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Cheung

Maggie Cheung Man-yuk (張曼玉; born 20 September 1964) is a retired actress recognized for her versatile performances across , and arthouse . Born in and raised partly in after moving there at age eight, she returned to pursue modeling and won the Miss Hong Kong title as first runner-up in 1983, launching her film career with over 80 appearances, initially in popular comedies and policewoman roles. Cheung gained critical acclaim for her collaborations with director , portraying sophisticated characters in period dramas like (2000) and 2046 (2004), earning her multiple and four Golden Horse Awards for [Best Actress](/page/Best Actress), the most for any performer. She achieved international breakthrough with (2004), directed by , winning the award at the —the first for a actress—and later the British Award in the same category. Cheung retired from acting in 2013 to focus on family and other pursuits, including ambassadorships for and cultural initiatives.

Etymology

Origins and meaning

The surname Cheung primarily represents the Cantonese romanization of the Chinese character 張, pronounced Zhāng in Mandarin Pinyin, which ranks among China's most ancient and prevalent family names. This character etymologically derives from a pictographic combination of 弓 (gōng, denoting a bow) and 長 (cháng, meaning long or extended), symbolizing the act of stretching or drawing a bow, with broader connotations of expansion, opening, or spreading out. In ancient contexts, it evoked tools or actions related to archery, reflecting early Chinese society's emphasis on martial skills and craftsmanship in weaponry. Legendary accounts trace the surname's origins to approximately 4,500 years ago, attributing it to Hui (揮), a grandson of the Yellow Emperor (Huang Di, traditionally dated c. 2697–2595 BC), who is credited with inventing or perfecting bows and arrows, earning the fief or appellation "Zhang" as a result. This narrative underscores the surname's association with ingenuity in stretching materials, aligning with the character's semantic roots, though such progenitor stories blend myth with proto-historical genealogy common in Chinese surname lore. The surname's antiquity is corroborated by its inclusion in the (Hundred Family Surnames), a (960–1279 AD) compilation of prevalent Chinese s that drew from earlier Tang-era lists, positioning Zhang as a foundational name without reliance on unverified descent claims. While full surname systems solidified later, the character 張 appears in bronze inscriptions from the Shang (c. 1600–1046 BC) and Zhou (1046–256 BC) periods, evidencing its pre-imperial usage in contexts of extension or martial implements, independent of modern familial attributions. This linguistic persistence highlights a causal link between the surname's form and function-derived meaning, rooted in observable ancient technologies rather than abstract symbolism.

Variants and romanization

The surname Cheung primarily romanizes the pronunciation of the Chinese character 張, which corresponds to Zhang in . This reflects dialectal phonetic differences, with featuring a distinct initial not present in northern forms. In communities, particularly those originating from province, Cheung emerged as a standardized spelling under British colonial influence in , where official documents often adopted anglicized transcriptions based on local pronunciation. Cantonese romanization systems have further shaped variants: , developed in 1993 by the Linguistic Society of , transcribes 張 as zoeng1, emphasizing precise tones and initials. The Yale system, used in academic contexts since the mid-20th century, renders it as jeung, prioritizing readability for English speakers while approximating sounds. In contrast, the older Wade-Giles system—originally for but sometimes applied to southern dialects—yields Chang, a form prevalent in and early 20th-century Western records. Diaspora adaptations introduced inconsistencies, especially in 19th-century immigration documents from ports like San Francisco and Sydney, where clerical interpretations of spoken names led to spellings such as Cheong, Chong, or Chang due to dialectal variations among Cantonese, Teochew, and Hokkien speakers. U.S. census data from 1880 onward show Cheung families alongside these alternatives, reflecting ad hoc transliterations without uniform standards. In Sinosphere languages, equivalents include Vietnamese Trương and Korean Jang, derived from the same Hanja character but adapted to local phonologies.

History

Ancient origins

The character 張, from which the surname Cheung derives as its Cantonese romanization, etymologically combines elements representing a bow (弓) and extension or length (長), signifying the act of stretching or drawing a bow in ancient Chinese script. This composition points to associations with archery, bow-making, or related military occupations in early Bronze Age contexts, predating formalized surname systems but aligning with clan identifiers tied to specialized skills. During the (1046–256 BC), hereditary surnames like Zhang became established among noble patrilineages, denoting descent, state affiliations, and roles in governance or warfare, as reflected in ritual bronze inscriptions that enumerate clan names alongside ancestral merits and official appointments. These artifacts, excavated from sites in the valley, demonstrate how such designations solidified social hierarchies in feudal polities, with Zhang likely linked to overseers or armament specialists given the character's martial connotation. The earliest documented bearer of the surname appears in the (770–476 BC), a phase of the , with Xie Zhang (解張)—style name Zhang Man—serving as duke of the minor state of Xie in present-day province. Classical annals record his aristocratic status amid interstate conflicts, providing empirical linkage to central plain rather than peripheral or mythic antecedents. Subsequent genealogical compilations, drawing on these historical records, trace Zhang branches to similar Zhou feudal lords, underscoring the surname's roots in administrative and martial elites of the era without reliance on unverified prehistoric lore.

Development in China

The surname (Cantonese: ) underwent significant expansion during the (206 BC–220 AD), facilitated by military service and official appointments, with clan genealogies (zupu) preserving records of branches formed through such contributions, including those of general , renowned for his role in campaigns like the . These zupu, such as the 1922 Zhang Clan Zupu from in , document generational lineages tied to imperial merit systems that rewarded martial prowess and administrative roles. In the (618–907 AD), further proliferation occurred via military engagements and the emerging system, which enabled for clans like the Zhangs; notable figures such as general exemplified loyalty and service during conflicts like the An-Shi Rebellion, contributing to the surname's entrenchment in regional power structures. Zupu records from this era trace branches in areas like , where Zhang clans dominated local politics into the mid-Tang period. The surname persisted prominently in southern regions, particularly and , where dialectal pronunciation as Cheung reinforced local identity amid (1644–1912) social hierarchies; historical accounts note Zhang families in Nanxiong, , establishing gentry status through landholding and community leadership. Under the , state policies on had minimal impact on established surnames like Zhang, which avoided simplification due to its single-character simplicity; official censuses confirm sustained high incidence, with approximately 7.1% of the population bearing the name by the early and over 100 million bearers by 1984, including concentrations in southern provinces like . In , Cheung ranked among the most prevalent surnames, borne by over 281,000 individuals as of recent demographic data, reflecting continuity from colonial-era communities.

Diaspora and global spread

The dissemination of the Cheung surname beyond began prominently in the 19th century, driven by labor demands in colonial economies and resource booms. Emigrants from province, where Cantonese romanization of the surname prevailed, participated in the trade to Southeast Asian ports like and , supplying indentured workers for plantations and infrastructure projects amid expanding European commerce. Concurrently, migration to and surged during the (1848–1855) and (1851–1860s), with laborers seeking fortune in mining and railroads; U.S. records from 1880 document 57 Cheung families in , accounting for 93% of all recorded Cheung households nationwide, reflecting early concentrations in San Francisco's Chinatown. These patterns stemmed from push factors like regional famines and in southern , coupled with pull from labor shortages in settler colonies, as evidenced by shipping manifests and colonial labor contracts. In the , post-World War II economic liberalization in facilitated further outflows, but the most acute wave occurred in the 1980s amid political instability. The 1984 , announcing 's 1997 handover to , triggered emigration fears, exacerbated by the 1989 events; approximately 62,000 residents departed in 1990 alone, with peaks continuing through the mid-1990s as professionals and families sought stability. Destinations included , which admitted over 200,000 migrants via investor and skilled worker programs between 1984 and 1997, the through ancestral ties and business visas, and the under and employment categories, resulting in notable Cheung clusters in , , , and New York Chinatowns. Underlying these movements were compounded causal pressures: mainland upheavals, including the (1966–1976), drove initial refugee influxes to from , displacing families with Cheung lineages and prompting secondary migrations abroad to evade ideological purges and economic disruption. This was reinforced by Western pull factors, such as Canada's points-based system favoring educated speakers and the U.S.'s post-1965 immigration reforms, as corroborated by Canadian and U.S. statistics showing spikes in Guangdong-origin applicants during these periods. Such patterns underscore how geopolitical shifts and opportunity gradients propelled the surname's entrenchment in global urban enclaves, distinct from earlier cycles.

Demographics

Prevalence and distribution

The surname Cheung is most densely concentrated in , where it is held by approximately 281,857 individuals, equivalent to 1 in every 26 residents based on aggregated global surname databases drawing from national records. This prominence reflects the Cantonese linguistic context of the region, with significant prevalence also in adjacent (4,857 bearers, or 1 in 124) and among Cantonese-speaking populations in Province, from which many historical migrants originated. In overall, the romanized form Cheung appears less frequently in records (around 4,550 instances), as Zhang predominates, though local Cantonese usage sustains its cultural persistence in southern provinces. Globally, Cheung ranks among the more common surnames in diaspora communities, appearing in over 110 countries with notable incidences in (5,388, or 1 in 1,022), (4,344, or 1 in 6,214), and , where urban enclaves in cities like and host clusters tied to 19th- and early 20th-century chain migration from . In the United States, census data records 18,765 bearers as of 2010, marking a rise from earlier waves between 1880 and 1920, during which exclusionary laws limited but did not halt familial sponsorship networks, leading to sustained retention of the romanization without widespread anglicization. These patterns underscore Cheung's association with professional and entrepreneurial demographics in metropolitan areas, as evidenced by ancestry databases linking it predominantly to East Asian heritage (78.7% ancestry in sampled populations).

Genetic and anthropological insights

Genetic analyses of Y-chromosome DNA among individuals bearing the Cheung surname (Cantonese romanization of 張) reveal a predominant association with haplogroup O-F8, a subclade of O2a2b1a1a that traces its origins to ancient East Asian populations. This haplogroup's prevalence among Cheung bearers, comprising approximately 2.4% of sampled O-F8 carriers sharing the Zhang surname variant, underscores patrilineal continuity within the lineage, consistent with the strict male-line inheritance of Chinese surnames. Fine-scale genomic studies of patrilineal groups link O-F8 and related O subclades to migrations from northern southward, beginning around 3,000–4,000 years ago during the and intensifying in later dynasties, as populations expanded into southern regions like where Cantonese Cheung clusters emerged. These findings align with haplotype distributions that enable inference, demonstrating genetic clustering and minimal deviation from ancestral profiles despite regional variations. Anthropological evidence from diaspora populations, including communities, indicates low , with Y-chromosome profiles preserving endogamous patterns tied to structures that enforce patrilineal descent. Peer-reviewed genetic surveys prioritize such empirical data over unsubstantiated legendary claims of non- origins for the Zhang/Cheung lineage, confirming its deep roots in East Asian O diversity rather than external admixtures. This approach debunks reliance on folklore by cross-validating with and modern , revealing consistent paternal signals across millennia.

Notable individuals

Entertainment and performing arts

Jacky Cheung (born July 10, 1961) is a Hong Kong singer and actor recognized for his pioneering contributions to Cantopop and extensive work in cinema. He debuted in music after winning a radio talent contest in the mid-1980s, signing with PolyGram Records and releasing albums that blended Western influences with Cantonese lyrics, establishing him as one of the genre's foundational figures. Cheung's acting career includes roles in over 50 films, such as A Better Tomorrow II (1987) and Jackie Chan's First Strike (1996), earning him a Best Supporting Actor award at the 8th Hong Kong Film Awards for his debut film performance. His live performances, including record-breaking world tours like the 60-concert 60+ Concert Tour in 2022–2023, have sold millions of tickets, underscoring his enduring popularity in Greater China and beyond. Leslie Cheung (September 12, 1956 – April 1, 2003) was a multifaceted entertainer whose career spanned music, film, and theater, bridging the Cantopop boom and 1990s cinema renaissance. He rose to fame with hits like "" (1984), topping charts and pioneering androgynous stage personas that influenced East Asian pop culture. In film, Cheung starred in approximately 56 productions, including (1986) and (1990), but achieved global acclaim for portraying Cheng Dieyi, a performer, in Farewell My Concubine (1993), which won the at and marked the first Chinese film to do so. His career was overshadowed by personal struggles with depression, culminating in his by jumping from a hotel in on April 1, 2003, amid reported pressures from sexuality and fame. Cheung received awards like the Film Critics Society for Farewell My Concubine (1994), cementing his legacy as an icon of emotional depth in performance. Maggie Cheung (born September 20, 1964) stands out as a versatile Hong Kong actress whose transition from beauty pageants to arthouse acclaim highlights her range across commercial action and dramatic roles. Beginning with Miss Hong Kong (1986), she featured in action films like the Police Story series before excelling in wuxia epics such as Hero (2002) and Ashes of Time (1994), where her martial portrayals blended grace and intensity. Cheung's international breakthrough came with Olivier Assayas's Clean (2004), earning her the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival on May 23, 2004—the first Hong Kong actress to win in that category. Her work in Wong Kar-wai's In the Mood for Love (2000) further demonstrated prowess in introspective dramas, contributing to her status as a bridge between Hong Kong genre cinema and global festivals, with limited roles post-2004 focusing on selective projects.

Sports and athletics

Cheung Ka Long (born June 9, 1997), a fencer representing , , achieved historic success by winning the in the men's individual at the 2020 , defeating Italy's Daniele Garozzo 15-11 in the final and becoming the first fencer from to secure an . He defended his title at the 2024 , defeating Italy's Macchi 15-13 in a dramatic final, marking him as the first athlete from to win multiple medals and the first man to retain an title since 1956. These victories contributed to 's total of three golds across the two Games, with Cheung's performances exemplifying rigorous training under the Hong Kong Sports Institute's programs, where he began at age 10 and rose through national team selections. Beyond the Olympics, Cheung has amassed medals in international competitions, including multiple podium finishes in events and Asian Fencing Championships, underscoring his consistency with a career-high world ranking of No. 1 in as of 2024. His achievements have elevated Hong Kong's profile in global , with national team participations yielding verifiable results such as team event bronzes at the , fostering greater investment in the sport locally. Other athletes bearing the surname Cheung have competed internationally, though at levels below Olympic golds. For instance, Cheung Yat-lam secured a silver medal in the men's 70kg sanda (full-contact fighting) at the 2025 World Games in , contributing to 's medal tally in wushu events recognized by the . Yuk Kong Alan Cheung has represented in freediving competitions under , achieving national records in disciplines like constant weight with bifins, though without major international medals documented to date. These examples illustrate broader participation by individuals with the in competitive sports, prioritizing events with empirical performance metrics over anecdotal involvement.

Business, politics, and public service

Steven , an American political strategist of Chinese descent, served as communications director for Donald Trump's 2024 presidential campaign and was appointed in November 2024, assuming the role in 2025. Known for his aggressive confrontations and advocacy for and free-market principles aligned with Trump's economic agenda, has defended policies emphasizing reduced government intervention in business. In Hong Kong's judiciary, Andrew Cheung Kui-nung has upheld common law traditions post-1997 handover as Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal since January 2021. Appointed after a career in private practice and judicial roles starting in 2001, Cheung has emphasized transparent and independent processes amid international scrutiny over Beijing's influence, asserting in 2025 that courts remain separate from prosecutorial authority and that foreign judge departures stem from harassment rather than systemic erosion. Prominent Cheungs in business have contributed to sectors like and sports administration, often intersecting with . Barry Cheung Chun-yuen, a financier and former non-official member of the Executive Council from 2012 to 2017, chaired the and , leveraging business acumen for infrastructure and community initiatives. Earlier entrepreneurs, such as brothers Cheung Chan-hon and Cheung Wah-lun, built Cheong Lee into a key player in post-war industrial development, constructing over 100 factories by the through family-led networks emphasizing and local adaptation. These examples illustrate Cheung-led ventures in diaspora trade and , where entrepreneurial resilience drove growth in competitive markets, with Hong Kong's family firms—many founded by similar networks—accounting for nearly 70% of listed companies by 2023.

Science, academia, and other fields

Professor Ada Cheung serves as an endocrinologist at Austin Health and a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Dame Kate Campbell Fellow at the University of Melbourne, focusing her clinical research on endocrine disorders including hormone replacement therapies and their physiological impacts. She has authored or co-authored 149 publications, accumulating over 3,400 citations, with studies examining outcomes such as bone density changes and metabolic effects in hormone-treated cohorts. Dr. Karen Cheung holds a professorship in at the , where her work centers on for , high-throughput drug screening, and development using techniques like for cellular patterning. Elected a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering in 2019, her contributions include advancements in platforms that enable precise control of microenvironments for and testing. Dr. , a marine scientist at the University of British Columbia's Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, directs the Nippon Foundation-Nereus Program and investigates effects on global fisheries through predictive modeling of distributions and shifts. His quantitative assessments, integrating Earth system models with socioeconomic data, have quantified potential declines in marine catches by up to 30% under high-emission scenarios by 2050, informing international policy frameworks like those of the UN . Dr. Kevin J. Cheung, a at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, leads research on mechanisms, particularly collective cell migration and interactions using patient-derived xenografts and intravital imaging. His findings highlight vulnerabilities in metastatic clusters, such as dependency on cell-cell adhesion for invasion, supporting targeted therapies that disrupt these processes in preclinical models. In physics, Clifford Cheung is a professor at the , specializing in theoretical and effective field theories for describing signals and beyond-Standard-Model phenomena. His analytical frameworks have advanced calculations of scattering amplitudes, aiding interpretations of data from the and detections.

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