers primarily between New York and New Jersey terminals. This infrastructure handled millions of tons of freight annually, underscoring the critical role of car floats in sustaining peak rail throughput before the widespread adoption of alternative transport modes. Key innovations during this era enhanced the reliability and capacity of car float systems, including the standardization of steel hull construction in the 1910s, which replaced wooden designs to improve durability against harsh marine conditions and increase load capacities for heavier railcars. Terminals integrated electric locomotives for precise switching of cars onto and off floats, allowing safer and more efficient operations in confined harbor yards without the emissions and fire risks of steam power.^[18] During World War I, the U.S. War Department commissioned twelve 265-foot concrete car floats for added resilience, with these units built to withstand wartime demands and potential sabotage, exemplifying adaptations for heightened logistical pressures.^[5]

Regional operations

United States East Coast

The car float operations in New York Harbor formed the most extensive and dense network on the United States East Coast, facilitating the transfer of freight cars between New Jersey terminals and destinations in Brooklyn and Manhattan. This system, which connected rail lines terminating in Jersey City and Hoboken to Brooklyn waterfront facilities, relied on a fleet of barges pushed by tugs across the Hudson and East Rivers. Major operators, including the Pennsylvania Railroad and later the Penn Central, maintained key float bridges at the 32nd Street Terminal in Hoboken and the 65th Street Yard in Bay Ridge, supporting daily crossings that handled thousands of cars during peak periods. These operations continued under Penn Central until the 1970s, when economic pressures and infrastructure shifts led to their gradual curtailment.^[19] Beyond New York, car float services operated at several other East Coast ports, notably in the Baltimore-Washington corridor. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) ran a car float across the Potomac River from Shepherd's Landing in Maryland to Alexandria, Virginia, providing a vital link for freight from 1872 until 1906, when the opening of Potomac Yard rendered it obsolete. In Baltimore Harbor, both the B&O and Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington Railroad utilized car floats to shuttle cars across the Inner Harbor, connecting Philadelphia-bound trains to southern routes; these early services employed wooden barges until steel construction became standard in the 1920s. Philadelphia's harbor operations similarly involved short-haul floats across the Delaware River, supporting regional coal and merchandise traffic until bridge expansions diminished their role by the early 20th century.^[20] Operational challenges in East Coast car float services stemmed from the geography of urban harbors, where crossings typically spanned 1 to 5 miles amid strong tidal currents and frequent fog that complicated tug navigation and barge alignment. High volumes of coal and oil cars dominated traffic, particularly in New York and Baltimore, where these commodities fueled industrial demands and required specialized handling to prevent spills during tidal shifts. Tugs often waited for slack tides to minimize drift, and fog signals or pilot guides were essential for safe docking at transfer bridges. Key adaptations during the Civil War accelerated the adoption of car floats on the East Coast, with Union General Herman Haupt pioneering their military use in 1862 by fitting large Schuylkill barges with tracks to ferry supply trains across the Potomac River, bypassing Confederate disruptions.^[21] This innovation, which enabled rapid troop and materiel movement, influenced postwar commercial expansions. Following World War I, terminals in New York Harbor underwent electrification, with transfer bridges at sites like Hoboken upgraded to electric-powered mechanisms by the 1920s, improving efficiency and capacity for handling larger 10-car floats amid growing freight demands.^[19]

United States Midwest and West Coast

In the United States Midwest, car float operations were relatively limited and focused on riverine environments, often serving as supplements to rail networks constrained by urban waterways and competing infrastructure like canals and bridges. The Erie Railroad maintained a modest car float service on the Chicago River starting in 1913, utilizing vessels such as the tug "Wauwatosa" to transfer freight cars between facilities including those in South Chicago and the 40th Street yards. This operation facilitated intra-city freight movement along the North and South Branches but remained small-scale, handling limited volumes compared to eastern ports due to the availability of alternative routing via the Illinois and Michigan Canal and expanding bridge infrastructure. Operations ceased by 1936 as rail efficiencies improved and demand shifted.^[22]^[23] Further west along major rivers like the Mississippi, car float usage involved longer tows and experimental adaptations to navigate broad, variable currents. Historical experiments included the deployment of concrete car floats by the Federal Barge Line in the 1920s, with twelve such vessels transferred for service on the Mississippi River in 1920 to handle freight across wider spans where bridges were impractical or under construction. These operations typically involved pushing multiple barges loaded with rail cars over distances exceeding those in more confined eastern waterways, supporting agricultural and industrial shipments but on a sporadic basis limited by seasonal water levels and flood risks. Pontoon-based systems also ferried thousands of rail cars annually across the river at key crossings, such as near Davenport, Iowa, until permanent bridges supplanted them in the mid-20th century.^[5]^[24] On the West Coast, car float activities centered on bay and strait crossings, adapting to seismic risks and supporting resource-based economies in ports like San Francisco, Portland, and Seattle. In Seattle, the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road) used car floats into the mid-20th century to deliver grain and lumber loads to pier facilities, towed by contracted tugs like those from Foss Barge, enabling efficient harbor switching for Pacific Northwest exports. These West Coast fleets numbered in the dozens rather than hundreds, reflecting less intensive urban rail density than the East, and incorporated robust hull designs to withstand tidal surges and occasional seismic activity, though specific earthquake-resistant modifications were not widely documented beyond general reinforcement standards post-1906 San Francisco events. During the 1920s industrial expansion, Midwest and West Coast car floats integrated into booming sectors like manufacturing and resource extraction, with Mississippi River services aiding grain shipments and San Francisco Bay operations supporting automotive and agricultural growth tied to broader rail networks. In the World War II era, these systems contributed marginally to Pacific supply efforts by facilitating domestic rail-to-water transfers for materiel staging in West Coast ports, though primary logistics relied on oceangoing vessels rather than floats.^[25]

Canada

In Canada, car float operations were primarily employed to bridge geographical barriers along coastal and inland waterways, extending rail networks in regions where building continuous tracks was impractical due to fjords, islands, and rugged terrain. The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) pioneered significant use in British Columbia, utilizing rail barges to connect the mainland transcontinental line at Vancouver with the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway on Vancouver Island. Starting in 1900, the barge Transfer No. 1, towed by the tug Czar, carried up to 12 boxcars across the 40-mile Strait of Georgia from Ladysmith to Vancouver, handling commodities like coal, lumber, and pulp products. By the 1920s, CPR expanded to five dedicated rail barges (Transfer Nos. 1-5) and supporting scows, towed by tugs such as Nanoose (introduced in 1908 with 600 horsepower for reliable coastal navigation). These operations integrated seamlessly with CPR's transcontinental system, facilitating freight from eastern Canada to western ports and industries.^[26]^[27] In Howe Sound, a fjord-like inlet north of Vancouver, car floats supported industrial spurs for pulp and mining operations, adapting to strong tidal currents (up to 10 feet) and narrow channels through reinforced hulls and precise tug assistance. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway (later CN) employed 20-car capacity barges from Squamish to serve mills at Woodfibre and export zinc ore from Britannia Beach to Seattle, with tank cars frequently loaded for coastal transfers during the 1920s to 1960s. Further north, Canadian National Railway (CN) operated the Aquatrain service from Prince Rupert, loading railcars onto specialized barges for towing to Port Mann near Vancouver, primarily for grain, lumber, and minerals integrating with CN's western mainline. Overall, Canada's car float fleet remained modest at 10-20 units, constrained by the country's dispersed geography compared to denser U.S. networks, emphasizing short-haul extensions over long-distance hauls.^[28]^[29] Elsewhere, operations were more limited. On Ontario's Georgian Bay in the early 1900s, sporadic rail barge services supported isolated logging and mining lines, but lacked the scale of coastal efforts due to seasonal ice and competing lake steamer routes. Wartime demands in the 1940s spurred expansions, with CPR's Vancouver Island traffic peaking at 17,282 outbound cars in 1942 to supply Allied efforts, including munitions and raw materials via Howe Sound routes. Post-war infrastructure shifts, such as road bridges and extended rail lines (e.g., CN's completion of coastal connections), led to the decline of many services; CPR's Ladysmith wharf closed in 1955, transitioning barge loading to Nanaimo, while overall reliance waned by the 1960s in favor of integrated highway-rail systems.^[27]^[30]

Current operations

New York-New Jersey

The New York-New Jersey car float service, operated by New York New Jersey Rail, LLC (NYNJR), represents the primary surviving commercial rail barge operation in the United States, facilitating freight movement across Upper New York Bay. Established in 2006 through the acquisition of the New York Cross Harbor Railroad and acquired by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in 2008, NYNJR conducts daily crossings from Greenville Yard in Jersey City, New Jersey, to 65th Street Yard in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, New York—a route spanning approximately 4 miles and taking about 40 minutes. This service bypasses the freight-prohibited Hudson River Rail Tunnel, connecting rail networks in Brooklyn and Long Island to the national system via New Jersey.^[31]^[32]^[32] NYNJR's current fleet consists of two modern four-track steel car floats, NYNJR 100 and 200, each measuring 370 feet long and 59 feet wide, with a capacity of 18 sixty-foot rail cars. Built by Metal Trades, Inc., of Yonges Island, South Carolina, the NYNJR 100 entered service in 2019 following its delivery in 2017, while the NYNJR 200 followed shortly thereafter; these vessels replaced older infrastructure to enhance efficiency and environmental compliance. The floats are towed by vendor tugboats, such as the Marjorie McAllister (built 1974), and are supported by three Tier 4-compliant KLW SE10B locomotives for onboard switching. Operations run Monday through Friday, typically from early morning to mid-afternoon, to load, tow, and unload cars.^[3]^[32]^[32] The service handles a variety of freight, including lumber, building materials, cement, recyclables, metals, food products, and intermodal cargo such as containers and automobiles, with the 65th Street Yard designated as an intermodal terminal. In 2023, NYNJR transported approximately 5,000 rail cars, equivalent to reducing thousands of truck trips on congested roadways. This operation supports key industries by enabling efficient cross-harbor movement without road or tunnel dependencies.^[31]^[33]^[34] Recent developments include the Port Authority's 2024 initiatives to expand waterborne freight via "marine highways," with $100 million invested in modernizing Greenville Yard, such as installing a hydraulic transfer bridge, to further reduce truck traffic and emissions. These plans aim to increase car float capacity and integrate with New York City's zero-emission Blue Highways pilots, including the Blue Highways Action Plan launched on October 31, 2025, by the New York City Economic Development Corporation and Department of Transportation, which seeks to reactivate waterways for zero-emission cargo movement, reduce truck congestion, and create economic opportunities through federal grants for waterfront landings; though operations have experienced no interruptions as of late 2025.^[34]^[35]

International and experimental

Outside the continental United States, car float operations have been minimal in recent decades, with notable activity confined largely to Alaska's remote logistics needs. The Aquatrain service, a rail-marine intermodal operation linking Prince Rupert, British Columbia, to Whittier, Alaska, via the world's largest rail car barge, ceased in April 2021 after nearly 60 years of year-round freight transport, including commodities like steel and generators; the discontinuation was driven by escalating operational costs amid shifting supply chains.^[36] As of 2025, the Alaska Railroad maintains occasional barge capacity for overflow freight using a vessel operated by Alaska Marine Lines, featuring eight 400-foot tracks capable of accommodating up to 48 rail cars, supporting essential connectivity to isolated ports despite the end of dedicated Aquatrain runs.^[37] Internationally, regular commercial car float services remain absent, with European and Asian networks favoring alternative rail-water integrations like train ferries rather than towed barges for rail cars. In Europe, for instance, the sole remaining operational train ferry in the 2020s carries entire passenger and freight trains across Italy's Strait of Messina between Villa San Giovanni and Sicily, a holdover from earlier 20th-century practices but distinct from barge-based car float systems; no widespread prototypes for inland canal car floats, such as those explored conceptually in the Netherlands during the 2010s for urban logistics, have progressed to commercial use.^[38] Similarly, in China, experimental efforts for rail car transport on the Yangtze River in the 2020s have focused on high-speed rail expansions via bridges and tunnels rather than barge tests, with no documented regular or trial car float operations for high-speed cars.^[39] Experimental developments have historically emphasized material innovations and modern sustainability. During World War I, the U.S. War Department commissioned 12 concrete car floats—each measuring 265 feet long, 36 feet 5 inches wide, and 11 feet 3 inches deep, with capacity for 18 rail cars—as a wartime expedient to conserve steel, primarily for New York Harbor service; their post-1948 fate remains undocumented, with many likely scrapped or repurposed amid postwar surplus.^[40] In contemporary trials, the Pacific Northwest has seen research into eco-friendly barges with hybrid propulsion systems, including diesel-electric conversions for marine vessels; while not yet applied to rail car floats, projects like the 2025 retrofit of Washington State Ferries' MV Wenatchee—the largest hybrid-electric ferry in North America, with a 202-vehicle capacity and battery integration for reduced emissions but which encountered mechanical issues including a temporary out-of-service status as of November 2025 due to drive motor problems (unrelated to the hybrid system)—signal potential adaptations for climate-resilient rail-water logistics in the region.^[41] As of 2025, no major international car float fleets operate commercially, reflecting a broader shift toward fixed rail infrastructure and multimodal alternatives; ongoing research prioritizes low-emission propulsion and resilient designs to address environmental challenges in coastal and riverine transport.

Decline and legacy

Factors contributing to decline

The decline of car float operations was driven by a combination of infrastructural advancements that reduced the necessity for water-based rail crossings, as well as competitive pressures from alternative transportation modes. The construction of major bridges and tunnels in the mid-20th century provided direct land-based routes for freight, bypassing the need for rail-water transfers. For instance, the opening of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel in 1964 eliminated passenger and vehicle ferry services across the bay, while rail car float operations supporting connections on the Delmarva Peninsula, which dated to the early 1900s, continued until 2018.^[42]^[43] Similarly, rail mergers in the 1960s, such as the formation of Penn Central in 1968, led to the rationalization of redundant routes and the closure of inefficient operations like car floats to cut costs and streamline networks.^[42]^[43] The rise of trucking, accelerated by the Interstate Highway System established in 1956, offered greater flexibility and speed for freight movement, eroding the market share of rail-water hybrids. Trucks could deliver door-to-door without the delays inherent in loading and towing car floats, leading to a sharp drop in rail freight volumes overall during the 1960s and 1970s. Containerization, which gained prominence in the 1960s, further favored direct road and sea transport by standardizing cargo for intermodal use on highways and ships, diminishing the role of specialized rail barges. These shifts prioritized higher speeds and reduced handling, making car floats obsolete for most bulk and general freight.^[44]^[45] Economic factors compounded the challenges, with car float operations facing high maintenance costs for aging barges and tugs, as well as labor-intensive requirements that became unsustainable in peacetime. At their World War II peak, operations in New York Harbor employed thousands of workers to handle wartime surges, but postwar overcapacity and declining volumes led to massive staff reductions. The labor and upkeep for maintaining transfer bridges and floats proved prohibitive as freight traffic waned, prompting operators to abandon these facilities.^[6] Major closures occurred between the 1950s and 1970s, with car float activity in New York Harbor declining sharply; the New York Dock Railway, for example, experienced a 77% drop in carloadings between 1973 and 1982, leading to the shutdown of terminals like its facilities by 1983. On the Pacific coast, the end of Aquatrain service in April 2021 symbolized the final decline of long-distance rail barge operations, ceasing the unmanned barge runs between British Columbia and Alaska that had persisted into the 21st century. The last remaining car float operation on the Delmarva Peninsula, operated by the Bay Coast Railroad, ceased in 2018.^[46]^[47]^[48]

Preservation efforts

Preservation efforts for car floats have focused on safeguarding surviving structures, artifacts, and operational knowledge to maintain their historical significance in railroad transportation. In New York Harbor, several abandoned car float transfer bridges have been integrated into public parks as industrial monuments. For instance, the gantries at Gantry Plaza State Park in Long Island City, Queens, originally used by the Long Island Rail Road to load and unload railcar floats, now serve as prominent reminders of the waterfront's rail history and are maintained by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.^[49] Similarly, the Greenville Yard Transfer Bridge System in Jersey City, constructed between 1902 and 1904 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, is recognized as a contributing resource to the National Register-eligible Greenville Yard Piers complex, highlighting its role in cross-harbor freight transfer. Museums have also played a key role in preserving related artifacts. At the Cape Charles Museum and Welcome Center in Virginia, the Cape Charles Historical Society acquired the pilothouse from the car float barge Captain Edward Richardson along with other railroad equipment in 2019, displaying them to illustrate the region's rail-barge operations across the Chesapeake Bay.^[50] These efforts extend to documentation through dedicated publications and online resources. The 2023 documentary video New York's Lost Rail Floats, produced by urban history enthusiasts, chronicles the rise and decline of car float operations in Manhattan, drawing on archival footage and interviews to educate viewers on their engineering and economic impact.^[51] Additionally, The Crete Fleet online archive documents the twelve experimental concrete car floats built in 1920 for the U.S. Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, noting that eleven remained in service as late as 1948 with the Federal Barge Line, and explores their mysterious postwar fate through historical records and photographs.^[40] The legacy of car floats continues to influence contemporary transportation designs and education. Their role in bridging rail gaps has informed modern intermodal freight systems, where containerized barge transport echoes the efficiency of rail car floating. In 2024, the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority outlined ambitious plans for expanded cargo movement in the New York-New Jersey region, including the revival of barge-based rail car floating to alleviate truck congestion and support zero-emission "Blue Highways" initiatives.^[34] The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's 2025 budget further commits $9.4 billion toward emissions reductions, potentially funding green barge technologies aligned with these concepts.^[52] Educationally, car floats feature prominently in model railroading, where hobbyists replicate operations to understand historical logistics; the National Model Railroad Association's 2020 guide details HO-scale modeling of float yards, bridges, and sequencing techniques, using kits like Walthers' to simulate real-world transfers.^[2] Despite these initiatives, challenges persist in preserving wooden car float relics, primarily due to natural deterioration from water exposure and biodeterioration. Wooden structures, often waterlogged over decades, suffer from bacterial and soft-rot degradation, complicating conservation as seen in archaeological wood recovery efforts.^[53] Limited funding exacerbates the issue; at the Cape Charles Museum, ongoing repairs for the Captain Edward Richardson pilothouse and related artifacts require significant resources, straining nonprofit budgets and delaying full restorations.^[50]

References

[1]
Train Ferries: The Hudson River's Most Unusual Steamers
Apr 7, 2021 · On the Hudson River, most rail-car ferries for freight were actually car floats, un-powered barges moved by tugboat on the river. There were ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[2]
[PDF] Car Float Operations - National Model Railroad Association
In order to transport freight from the mainland to Long Island, trains had to travel up the west side of the. Hudson River, cross over the river at Albany, ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[3]
Return of the railroad barge - WorkBoat
Nov 13, 2017 · Up until the mid-20th century, a fleet of railroad barges, also called car floats, crossed the harbor and Hudson River. Floating boxcars ...Missing: history authoritative sources
[4]
[PDF] Railroad History Almanac - dcnrhs
Circa 1798. John Fitch constructs a working model* of a steam-powered rail car with flanged wheels (Wescott, ch.21). Between 1786 and 1790, Fitch had built ...
[5]
The Mystery of the Twelve Concrete Car Floats - The Crete Fleet
Aug 25, 2023 · During World War I, twelve large concrete Car Floats, each 265' long by 36'5” wide, with a depth of 11'3”, were commissioned by the War Department.Missing: history authoritative
[6]
Car Float and Transfer Bridges - Structure Magazine
Rail cars were transported across the river by moving them from land to a barge by means of a transfer bridge. The rail cars are then unloaded at a similar ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[7]
Car Float Details - Prototype information for the modeler
Sep 20, 2010 · Floats with a capacity of fourteen cars on three tracks were common, but they usually had a little more length than (HO scale) 30 inches.Missing: gauge | Show results with:gauge
[8]
[PDF] Design of Hydraulic Transfer Bridges - Heavy Movable Structures
A car float is a barge that has rails mounted on the deck so that rail cars can be pushed onto the barge for transport across a river or harbor. Car floats rise ...
[9]
Self propelled car floats? - Prototype information for the modeler
Nov 16, 2008 · Self-propelled car floats are usually called ferries - and there were a lot of them, especially on the Great Lakes.Self Propelled Freight Cars - General Discussion - Trains.com ForumsCar Ferry kits? - Layouts and layout building - Trains.com ForumsMore results from forum.trains.com
[10]
Train Ferry - Rail Pass
A train ferry that is a barge is called a car float or rail barge. ... An early train ferry was established as early as 1833 by the Monkland and Kirkintilloch ...
[11]
Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway - Graces Guide
Mar 5, 2015 · In 1833 the railway operated a wagon ferry on the Forth and Clyde Canal. 1846 Parliament authorised the Chapel-hall branch. In 1848 it ...
[12]
Eps 31 – The “CUT” in Havre de Grace - Bahoukas.NET
A steam-powered ferry boat transported the rail cars (but not the locomotives) across the river to Perryville and back from 1837 until 1866. The first ferry ...
[13]
FLOATING ACROSS THE RIVER IN YOUR RAIL CAR
Sep 15, 2021 · ... 1836 the Susquehanna began hauling railroad cars between Havre de Grace and Perryville, in Maryland. The first modern train ferries, with ...
[14]
Timeline of Washington, DC Railroad History - dcnrhs
Passengers cars floated across the Potomac River from Shepherds' Landing to Alexandria, VA. 20) 1874-1876 Freight cars continue floating across from ...
[15]
B&O No. CE-10 - The B&O Railroad Museum
Francis Baldwin, the same architect responsible for the B&O Roundhouse. Thanks to a freight agency and car-float facility attached to the building, the B&O was ...Missing: Inner | Show results with:Inner
[16]
Development of the Carfloat Transfer Bridge in New York Harbor
... mooring and pinning a carfloat to a float bridge. This is the procedure for ... Tugboat brings carfloat in, and the float bridge and or apron is raised ...Preface · Why the interest in the... · History of Carfloating · H. Starin
[17]
Herman Haupt - Lincoln's Railroad Man
To transport the cars on the Potomac River, he designed, requisitioned materials and built unique railroad float barges. The floats consisted of two large-sized ...
[18]
[PDF] The Pennsylvania Railway Ore Dock -mI,..,18 - On Lake Erie at ... - Loc
Electric locomotives, called "shunt cars," moved the rail cars about the dock. These locomotives, made by Baldwin-Westinghouse, ran on narrow-gauge. (42-inch) ...
[19]
The WWII McCloskey & Co. Concrete Ships of Tampa, FL - Part 7
We went much further than just the USSB EFC ships - we covered the concrete oil barges, tankers, riverboats, Navy barges, car floats & water tankers. You'll ...
[20]
Development of the Carfloat Transfer Bridge in New York Harbor
Early in 1867, the operation began with the first carfloats carrying those freight cars across the Hudson River. The "car-ferry" route was from Communipaw, NJ ...Why the interest in the... · History of Carfloating · Carfloating Comes to New...
[21]
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad - Virginia Places
In response the B&O built a branch line to Shepherd's Landing on the Maryland shoreline and operated a car float, barging freight cars across the Potomac River ...
[22]
General Herman Haupt on a Pontoon Boat - Encyclopedia Virginia
Union general Herman Haupt, a skilled engineer who oversaw the construction, repair, and operation of Union railroads during the Civil War, uses a pontoon boat ...Missing: car Rappahannock River
[23]
Harlem Station - Erie / Erie Lackawanna Railroad - TrainWeb.org
purchased new by Erie Land & Improvement Company for carfloat service in Chicago, IL in 1913 and named "Wauwatosa" (possible error - the Wauwatosa is also ...
[24]
1913-1936 Erie Railroad marine operations on the Chicago River
Nov 18, 2019 · "The car floats were unloaded by laying down a gangplank to the car doors and the carrier's longshoremen or station crews would carry the cargo ...Missing: 1912-1936 | Show results with:1912-1936
[25]
Time Machine: A pontoon rail bridge | The Gazette
Aug 29, 2023 · Rails were run down to the river where four or five freight cars would be loaded on a barge. The barges ferried the rail cars across the river ...
[26]
THE RAILROAD FERRY STEAMER "SOLANO."
The need for ferry service ended on October 15, 1930, when the SP opened a massive railroad draw bridge across the Carquinez Straits located at the mouth of ...
[27]
Southern Pacific train transfer ferry "Contra Costa" arrives at the Port ...
Sister ship to the "Solano" (1878-1930), the Contra Costa carried Southern Pacific trains across Carquinez Strait between the terminals at Point Benicia on the ...
[28]
https://exporail.org/canrail/canadian_rail_1962_1989/canadian-rail-210-1969.pdf
[29]
Car Floats - Page 2 - RAILROAD.NET
Until 1908, Northern Pacific used a ferry to cross the Columbia River between Kalama, Washington and Goble, Oregon as part of the Seattle-Portland line.
[30]
https://bytownrailwaysociety.ca/phocadownload/branchline/1989/1989-04.pdf
[31]
Southern Pacific Railroad: Map, History, Logo - American-Rails.com
Oct 16, 2024 · The Southern Pacific began its march out of the Bay Area in March of 1869 when it opened an extension 30 miles south of San Jose to Gilroy.<|separator|>
[32]
Canadian Pacific Railway British Columbia Coast Steamships
Canadian Pacific Navigation Company Princess Louise, formerly Olympia. ... 1 a railway car barge that could carry twelve boxcars on the forty mile ...
[33]
The Transfer Wharf Story 1900 - Ladysmith & District Historical Society
1, a railway car barge that could carry twelve boxcars on the forty ... Canadian Pacific now proceeded to fulfill its promise to provide a rail link ...
[34]
[PDF] Canadian Rail 210 1969 - Exporail
C.P. Rail, (formerly Canadian Pacific Rail- way), heads the list with ... 15-car barge usually used; Com- modities vary, - Soya bean oil in tank cars ...
[35]
[PDF] Annual Report 1963 - Digital exhibitions & collections | McGill Library
"Aquatrain", the freight car ferry service inaugurated in 1962 between Prince Rupert, B.C. and Whittier, Alaska, was extended in 1963 by the addition of a rail ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
[PDF] Branchline - Bytown Railway Society
Apr 8, 1989 · WORLD'S LARGEST RAIL BARGE: CN's "Aquatrain" the world's largest rail barge, has been ferrying railcars between Prince Rupert, B.C. and ...
[37]
About NYNJR | New York New Jersey Rail, LLC
Jun 5, 2025 · As part the only floating rail barge service in the eastern United States. Our barges hold up to eighteen cars per trip. New York New Jersey ...
[38]
Crossing Upper New York Bay by Rail on Water
Feb 7, 2023 · Each of the new barges is 370-feet long and 59-feet wide and can carry 18, 60-foot cars across New York Harbor, replacing three-track barges ...
[39]
New York New Jersey Rail - TrainWeb.org
As of April 2012, carfloat service to Bush Terminal float bridges was discontinued. The eastern terminus for carfloat service for Brooklyn has been removed to ...Missing: compliant | Show results with:compliant
[40]
NJTPA | North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority
Aug 22, 2024 · Plans include using barges to float rail cars, NYC's "Blue Highways" with zero-emission vehicles, and UPS exploring barge transport from ...
[41]
Alaska Railroad Industries AquaTrain
Aug 21, 1998 · The one-way trip to Whittier takes about four days. The AquaTrain operates year-round using the shortest water route to Alaska, and the largest ...
[42]
[PDF] Transportation Study - Alaska Railroad
Aug 29, 2025 · Barge service is provided by Alaska Marine Lines (AML), utilizing one rail barge with eight 400-foot-long tracks and a capacity of 48 ...Missing: overflow | Show results with:overflow<|separator|>
[43]
The European train that travels by sea - BBC
Oct 25, 2025 · Italy's sleeper from Milan to Sicily ends with a rare rail-ferry crossing that's threatened by a new mega bridge.
[44]
China's high-speed rail bridge to set 4 world records - CGTN
Oct 20, 2025 · The 1,416.9-meter bridge will set four world records, including the tallest twin-tower design and the largest span for a rail-road combined ...Missing: car experimental
[45]
The Mystery of the Twelve Concrete Car Floats - The Crete Fleet
Aug 25, 2023 · 495 Ferro-Concrete Barges (mainly of 84 feet long) were built during World War II to assist the war effort. 294 were to carry cargo in an open ...Missing: hybrid | Show results with:hybrid
[46]
WSF's WENATCHEE becomes the largest hybrid electric ferry in the ...
Jun 5, 2025 · WSF selected Siemens Energy Marine Solutions to design the plug-in hybrid conversion, including the battery installation and rapid charging ...
[47]
Cape Charles - a Railroad Town Without a Railroad - Virginia Places
All the passenger trains stopped coming in 1958, and all ferries ceased operating when the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel opened in 1964. ... The Bay Coast Railroad ...
[48]
Chesapeake Bay Ferry Operations - Abandoned Rails
The ferry operations referred to in this filing were PASSENGER ferry operations connecting with the trains from Philadelphia PA and Wilmington DE running down ...
[49]
Modern Decline of Railroads - History | HowStuffWorks
The decline of railroads came about during the 1960s and 1970s as the automobile dominated transportation. Read about the decline of railroads.
[50]
Cross-Harbor Car Float Operation Gets A Boost | Waterfront Alliance
Jun 4, 2010 · In the early 20th century, hundreds of barges carrying railroad cars crisscrossed New York Harbor every day. A train destined for New York ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[51]
New York Dock & Railroad - TrainWeb.org
In early 1980, the northern carfloat apron was removed. The Fulton Terminal was the central operating part of New York Dock for almost the entire life of the ...
[52]
[PDF] appendix a - Alaska Railroad
The cars that travel north generally go south the same month, but very rarely do they carry cargo south. Table 4. Barge Related CN AquaTrain Railcar and Tonnage ...
[53]
Gantry Plaza State Park - NYS Parks, Recreation & Historic ...
These industrial monuments were once used to load and unload railcar floats and barges; today, they are striking reminders of our waterfront's past. With the ...
[54]
Railroad Service May Be Gone From Cape Charles, but It Is ...
Sep 4, 2019 · The historical society acquired five railroad cars, including the 2000 locomotive, the pilot house off the Captain Edward Richardson car float ...
[55]
New York's Lost Rail Floats | When Trains Took a Boat to Manhattan
Jun 29, 2023 · In this captivating YouTube video, we explore the intriguing history of New York's train floats. Discover the origins and decline of these ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[56]
[PDF] THE PORT AUTHORITY OF NY & NJ 0 | 2024 BUDGET
The 2025 budget is $9.4 billion, with goals to reduce emissions by 35%, remove gas-powered vehicles, and support EV charging.
[57]
Conservation of Waterlogged Wood—Past, Present and Future ...
This paper reviews the degradation, preservation and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. Degradation due to bacteria in anoxic and soft-rot ...Missing: car float